RESUMO A produção de tabaco no Brasil é uma importante fonte de renda para muitas famílias, principalmente na região sul do País. No entanto, está sujeita ao ataque de pragas e doenças, como o inseto fungus gnats. Como alternativas ao controle dessa praga, encontra-se no solo brasileiro o ácaro Stratiolaelaps scimitus, que apresenta potencial predatório ao fungus gnats. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o uso do S. scimitus como agente de controle do inseto, comparado ao químico, na produção de mudas de tabaco no sistema floating. O experimento foi conduzido em uma propriedade rural no município de Crissiumal-RS, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições: T1= controle, T2= químico a base de Imidacloprido e Azadiractina e T3= S. scimitus. Para análise da eficiência de controle, foram realizadas capturas de insetos adultos em diferentes épocas, e o controle biológico não diferiu do controle químico. O tratamento biológico possibilitou redução no uso de produtos químicos. De forma concomitante, verificou-se por meio de questionários, que o novo modelo de controle está sendo bem aceito pelos produtores. Portanto, a utilização de S. scimitus foi capaz de reduzir a proliferação de fungus gnats na produção de mudas de tabaco no sistema floating, porém mais estudos precisam ser realizados para melhor avaliação. famílias País entanto doenças praga encontrase encontra se S floating CrissiumalRS, CrissiumalRS Crissiumal RS, RS Crissiumal-RS acaso repetições T1 T T2 T3 épocas químicos concomitante verificouse verificou questionários produtores Portanto avaliação

ABSTRACT Tobacco production in Brazil is an essential source of income for many families, especially in the southern region. However, it is subject to attack by pests and diseases, such as the fungus gnats insect. To control this pest, the mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus is found in Brazilian soil, which has a predatory potential to fungus gnats. This study aimed to evaluate the use of S. scimitus as an insect control agent, compared to chemical control, in the production of tobacco seedlings in the floating system. The experiment was carried out on a farm in Crissiumal-RS, in a randomized block design, with four replications: T1= control, T2= chemical control based on Imidacloprid and Azadirachtin, and T3= S. scimitus. To analyze the control efficiency, adult insects were captured at different times, and the biological control did not differ from the chemical control. The biological treatment made it possible to reduce the use of chemical products. Concomitantly, questionnaires verified that producers are well accepting the new control model. Therefore, using S. scimitus could reduce the proliferation of fungus gnats in the production of tobacco seedlings in the floating system, but more studies need to be carried out for a better evaluation. families region However diseases pest soil S agent system CrissiumalRS, CrissiumalRS Crissiumal RS, RS Crissiumal-RS design replications T1 T T2 Azadirachtin T3 efficiency times products Concomitantly model Therefore evaluation

This work describes a green synthesis, the characterization, and biological evaluation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs suspension was synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Eucalyptus grandis, which presented a characteristic band at 407 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. The AgNPs presented a spherical shape and size of 9.7 ± 0.3 nm. The nanoparticles were stable over a month, indicating that E. grandis’ extract is suitable for their preparation and stabilization. The X-ray analysis showed that the crystallinity of AgNPs corresponded to the centered face phase of silver. The antibacterial and leishmanicidal activities of AgNPs were evaluated. The AgNPs presented antibacterial activity on the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli at 53.9 µg mL-1. The leishmanicidal activity evaluation against promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania braziliensis showed that the biological response is dependent on the volume of AgNP suspension. It was demonstrated that L. infantum was more sensitive to the nanoparticle’s treatment than L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis. The treatment of L infantum promastigotes with 150 µL of AgNP suspension reduced parasite growth by 67.9%, a result which was similar to the treatment with 1 (66.7%) or 2 µL (70.6%) of amphotericin B used as a positive control.

