Resumo O presente trabalho tratou de determinados princípios da Termoquímica a partir da Aprendizagem Significativa, com abordagem teórica-metodológica da Atividade Experimental Problematizada (AEP) no desenvolvimento de habilidades cognitivas, na perspectiva da Taxonomia de Bloom Revisada (TBR). A pesquisa foi do tipo pesquisa-intervenção, com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando o instrumento de avaliação dos conhecimentos analisados pelo Software Pnota de determinados princípios de Termoquímica sobre AprendizagemSignificativa nos estudantes de uma turma de 2ª série da Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental e MédioHunneyEverestPiovesan, no município de Cariacica-ES. O tratamento qualitativo dos dados da pesquisa foi realizado por meio do Software pNota e os resultados apresentados demonstraram que os estudantes em questão desenvolveram habilidades cognitivas na aquisição de conhecimento de certos princípios da Termoquímica em termos de lembrar, entender, aplicar, analisar e avaliar, dentre outros, evidenciando com maior alcance uma aprendizagem significativa crítica, chegando até o nível da dimensão do processo cognitivo Criar da TBR.Esse software foi gerado por meio do uso da Inteligência Artificial para fins de avaliação qualitativa complementar.

Abstract The present work dealt with certain principles of Thermochemistry based on Meaningful Learning, with a theoretical-methodological approach of the Problematized Experimental Activity (PEA) in the development of cognitive abilities, from the perspective of Revised Bloom's Taxonomy (RBT).The research was of the intervention-research type, with a qualitative approach, using the knowledge assessment instrument analyzed by the Pnota Software of certain principles of Thermochemistry on Meaningful Learning in students of a 2nd grade class atthe state public high school‘Hunney Everest Piovesan’ in Cariacica city, state of Espírito Santo. The qualitative treatment of the research data was carried out using the Pnota Software and the results presented demonstrated that the students in question developed cognitive skills in the acquisition of knowledge of certain principles of Thermochemistry in terms of remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing and evaluating, among others, demonstrating a more significant critical learning, reaching the level of the dimension of the Create cognitive process in RBT.This software was generated through the use of artificial intelligence for the purpose of complementary qualitative evaluation.

ABSTRACT In the Minimum Dispersion Routing Problem, a set of vertices must be served by tours with trajectories defined in order to reduce the dispersion of vehicles. Tours must be related to each other and impose a spatial and temporal synchronization among vehicles, quantified by an original dispersion metric used in an objective function to be minimized. In this paper, we demonstrate that Euclidean Traveling Salesman Problem solutions can be found by MDRP solvers. We describe a method to reduce Euclidean Traveling Salesman Problem instances to Minimum Dispersion Routing Problem instances in polynomial time, proving that the last one is NP-Hard. vehicles minimized paper solvers time NPHard. NPHard NP Hard. Hard NP-Hard

Abstract Capybaras are the primary hosts of Amblyomma sculptum tick, vectors of Rickettsia rickettsia bacteria, and the zoonotic agent of Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF). In this context, contraceptive methods have been suggested for population control in order to reduce the number of free-ranging capybaras cohabiting with humans in urban and rural areas and acting as disease amplifiers. To maintain the group's expected behavior and social hierarchy, sterilization techniques that preserve the gonads are recommended. On 126 female capybaras in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, a new surgical technique named “Passos Nunes” uterine horn ligature was performed after adequate general anesthesia. It achieved effective surgical sterilization, with an incision length of about 3 cm in the periumbilical linea alba, cranial to the pubis. After entering the abdominal cavity, the urinary bladder is pulled laterally to access the uterine horns and the cervix. The uterine horn is folded up, forming a strap; the distal portion of the strap is ligated and its distal end sectioned. The exact process is performed on the opposite horn. After the surgical procedure, the musculature is sutured in a sultan pattern and the subcutaneous tissue with a horizontal mattress pattern. The skin is sutured in a separate simple format, using nylon 2.0 for all steps. The wide exposure of the uterine horns facilitates the confirmation of pregnancy, allowing the surgeon to choose between salpingo hysterectomy or ligature of the uterine horns. The present study presents a new technique of surgical sterilization that can be used in female free-ranging mammals in which maintenance of the gonads is recommended, and births of offspring should not occur.

