ABSTRACT The application of leaf area index (LAI) in coffee crop management depends on the availability of methodologies for proper estimation. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for the visual assessment of LAI in coffee fields and to establish a protocol for training, evaluation, and feedback for evaluators. Four rounds of LAI measurements were conducted using visual estimates, two instruments (LAI 2200-C and AccuPAR LP-80), and defoliation of coffee hedgerows in Poás, Costa Rica. In each round, five workers visually estimated the LAI values on two occasions separated by 15 days, and feedback reinforcement was provided to each worker at the end of each round. Visual assessments showed high repeatability and reproducibility and the estimates were adjusted to the linear regression model in most cases. Evaluators improved their capacity to visually assess the LAI throughout the rounds, as the value of R2increased consistently for most workers, with values as high as 0.87. Instrumentation evaluation of LAI produced R2values of 0.5-0.6, with significant underestimation bias. The performance of the different methods is discussed in the context of widely spaced hedgerows. The proposed visual methodology constitutes a statistically sound, rapid, simple, and reliable method for determining the LAI of coffee fields to aid in decision-making for crop management.

RESUMO A aplicação do índice de área foliar (IAF) na gestão da cultura do cafeeiro depende da disponibilidade de metodologias para sua estimativa correta. É proposta aqui uma metodologia para a avaliação visual do IAF em plantas de café, por tanto se estabelece um protocolo para o treinamento dos avaliadores. Foram feitas quatro rodadas de medições do IAF utilizando estimativas visuais, dois instrumentos (LAI 2200-C e AccuPAR LP-80), e desfolhações de sebes de café na Costa Rica. A cada rodada, cinco trabalhadores estimaram visualmente os valores do IAF em duas ocasiões e separados por 15 dias. Ao final de cada rodada, foi dada uma retroalimentação a cada trabalhador. A avaliação visual mostrou alta repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade, e as estimativas foram ajustadas para o modelo de regressão linear na maioria dos casos. Os avaliadores melhoraram sua capacidade de avaliar visualmente o IAF ao longo das rodadas, e o valor de R2 aumentou consistentemente para a maioria dos trabalhadores, com valores tão altos quanto 0,87. A avaliação do IAF por instrumentos produziu valores de R2 de 0,5-0,6, com significativa tendência de subestimação, e não se ajustou ao modelo de regressão linear. O desempenho dos diferentes métodos é discutido no contexto de coberturas com amplo espaço. A metodologia visual proposta constitui uma determinação sólida, rápida, simples e confiável do IAF na lavoura do café e considera-se uma ajuda na tomada de decisões para a gestão da safra.

Resumo O conteúdo de dopamina nas estruturas cerebrais tem sido relacionado à excitabilidade neuronal e várias abordagens têm sido utilizadas para estudar este fenômeno durante o período de vulnerabilidade às crises. No presente trabalho, descrevemos os efeitos da depleção de dopamina após a administração de 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) na região pars compacta da substância negra de ratos submetidos ao modelo de epilepsia com pilocarpina. A susceptibilidade ao estado de mal epiléptico induzido pela pilocarpina, bem como a frequência de crises espontâneas e recorrentes durante o período crônico do modelo foi determinada. Sendo o hipocampo uma das principais estruturas afetadas no desenvolvimento desse modelo experimental de epilepsia, os níveis de dopamina nessa região foram determinados após a administração da droga. No primeiro experimento, 62% (15/24) dos ratos pré-tratados com 6-OHDA e 45% (11/24) daqueles que receberam ácido ascórbico como solução controle evoluíram para crises límbicas motoras e para o estado de mal epiléptico, após a administração de pilocarpina. A gravidade das crises durante o período agudo do modelo foi significativamente maior nos ratos epilépticos experimentais (56,52%) do que nos ratos controle (4,16%). No segundo experimento, não houve diferença significante entre os grupos quanto à frequência de crises na fase crônica do modelo. Nossos dados mostraram que a dopamina pode desempenhar um papel importante na gravidade das crises na fase aguda da pilo, o que parece ser exercido por sua ação inibitória da dopamina sobre a expressão motora das crises.