RESUMO Plantas cultivadas sob salinidade estão sujeitas a muitos distúrbios morfológicos e fisiológicos. Neste sentido, práticas que possam viabilizar o uso de águas salinas são essenciais. Os efeitos deletérios da salinidade podem ser mitigados ao utilizar microrganismos benéficos, especialmente bactérias diazotróficas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inoculação e co-inoculação bacteriana utilizando Bradyrhizobium spp. e Azospirillum brasilense no crescimento, nodulação e produção de feijão-caupi sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 4 × 5, sendo quatro fontes de nitrogênio (F1 - sem nitrogênio e sem inoculante; F2 - adubação com nitrogênio mineral e sem inoculante; F3 - inoculação de Bradyrhizobium ssp. e F4 - coinoculação de Bradyrhizobium ssp. e Azospirillum brasilense) e cinco valores de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,4; 1,9; 3,4; 4,9 e 6,4 dS m-1), com cinco repetições. A coinoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e Bradyrhizobium favoreceu o crescimento, a produção e a nodulação de plantas de feijão caupi quando irrigadas até CEa de 0,4 dS m-1. O aumento da condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação afetou negativamente o crescimento, a produção e a nodulação de plantas de feijão Caupi da variedade Corujinha independentemente da fonte de nitrogênio utilizada.

ABSTRACT Plants grown under salinity are subject to many morphological and physiological disorders. In this context, practices that can enable the use of saline water are essential. The deleterious effects of salinity can be mitigated by using beneficial microorganisms, especially diazotrophic bacteria. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of bacterial inoculation and co-inoculation using Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense on the growth, nodulation and production of cowpea under salt stress. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design, in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement, corresponding to four nitrogen sources (N1 - without nitrogen and without inoculant; N2 - fertilization with mineral nitrogen and without inoculant; N3 - inoculation of Bradyrhizobium spp.; and N4 - co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium spp. and Azospirillum brasilense) and five values of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.4, 1.9, 3.4, 4.9 and 6.4 dS m-1), with five replicates. Co-inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium spp. favors the growth, production and nodulation of cowpea plants up to ECw of 0.4 dS m-1. Increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water negatively affects the growth, production and nodulation of cowpea plants in Corujinha variety, regardless of the nitrogen source used.

Abstract Pygocentrus nattereri is a widely distributed species in the Neotropical region and a potential bio-indicator. Kidneys have functions in fish physiology, allowing them to live in different environments. We aimed to compare the histological characteristics of caudal kidneys between males and females, associating them with the renosomatic index (RSI). For this purpose, 15 males and 14 females were used for biometric and histological analyses. Structural volumetric density (SVD), renal corpuscle histometric measures, and hemosiderin and lipofuscin deposit frequency in macrophages melanogenic (MMs) were assessed. No biometric differences were observed between the sexes, but body weight and standard length were correlated with RSI. The SVD showed difference in hematopoietic tissue between female and males, whereas the density of the other structures was not different. The RSI was positively associated with hematopoietic tissue and proximal tubule density in contrast to distal tubules, blood vessels, collecting ducts and MMs. Females exhibited a higher renal corpuscle area, glomerulus area, distal tubule diameter, collecting tubule area, and collecting tubule lumen area. These differences may be due to metabolic differences between males and females. Sex effect in P. nattereri may define punctual differences in future studies on the metabolism and immunity of this species.