RESUMO A investigação das possíveis influências entre o treinamento de flexibilidade e o desempenho de força muscular pode contribuir para a compreensão do treinamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito de três semanas de treinamento de flexibilidade no torque e potência muscular. Dez adultos, divididos em Grupo Alongamento (GA, N=5) e Controle (GC, N=5) foram avaliados antes e após a intervenção. A intervenção foi realizada pelo GA e consistiu em um protocolo de alongamento estático passivo para os músculos posteriores da coxa, realizados em três por semana e durante três semanas. O torque e potência da extensão e flexão dos joelhos foram avaliados utilizando dinamômetro isocinético em três velocidades (60, 180 e 360º/s). A amplitude de movimento (ADM) foi avaliada pelo teste de sentar e alcançar. Houve incremento de ADM (pré: 23,0±5,6cm; pós: 30,1±6,58cm; p=0,033) do GA, mas não foram observadas diferenças entre e intra-grupos para as demais variáveis (p>0,05). Houveram correlações da ADM apenas para o torque da flexão (r=0,664; p=0,036) e potência da extensão (r=0,638; p=0,047) do joelho esquerdo a 60º/s. Conclui-se que três semanas de treinamento de flexibilidade com método estático passivo promoveu ganhos significativos de ADM, mas não possibilitou incrementos de torque e potência.

ABSTRACT Investigation about influences between stretching training and muscle strength performance can contribute to the understanding of training. The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of three weeks of stretching training on muscle torque and power. Ten adults, divided into Stretching Group (GA, N = 5) and Control Group (CG, N = 5) were evaluated pre and post intervention. The intervention was performed by GA and consisted of a passive static stretching protocol for the posterior thigh muscles, performed three times a week and during three weeks. The torque and power of the knee extension and flexion were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer at three speeds (60, 180 and 360º/s). Range of motion (ROM) was assessed using the sit and reach test. There was an increase in ROM (pre: 23.0 ± 5.6 cm; post: 30.1 ± 6.58 cm; p = 0.033) of GA, but there were no differences between and within groups for the other variables (p> 0.05). There were correlations of the ROM only for the flexion torque (r = 0.664; p = 0.036) and power of the extension (r = 0.638; p = 0.047) of the left knee at 60º/s. It was concluded that three weeks of static stretching training promoted significant gains in ROM, but did not allow increases in torque and power.

ABSTRACT Motivation can be considered as one of the most researched themes in the sporting context, especially because of its relatedness with different psychological attributes and the intention of prospective practice. In this sense, this study verified the correlation between motivation, parental style and psychological well-being in 9 school basketball athletes, with a mean age of 13.6 ± 0.8 years, from a private school in the city of São José do Rio Pardo, Brazil. The following instruments were used: 1) Sociodemographic questionnaire; 2) Sport Motivation Scale; 3) Parental Behavior in Sports Questionnaire; 4) Scale of Perceived Autonomy in Sports; 5) Scale of Perceived Skill in Sports; 6) Scale of Need of Relatedness; 7) Scale of self-description (self-esteem); 8) Scale of Satisfaction with Life. The data treatment was done through the SPSS statistical package, adopting the level of significance of p<0.05. It was possible to verify significant correlations between “Sports support from father” x “Sports support from mother” (r = 0.817); “Intrinsic motivation to accomplish” x “Extrinsic motivation for challenging experiences” (r = 0.751); “Dissatisfaction from father with sports performance” x “Intrinsic motivation to accomplish” (r = -0.814); “Introjected regulation” x “Sports support from mother” (r = -0.851); “Introjected regulation” x “Sports support from father (r = -0.783)”. The results demonstrate the relatedness between motivation, parental style and psychological well-being, which refers to the need for care regarding to the motivational strategies adopted by parents and coaches of children and adolescents in this important phase of physical, social and sports development.