Resumo Pygocentrus nattereri é uma espécie amplamente distribuída na região Neotropical e pode ser considerada como um potencial bioindicador ambiental. Os rins têm funções cruciais na fisiologia dos peixes, permitindo-lhes viver em diferentes ambientes. Nosso objetivo foi comparar as características histológicas dos rins excretores entre machos e fêmeas, associando-as ao índice renossomático (IRS). Para tanto, 15 machos e 14 fêmeas foram utilizados para análises biométricas e histológicas. Amostras do tecido renal foram processadas para densidade estrutural volumétrica, medidas histométricas do corpúsculo renal e frequência dos depósitos de hemossiderina e lipofuscina nos macrófagos melonogênicos (MMs). Não foram observadas diferenças biométricas entre os sexos, mas a massa corporal e o comprimento padrão foram correlacionados com IRS. Apenas a densidade estrutural volumétrica do tecido hematopoiético foi diferente entre machos e fêmeas. Não houve diferença nas demais estruturas. O IRS associou-se positivamente com o tecido hematopoiético e densidade dos túbulos proximais e negativamente com os túbulos distais, vasos sanguíneos, ductos coletores e MMs. As fêmeas apresentaram maior área do corpúsculo renal, área do glomérulo, diâmetro do túbulo distal, área do túbulo coletor e área do lúmen do túbulo coletor. Essas diferenças podem ser devida às diferenças metabólicas entre machos e fêmeas. Particularidade do efeito de sexo em P. nattereri pode definir diferenças pontuais em futuros estudos sobre o metabolismo e imunidade nesta espécie.

This investigation describes the synthesis of eugenol analogs presenting 1,2,3-triazole fragments and evaluation of their antileishmanial activity. The alkylation of guaiacol (1) with allyl bromide afforded 1-(allyloxy)-2-methoxybenzene (2) (93% yield). The Claisen rearrangement conducted with 1 gave ortho eugenol (3) (82% yield). Alkylation procedures performed with 3 produced 1-allyl-3-methoxy-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzene (4) (73% yield) and 1-allyl-3-methoxy-2-(pent-4-yn-1-yloxy)benzene (6) (53% yield). The copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions involving alkynes 4 and 6 with different benzylic azides afforded twenty-two eugenol analogs with 1,2,3-triazole functionalities (48-93% yield). We screened the compounds at 10 μmol L 1 against Leishmania braziliensis intracellular amastigotes during macrophage infection. The action of these compounds was compared with the known leishmanicidal drug amphotericin B. None of the analogs were toxic to macrophages at 10 μmol L-1. The cytotoxic concentration at 50% (CC50), effective concentration at 50% (EC50), and selectivity index (SI) were determined to the best compounds 4-((2-allyl-6-methoxy)phenoxymethyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (8c) and 4-((2-allyl-6-methoxy)phenoxymethyl)-1-(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (8h). They showed a significant leishmanicidal effect, with EC50 of 28.09 µmol L-1 (8c) and 52.03 µmol L-1 (8h). The SIs were 9.7 for 8c and > 5.7 for 8h. These compounds have the potential as new leishmanicidal agents against L. braziliensis and may represent a starting point for the development of alternative treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging disease caused by an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family. Since its first description in 1952, the disease has spread worldwide, affecting populations in both tropical and temperate countries. To date, there is no licensed vaccine or specific pharmacological treatment. Therefore, there is an increasing urgency in developing new antiviral drugs capable of specifically inhibiting viral replication. In the present work, we report the synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of nineteen naphthoquinone derivatives, containing a sulfonamide or sulfonate group. Cell viability assays indicated a low toxic potential for all tested compounds and inhibitory assays against CHIKV identified five compounds with potent activity. The compounds were also evaluated for their virucidal potential, and the results demonstrated that compound 11a exhibited a virucidal effect higher than 70% in the treatment with 20 µM. Furthermore, in silico studies were performed to predict the antiviral drug targets.

RESUMO O déficit hídrico é o principal promotor de estresse abiótico ao qual as plantas estão suscetíveis, sejam as cultivadas ou aquelas subexploradas, como as fisális. A busca por ferramentas que contribuam para a gestão do déficit hídrico em plantas é fundamental para a manutenção da agricultura, sobretudo em zonas áridas e semiáridas ao redor do mundo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do priming químico com prolina e nitroprussiato de sódio como promotores do aumento da tolerância ao déficit hídrico em plantas de Physalis peruviana. Assim, plantas cultivadas em condições bem hidratadas (FC de 70±5%) foram pulverizadas com prolina (10 e 20 mM) ou nitroprussiato de sódio (25 e 50 µM) e avaliadas após a exposição ao déficit hídrico (FC de 20±5%). Plantas cultivadas sob déficit hídrico sem pré-tratamento apresentaram reduções para as variáveis de relações hídricas, trocas gasosas e de crescimento. O uso de prolina e nitroprussiato de sódio foram eficazes na manutenção do potencial hídrico menos negativo, contribuindo para melhorias nas trocas gasosas, como assimilação de CO2, condutância estomática e transpiração. Dessa forma, foi possível mensurar maior tolerância ao déficit hídrico nas plantas pré-tratadas e, consequentemente, maior acúmulo de biomassa. O uso de prolina e nitroprussiato de sódio em pré-tratamento podem ter efeito priming contra o déficit hídrico em plantas de P. peruviana.