RESUMO A motivação pode ser considerada como um dos temas mais pesquisados no contexto esportivo, principalmente pelo fato de estar relacionado a diferentes atributos psicológicos e à intenção da prática esportiva. Nesse sentido, este estudo verificou a correlação entre motivação, estilo parental e bem-estar psicológico em 9 atletas de basquete escolar, com idade de 13,6 ± 0,8 anos, pertencentes a uma escola particular da cidade de São José do Rio Pardo, Brasil. Como instrumentos foram utilizados: 1) Questionário Sociodemográfico; 2) Questionário de Motivação no Esporte (SMS); 3) Questionário de Comportamentos Parentais no Desporto (QCPD); 4) Escala de Autonomia Percebida no Esporte; 5) Escala de Competência Percebida no Esporte; 6) Escala de Necessidade de Relação; 7) Escala de Autodescrição (autoestima); 8) Escala de Satisfação com a Vida. A análise de dados foi realizada por intermédio do pacote estatístico SPSS 20, adotando o nível de significância de p<0,05. Foi possível verificar correlações significativas entre “Suporte esportivo do pai” x “Suporte esportivo da mãe” (r = 0,817); “Motivação intrínseca para realizar” x “Motivação extrínseca para experiências desafiadoras” (r = 0,751); “Insatisfação do pai com o desempenho esportivo” x “Motivação intrínseca à realização” (r = -0,814); “Regulação introjetada” x “Apoio esportivo da mãe” (r = -0,851); “Regulação introjetada” x “Suporte esportivo do pai (r = -0,783)”. Os resultados demonstram a relação entre motivação, estilo parental e bem-estar psicológico, que se refere à necessidade de cuidado com as estratégias motivacionais adotadas pelos pais e treinadores de crianças e adolescentes nesta importante fase do desenvolvimento físico, social e esportivo.

RESUMEN La motivación puede ser considerada una de las temáticas más estudiadas en el contexto deportivo, principalmente por su relación con la intención futura de práctica y la satisfacción de los deportistas. En busca de comprender mejor este fenómeno, este estudio analizó las correlaciónes entre la motivación autodeterminada, estilo parental y bienestar psicológico en 9 jugadoras de baloncesto escolar con una edad media de 13,6 ± 0,8 años de un colegio privado en la ciudad de São José do Rio Pardo, Brasil. Como instrumentos se utilizaron: 1) Cuestionario Sociodemográfico; 2) Escala de Motivación Deportiva; 3) Cuestionario de Comportamientos Parentales en el Deporte; 4) Escala de Autonomía Percibida en el Deporte; 5) Escala de Competencia Percibida en el Deporte; 6) Escala de Necesidad de Relación; 7) Escala de autodescripción (autoestima); 8) Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Fue posible verificar correlaciones significativas entre "Apoyo deportivo del padre" x "Apoyo deportivo de la madre" (r = 0.817); “Motivación intrínseca para lograr” x “Motivación extrínseca para experiencias desafiantes” (r = 0.751); "Insatisfacción del padre con el rendimiento deportivo" x "Motivación intrínseca para lograr" (r = -0.814); “Regulación introyectada” x “Apoyo deportivo de la madre” (r = -0.851); “Regulación introyectada” x “Apoyo deportivo del padre (r = -0.783)”. Los resultados demuestran la relación entre la motivación, el estilo de los padres y el bienestar psicológico, que se refiere a la necesidad de atención en relación con las estrategias motivacionales adoptadas por los padres y entrenadores de niños y adolescentes en esta importante fase de desarrollo físico, social y deportivo.