ABSTRACT Water deficit is the main cause of abiotic stress to which plants are susceptible, whether cultivated or those that are underexploited, such as Physalis peruviana L. Searching for tools that contribute to the management of water deficit in plants is fundamental for the maintenance of agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid areas around the world. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemical priming with proline and sodium nitroprusside as promoters of increased tolerance to water deficit in P. peruviana plants. Plants grown under well hydrated conditions (FC of 70±5%) were sprayed with proline (10 and 20 mM) or sodium nitroprusside (25 and 50 μM) and evaluated after exposure to water deficit (FC of 20±5%). Plants cultivated under water deficit without pretreatment showed reductions in the variables of water relations, gas exchange and growth. Proline and sodium nitroprusside were effective in maintaining less negative water potential, contributing to improvements in gas exchange, such as CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration. Thus, it was possible to measure greater tolerance to water deficit in pretreated plants and, consequently, greater biomass accumulation. It appeard that pretreatment of proline and sodium nitroprusside can have a priming effect against water deficit in P. peruviana plants.

Resumen La batata (Ipomoea batatas L.) es una hortaliza de gran importancia económica ya que se puede utilizar para el consumo de natura, para el procesamiento en agronegocios y/o la producción de biocombustibles. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el rendimiento de tres cultivares de batata: BRS Amelia, BRS Cuia y BRS Rubissol en la región noroeste de Rio Grande do Sul. El experimento se realiza en el campo durante dos años consecutivos (cosechas 2014/2015 y 2015/2016). El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, evaluando 3 cultivares de camote durante 2 años agrícolas, con 4 repeticiones. Como resultados, se observa que el peso de la papa en el primer año de estudio varía de 272.0 g a 320.2 g. En el segundo año de evaluación, varía de 133.9 g a 247.1 g. En relación con la productividad promedio, los valores obtenidos en el primer año fueron 15.2 t ha-1 para BRS Amelia, 19.8 t ha-1 para BRS Cuia y 16.2 t ha-1 para BRS Rubissol. En el segundo año de evaluación, los valores fueron 12.3 t ha-1 para BRS Amelia, 16.1 t ha-1 para BRS Cuia y 13.1 t ha-1 para BRS Rubissol. Los cultivares presentaron rendimientos más altos que el promedio nacional de Brazil en los dos años evaluados.

Abstract The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a vegetable of great economic importance since it can be used for in natura consumption, for processing in agribusiness and/or biofuel production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield of three sweet potato cultivars: BRS Amelia, BRS Cuia and BRS Rubissol in the Northwest Region of Rio Grande do Sul. The experiment was conducted in the field for two consecutive years (harvests 2014/2015 and 2015/2016). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, evaluating 3 sweet potato cultivars for 2 agricultural years, with 4 replications. As results, it was observed that potato weights in the first year of study ranged from 272.0 g to 320.2 g. In the second year of evaluation, it ranged from 133.9 g to 247.1 g. In relation to the average productivity, the values obtained in the first year were 15.2 t ha-1 for BRS Amelia, 19.8 t ha-1 for BRS Cuia and 16.2 t ha-1 for BRS Rubissol. In the second year of evaluation, the values were 12.3 t ha-1 for BRS Amelia, 16.1 t ha-1 for BRS Cuia and 13.1 t ha-1 for BRS Rubissol. Cultivars presented yields higher than the national average from Brazil in the two evaluated years.