Abstract Objective: To compare two groups of patients - the coronary endarterectomy group, with patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with coronary endarterectomy (CE), and the control group, with patients undergoing CABG without CE. We analyzed the rate of major outcomes (perioperative acute myocardial infarction [AMI], stroke, and mortality) and minor outcomes (time of cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB], time of aortic clamp, and postoperative length of hospital stay). We also determined the rates of early graft patency in patients undergoing CE. Methods: We reviewed a database of patients submitted to CABG, with or without associated CE, between January 2011 and June 2017. Twenty-five patients submitted to CE were compared with 201 patients submitted only to conventional surgery; the two groups presented similar preoperative characteristics and all the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) II variables did not presented statistically significant difference. We considered statistically significant values of P< 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in relation to time of post-surgical hospitalization (P=0.8139), incidence of perioperative AMI (P=0.2976), stroke (P=0,2976), and mortality rate (P=1.0000), but endarterectomy was associated with longer aortic clamping time (P=0.0004) and CPB time (P=0.0030). The rate of patency evaluated in patients submitted to endarterectomy (78,95%) was compatible with that described in the literature. Conclusion: In this sample, coronary endarterectomy was associated with the rate of early graft patency similar to that of the literature, with morbidity and mortality rates similar to those of conventional surgery.

RESUMO: Grupos de capivaras (H. hydrochaeris) são atualmente habitantes frequentes de áreas urbanas. A espécie participa do ciclo de transmissão da febre maculosa brasileira (FMB), uma zoonose causada pela bactéria R. rickettsii e transmitida por carrapatos vetoriais. Isso levou a discussões sobre estratégias para diminuir a presença desse roedor por meio de métodos contraceptivos e eutanásia, reduzindo sua capacidade de carrear e transportar carrapatos, o que seria uma importante contribuição para a saúde pública. Dois condomínios e um estabelecimento comercial no interior de São Paulo foram utilizados como estudos de caso na presente investigação. Todas as áreas foram classificadas pela Superintendência de Controle Endêmico como áreas de risco para a transmissão da FMB e apresentaram a espécie do carrapato A. sculptum e A. dubitatum. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar procedimentos de esterilização com animais que apresentaram resultados soropositivos para a FMB. Foram realizados 85 procedimentos cirúrgicos em capivaras imunes, com autorização do DeFau / SMA-SP. Para todos os procedimentos, os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de cetamina combinado com xilazina e morfina. Dois machos alfa se isolaram do grupo após o procedimento de vasectomia, retornando à sua posição hierárquica após 5 a 14 dias. O monitoramento populacional nas áreas deve ser mantido indefinidamente e conduzindo-se o manejo sorológico anual até a morte natural desses indivíduos. Foi possível demonstrar que a ligação tubária, vasectomia e salpingo-ooforectomia são procedimentos de baixo risco em capivaras. Essas técnicas auxiliam no controle populacional desta espécie em áreas fechadas e com risco de transmissão de FMB, diminuindo a necessidade de eutanásia.

ABSTRACT: Groups of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are currently frequent inhabitants of urban areas. The species participates in the transmission cycle of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a zoonosis that is caused by the bacteria R. rickettsii and transmitted by vector ticks. This has led to discussions on strategies to decrease the presence of this rodent through contraceptive methods and euthanasia, thus reducing their capacity to carry and transport ticks, which would be an important contribution to public health. Two condominiums and one business establishment in the interior of the state of São Paulo were used as case studies in the present investigation. All areas were classified by the Endemic Control Superintendence as risk areas for the transmission of BSF and presented the specie of ticks A. sculptum and A. dubitatum The objective of this study was to carry out sterilization procedures with animals that presented seropositive results for BSF. A total of 85 surgical procedures were conducted on immune capybaras, with authorization from DeFau/SMA-SP. For all procedures the animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride combined with xylazine and morphine. Two alpha males isolated themselves from the group after the vasectomy procedure, returning to their hierarchical position after 5 to 14 days. Population monitoring in the areas should be maintained indefinitely and conducting annual serological management until the natural death of these individuals. Tubal ligation, vasectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy were demonstrated to be simple and low-risk procedures in capybaras. These techniques assist in the population control of this species in enclosed areas with risk of BSF transmission, thus decreasing the need for euthanasia.