Benzophenones display several biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and photoprotective. Furthermore, antioxidants can minimize both ultraviolet absorption and tumor development. In the present investigation, a series of twenty-six 1,2,3-triazole-benzophenone derivatives were synthesized and had their antioxidant, anticancer, and photoprotective effects evaluated. For the compounds synthesis, 4,4’-dihydroxybenzophenone (1a) and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (1b) were propargylated, affording the alkynes bis(4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy))benzophenone (2a) and (2-hydroxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy))benzophenone (2b), respectively. The copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction between the compounds 2a/2b and several benzyl azides gave the 1,2,3-triazole-benzophenone derivatives with yields ranging from 35 to 95%. The 1,2,3-triazole-benzophenone derivatives at the concentration of 0.2 μg mL-1 (a no-cytotoxic concentration) exhibited a solar protection factor (SPF) comparable to positive control benzophonen-3 (BP-3). Concerning their antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, the derivatives from 1b showed high in vitro antioxidant effects as well as cytotoxicity against A549 (lung carcinoma), MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), and HT-144 (metastatic melanoma) cell lines, without significant cytotoxicity to a non-cancerous cell line. Derivatives 19, 20, and 24 induced cell death and cell cycle arrest at G1/S in HT-144 melanoma cells.

ABSTRACT. In this study, we aimed to estimate general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA, respectively) and to verify genetic divergence (Rogers distance, Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Average - UPGMA) using microsatellite markers in maize inbred lines. Using a partial diallel scheme, a total of 19 inbred lines were crossed as (9 x 10), which were derived from the single hybrids SG6015 and P30F53, respectively. The 90 hybrids were evaluated in an incomplete randomized block design with common checks and three replications during the 2017-2018 growing season. Flowering time, average plant height, ear height insertion, average ear diameter, ear length, number of lodged and broken plants, mass of 100 grains and grain yield were measured. According to the analysis of variance, GCA, and SCA were significant (p < 0.05) in all the measured traits; inbred line B as well as 1 and 8, derived from the single hybrids SG6015 and P30F53, respectively, were selected due to their higher GCA values in grain yield to be used in crosses as testers, while the single cross hybrid (B x 1) was selected due to their higher SCA value in grain yield to be used in future breeding programs. The molecular marker analysis divided the inbred lines into two groups, where the highest dissimilarity (0.74) was observed between lines A and 9; however, these did not result in a high SCA value, therefore the hybrids obtained by such crossings were not selected for grain yield.

RESUMO Pygocentrus nattereri é um peixe carnívoro amplamente distribuído no pantanal brasileiro e ocupa diferentes estratos de rios. Com base na maturidade sexual, o comprimento padrão (CP) tem sido usado para categorizar a idade e os atributos fisiológicos. No entanto, os parâmetros hematológicos e sua relação com a idade e características de crescimento são desconhecidos. O objetivo foi avaliar o perfil hematológico e leucocitário de espécimes juvenis e adultos, associando-o ao CP. Espécimes de ambos os sexos foram pesados e os CPs foram medidos para classificação em juvenis (CP ≤16,0 cm) e adultos (CP ≥16,1 cm). Foi coletado sangue para realização do hemograma, perfil e morfologia dos leucócitos. Em geral, os valores do hemograma e as contagens de leucócitos, linfócitos e monócitos foram maiores nos jovens. A contagem de trombócitos e neutrófilos foi maior em adultos do que em jovens. A análise ultraestrutural mostrou que a contagem de leucócitos granulares em P. nattereri foi semelhante a outros peixes. Os leucócitos granulares PAS-positivos são menores do que os neutrófilos, sendo caracterizados por formas alongadas e semilunares densas no citoplasma. Nossos resultados sugerem que CP é útil para a análise da relação entre o estado de saúde de P. nattereri em ambientes aquáticos alagados.