Abstract Introduction: Many publications on coronary surgery and carotid stenosis (CS) can be found, but we do not have enough information about the relationship between ischemic stroke, CS and non-coronary cardiac surgery. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with the stroke and CS ≥50% in patients undergoing non-coronary surgeries. Objectives: We assessed 241 patients, aged 40 years or older, between 2009 and 2016, operated in Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ponta Grossa-PR, Brazil. We perform carotid Doppler in patients 40 years of age or older before any cardiac surgery as a routine. The incidence and possible risk factors for CS ≥50% and perioperative stroke were analyzed by univariate statistical analysis. Results: 11 patients (4.56%) presented perioperative stroke. The risk factor for stroke was CS ≥50%: OR=5.3750 (1.2909-22.3805), P=0.0208. Eighteen patients (7.46%) had CS ≥50% and their risk factors were extracardiac arteriopathy: OR=18.6607 (6.3644-54.7143), P<0.0001; COPD: OR=3.9040 (1.4491-10.5179), P=0.0071; diabetes mellitus: OR=2.9844 (1.0453-8.5204), P=0.0411; recent myocardial infarction: OR=13.8125 (1.8239-104.6052), P=0.0110; EuroSCORE II higher P=0.0056. Conclusion: The incidences of stroke and CS ≥50% were 4.56% and 7.46%, respectively. The risk factor for stroke was CS ≥50% and for CS ≥50% were extracardiac arteriopathy, COPD, diabetes mellitus, recent myocardial infarction and higher EuroSCORE II.

Flow describes a mental state in which people seem to flow when they demonstrate a productive and motivated effort. This study sought to understand the significance that rugby athletes attribute to the flow state, the perception of the phenomena in the sports practice and the implications on performance. For that, 8 male athletes participated in the study, representing the juvenile and adult teams submitted to a semi-structured interview. The results indicated that flow occurs in situations that present balance between personal skills and challenges in sports activity. Success in the game, positive emotions, support/encouragement, recognition and overcoming were aspects that marked the experience elected as special. Making use of psychological strategies, high levels of concentration, feeling prepared for the game and positive emotions were cited as fundamental in achieving flow in the game. On the other hand, some aspects, besides causing harm, interrupted the flow: negative emotions, not perceiving one's self as prepared for the challenge, concentration problems, intragroup difficulties. Negative emotions and the feeling that one is not prepared for the challenge were aspects mentioned only by juvenile athletes. The athletes´ speech showed that although they could not describe the flow, they had already experienced this psychological state.

RESUMO A investigação de meios e métodos de influência prática podem auxiliar o treinamento e possibilitar melhora do desempenho esportivo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar na literatura os métodos e meios de influência prática específicos para a modalidade Taekwon-Do. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com os descritores em inglês/português: martial arts/artes marciais, exercise/exercícios, physical fitness/aptidão física e athletic performance/desempenho esportivo nas bases de dados Portal Capes, Sport Discus, Lilacs, Medline e PubMed. Foram consideradas publicações em português, espanhol e inglês. Após a aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 12 estudos. Nos estudos avaliados, foram identificados 21 tipos de meios de treinamento e 19 tipos de metodologias de treinamento. Entre os resultados, evidencia-se a utilização de meios especiais, principalmente o trabalho com chutes e o método intervalado, com elevada intensidade, para preparar os atletas às demandas fisiológicas do combate e desenvolver os sistemas aeróbio e anaeróbio.