ABSTRACT Pygocentrus nattereri is a carnivorous fish widely distributed in the Brazilian wetland and occupies different river strata. Based on the sexual maturity, the standard length (SL) has been used to categorize age and physiological attributes. However, hematological parameters and their relationship with age and growth features are unknow. Here, the aim was to evaluate the hematological profile and leukocyte data of juvenile and adult specimens, associating it with SL. Specimens of both sexes were weighted, and SL were measured for classify as juveniles (SL ≤16.0 cm) and adults (SL ≥16.1 cm). Blood was collected to perform the hemogram, for leukocyte quantification and ultrastructural descriptions. In general, hemogram values and leukocyte, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were high in juveniles. Hemogram variables were negatively correlated with SL. Thrombocyte and neutrophil counts were higher in adults than in juveniles. SL was correlated with leukogram variables. Ultrastructural analysis showed that granular leukocyte count in P. nattereri was similar another fishes. PAS-positive granular leukocytes are slightly smaller than neutrophils and are characterized by dense elongated and semi-lunar shapes in the cytoplasm. Our results suggest that age-based SL may be useful for the analysis of the relationship between P. nattereri health status and wetland aquatic environments.

Abstract Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compose the two major noncommunicable chronic inflammatory diseases. Physical activity has been shown as a promising complementary approach to control the systemic inflammation. However, it is still unclear whether this modulation is gender-dependent. The objective of this study was evaluate the gender-related influence of physical activity on the inflammatory response and biochemical profile of individuals with SAH and T2DM. An international physical activity questionnaire was applied to 376 individuals diagnosed with SAH and T2DM in order to access their exercises routine and was evaluated the influence of physical activity in biochemical, anthropometrical, and immunological markers involved in these disorders in men and women. Even though active individuals have exhibited lower serum levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A, the ratios between IL-10 and all inflammatory cytokines were higher in men than in women. Physically active individuals also demonstrated increased HDL/LDL and HDL/VLDL ratios. Moreover, multiple correlations revealed that in active women both IL-10 and TNF-α serum levels positively correlate with fasting glucose levels, and were negatively associated with HDL levels. Our findings suggest that gender-related differences dictate a distinct crosstalk between inflammatory and biochemical markers in physically active individuals.

ABSTRACT. Our objectives were to evaluate general and specific combining ability (SCA) and genetic divergence among tropical maize inbred lines using single sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Thirteen inbred lines were crossed based on a complete diallel scheme. Hybrids and three checks were evaluated in a lattice experimental design. Silk and anthesis flowering, average plant height, average ear height, white spot (Pantoea ananatis) and gray leaf spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis) severity, and grain yield were evaluated. Significant differences (p < 0.05) for general and specific combining abilities were observed for all traits. Based on additive effects, inbred lines 1 (Flash) and 12 (SG 6015) were selected to reduce the flowering period and plant and ear height. Inbred lines 2 (CD 303) and 3 (AG 8080) were selected to reduce disease severity. For the simultaneous increase in grain yield and reduced severity of diseases, line 11 (AG 9090) as a parent or tester in topcross schemes is recommended. According to non-additive effects, crosses 2 (CD 303) × 13 (DKB 747) and 11 (AG 9090) × 12 (SG 6015) were selected for grain yield and future breeding programs. Six groups were identified using SSR markers; a major group contained six inbred lines. Because of the minor relationship between genetic divergence and SCA effects on grain yield limits, the use of the groups for future divergent crosses is recommended.