ABSTRACT The investigation of means and methods of practical influence can assist in training and allow for improved sport performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review in the literature methods and means with practical influence on Taekwon-Do specifically. A systematic review was conducted with English/Portuguese descriptors, namely martial arts/artes marciais, exercise/exercícios, physical fitness/aptidão física and athletic performance/desempenho esportivo, on Portal Capes, Sport Discus, Lilacs, Medline and PubMed databases. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 studies were selected. In the studies analyzed, 21 types of training means and 19 types of training methodologies were identified. Among the results, there is an evident use of special means, mainly exercises with kicks and the interval method, with high intensity, to prepare athletes to the physiological demands of combat and to develop their aerobic and anaerobic systems.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate whether body image satisfaction improves with practice in resistance training in elderly women. METHODS: Forty women were selected and randomly divided into an untrained group (UN) group and a group trained in resistance exercises (RT). To evaluate body image satisfaction, the silhouette matching task was used. RESULTS: No differences were found between current (5.45±0.24) and ideal (4.7±0.12) silhouettes in the RT group. However, the UN group showed a significant difference (p<0.01) between current (10.4±0.43) and ideal (5.6±0.26) silhouettes. The current silhouette was significantly different between the UN and RT groups (p<0.002). However, the ideal silhouette value did not differ between them. Body satisfaction was present in 90% of the participants in the RT group, and the difference was 15% less than that in the UN group (x2 test, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Resistance training in elderly women can promote satisfaction with their body image.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine predictor models of leaf area of cassava from linear leaf measurements. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse in the municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo state, Brazil. The stem cuttings with 5-7 nodes of the cultivar IAC 576-70 were planted in boxes filled with about 320 liters of soil, keeping soil moisture at field capacity, monitored by puncturing tensiometers. At 80 days after planting, 140 leaves were randomly collected from the top, middle third and base of cassava plants. We evaluated the length and width of the central lobe of leaves, number of lobes and leaf area. The measurements of leaf areas were correlated with the length and width of the central lobe and the number of lobes of the leaves, and adjusted to polynomial and multiple regression models. The linear function that used the length of the central lobe LA = -69.91114 + 15.06462L and linear multiple functions LA = -69.9188 + 15.5102L + 0.0197726K - 0.0768998J or LA = -69.9346 + 15.0106L + 0.188931K - 0.0264323H are suitable models to estimate leaf area of cassava cultivar IAC 576-70.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever os achados na tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) de pacientes com síndrome pulmonar do hantavírus. Materiais e Métodos: Revisamos, retrospectivamente, os achados tomográficos de oito pacientes portadores da síndrome pulmonar do hantavírus, todos do sexo masculino e com idade de 19 a 70 anos (média de 41,7 anos). O diagnóstico foi estabelecido por teste sorológico de ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática em todos os pacientes. Dois radiologistas de tórax analisaram as imagens e decidiram em consenso. Resultados: Os achados predominantes na TCAR foram opacidades em vidro fosco e espessamento septal inter e intralobular, observados nos oito pacientes; porém, padrão de pavimentação em mosaico foi encontrado em apenas três deles. Derrame pleural e espessamento peribroncovascular foram observados em cinco pacientes. As anormalidades foram bilaterais em todos os pacientes. Conclusão: Opacidades em vidro fosco e espessamento septal inter e intralobular foram os achados predominantes na TCAR nos pacientes com síndrome pulmonar do hantavírus, o que, provavelmente, se correlaciona com achados histopatológicos de edema pulmonar.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed HRCT findings from eight cases of HPS. All patients were men, aged 19-70 (mean, 41.7) years. Diagnoses were established by serological test (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in all patients. Two chest radiologists analyzed the images and reached decisions by consensus. Results: The predominant HRCT findings were ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and smooth inter- and intralobular septal thickening, found in all eight cases; however, the crazy-paving pattern was found in only three cases. Pleural effusion and peribronchovascular thickening were observed in five patients. The abnormalities were bilateral in all patients. Conclusion: The predominant HRCT findings in patients with HPS were GGOs and smooth inter- and intralobular septal thickening, which probably correlate with the histopathologic findings of pulmonary edema.

ABSTRACT The genus Punctelia has been traditionally characterized by the type and distribution of pseudocyphellae, medullary chemical substances and the shape of conidia, whereas its species have been distinguished using mainly the shape, location, abundance and size of pseudocyphellae. Given that Punctelia is not monophyletic, additional studies are needed to determine its current delimitation. The present study used conventional techniques for structural studies using optical and scanning electron microscopy in order to describe and compare the structure and ontogeny of the pseudocyphellae of five species of Punctelia. The main differences among the studied species involve the type of pseudocyphellae development, the presence or absence of an epicortex cover and the organization and structure of the upper cortex. In one group of species the pseudocyphellae are formed from the outside to the inside of the thallus; in the other group, pseudocyphellae formation begins with the organization of medullary hyphae into circular groups in specific places. The present study contributes to the understanding of the structure and ontogeny of pseudocyphellae, and to the differentiation and delimitation of lobules and isidia.