New infrared emitting d-f (ruthenium(II)-neodymium(III)) heterobimetallic complexes with alkoxy(silyl) functional groups have been prepared. Visible excitation evidenced energy transfer processes from the ruthenium(II) donor to neodymium(III) acceptors leading to infrared emission. Energy transfer rates (kEnT) and efficiency of energy transfer (ηEnT) are, respectively, 0.61 × 107s-1 and 44% for RuL1-NdL3 complex. Larger values of kEnT (3.04 × 107 s-1) and ηEnT (84%) were detected for RuL2-NdL4 complex. RuL1-NdL3 and RuL2-NdL4 complexes were fully characterized by elementary analysis (EA), mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman). Total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY1D), 1H{13C} heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) and 1H{13C} heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses were also carried out to characterize NdL3 and RuL1-NdL3 complexes. The presence of trialkoxysilyl-substituted ligands would allow further grafting onto any silica or silicated surface aiming at applications as new luminescent near infrared (NIR)-emitting biosensors or biomarkers.

RESUMO O manejo químico é o mais adotado para o controle de plantas daninhas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Entre as espécies de difícil controle está a tiririca (Cyperus rotundus L.). Os herbicidas utilizados precisam ser absorvidos e transportados para a cadeia de tubérculos em quantidades suficientes para serem eficazes. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficácia dos herbicidas sulfentrazona, diclosulam, imazapique, imazapir, halossulfurom, etoxissulfurom, metano arseniato ácido monossodico (MSMA) e ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) no controle de C. rotundus e na redução da viabilidade de seus tubérculos. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente randomizado, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os herbicidas sulfentrazone (800 g ingrediente ativo – i.a.·ha-1), diclosulam (193,17 g i.a.·ha-1), imazapique (133 g i.a.·ha-1) e imazapir (500 g equivalente – e.a.·ha-1) foram aplicados cinco dias após o plantio dos tubérculos em pré-emergência, enquanto que o halossulfurom (112,5 g i.a.·ha-1), etoxissulfurom (135 g i.a.·ha-1), MSMA (1.975 g i.a.·ha-1) e 2,4-D (1.340 g e.a.·ha-1) foram aplicados em pós-emergência (4 a 5 folhas). Foram feitas avaliações visuais de controle, massa seca da parte aérea, número de tubérculos e bulbos, peso de tubérculos + bulbos, número de manifestações epígeas e viabilidade de tubérculos. Aos 90 dias após a aplicação (DAA) os herbicidas diclosulam, halossulfurom e etoxissulfurom propiciaram 100% de controle da parte aérea. Todos os herbicidas reduziram o número de bulbos, peso de tubérculos + bulbos e massa seca da parte aérea. Sulfentrazona, imazapic, halossulfurom, etoxissulfurom e MSMA foram os herbicidas que mais reduziram a viabilidade dos tubérculos.

ABSTRACT Chemical management is the most widely adopted technique to control weeds in sugarcane crops. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is among the most difficult species to control. Herbicides need to be absorbed and translocated in a sufficient amount for the tuber chain to be effective. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the herbicides sulfentrazone, diclosulam, imazapic, imazapyr, halosulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, monosodium methyl arsenate (MSMA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in controlling C. rotundus and reducing the viability of its tubers. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design, with nine treatments and four replications. The herbicides sulfentrazone (800 g active ingredient – ai·ha?1), diclosulam (193.17 g ai·ha?1), imazapic (133 g ai·ha?1), and imazapyr (500 g acid equivalent – ae·ha?1) were applied in preemergence at five days after planting the tubers, while halosulfuron (112.5 g ai·ha?1), ethoxysulfuron (135 g ai·ha?1), MSMA (1,975 g ai·ha?1), and 2,4-D (1,340 g ae·ha?1) were applied in postemergence (4 to 5 leaves). The parameters visual control, shoot dry matter, number of tubers and bulbs, weight of tubers + bulbs, number of epigeal manifestations, and tuber viability were analyzed. The herbicides diclosulam, halosulfuron, and ethoxysulfuron provided 100% control of the shoot at 90 days after application (DAA). All herbicides reduced the number of bulbs, weight of tubers + bulbs, and shoot dry matter. The herbicides sulfentrazone, imazapic, halosulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, and MSMA provided the highest reduction in tuber viability.