Abstract The dopamine content in cerebral structures has been related to neuronal excitability and several approaches have been used to study this phenomenon during seizure vulnerability period. In the present work, we describe the effects of dopamine depletion after the administration of 6-hidroxidopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra pars compacta of male rats submitted to the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), as well as spontaneous and recurrent seizures (SRSs) frequency during the chronic period of the model were determined. Since the hippocampus is one of main structures in the development of this experimental model of epilepsy, the dopamine levels in this region were also determined after drug administration. In the first experiment, 62% (15/24) of 6-OHDA pre-treated rats and 45% (11/24) of those receiving ascorbic acid as control solution progressed to motor limbic seizures evolving to SE, after the administration of pilocarpine. Severeness of seizures during the model´s the acute period, was significantly higher in epileptic experimental rats (56.52%), than in controls (4.16%). In the second experiment, the frequency of seizures in the model’s chronic phase did not significantly change between groups. Our data show that dopamine may play an important role on seizure severity in the pilo’s model acute period, which seems to be due to dopamine inhibitory action on motor expression of seizure.

Resumen En la actualidad la calidad de los sistemas de software es crucial para que las empresas brinden servicios y productos de alta calidad. Sin embargo, un número importante de proyectos de software aún fallan. Para aumentar la probabilidad de éxito de los proyectos, es conveniente adoptar estándares de calidad de software que guíen el proceso. Sin embargo, los estándares se describen comúnmente por medio del lenguaje natural, lo que dificulta su análisis. Por ejemplo, no es fácil elegir el estándar más adecuado según las características de un proyecto. Además, el uso del lenguaje natural dificulta la detección automática de inconsistencias y ambigüedades. Por otro lado, las ontologías son una técnica de inteligencia artificial que se ha utilizado con éxito para representar y analizar el conocimiento en numerosos dominios debido a su capacidad para permitir la validación automática y la comprobación de la consistencia de la información representada. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir una propuesta basada en ontologías para describir y analizar estándares de calidad del software. Dado que esta ontología puede representar el conocimiento de varios estándares, un razonador puede validar automáticamente la información e inferir nuevo conocimiento. Esta ontología podría apoyar en la reducción de la ambigüedad conceptual de las descripciones de estándares y mejorar su comprensión.

Abstract Nowadays, the quality of software systems is crucial for companies to provide high-quality services and products. However, a wide number of software projects still fail. To increase the success probability of projects, it is suitable to adopting software quality standards to guide the process. However, standards are commonly described by means of natural language making difficult its analysis. For example, it is not easy to choose the most suitable standard according to the characteristics of a project. Furthermore, the usage of natural language hinders the automatic detection of inconsistencies and ambiguities. On the other hand, ontologies are an artificial intelligence technique that has been successfully used to represent and analyze knowledge in numerous domains because its capacity to enable the automatic validation and consistency checking of the represented information. This paper aims to present an ontology-based approach to describe and analyze software quality standards. Since this ontology can represent the knowledge of several standards, a reasoner may automatically validate the information and infer new knowledge. This ontology might support the reduction of conceptual ambiguity of standards descriptions and improve its understanding.

Resumen El VIH es una enfermedad crónica que afecta a los receptores CD4 del sistema inmunológico. El Tratamiento Antirretroviral (TARV) es vital para disminuir la carga viral, pero su éxito depende del grado de adherencia al mismo. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar los factores asociados a la eficacia de las intervenciones psicológicas para incrementar la adherencia al TARV y agregar los hallazgos en estimaciones cuantitativas de su impacto en la adherencia. La revisión de la literatura fue realizada desde agosto de 2017 hasta abril de 2020 en PubMed, EBSCO y Springer Link, utilizando los siguientes criterios de elección de los estudios: (1) que estuvieran publicados en revistas indexadas con revisión por pares, (2) que fueran experimentales o cuasiexperimentales, (3) que emplearan técnicas para el incremento de la adherencia, (4) que estuvieran publicados en español o inglés, (5) que reportaran los estadísticos necesarios para el cálculo del tamaño de efecto. De los 15 estudios seleccionados (. total = 1669), se obtuvieron 38 tamaños del efecto. El cálculo de los tamaños de efecto individuales y global se realizó usando el programa Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Biostat, 2011, v. 2.2.064). Todos los tamaños de efecto fueron calculados usando la diferencia estandarizada de medias y un modelo de efectos aleatorios. El tamaño de efecto global fue moderado (. = 0.56, . = 38, IC95 % = 0.39 - 0.72, . < .001), mostrando que las intervenciones fueron significativamente superiores al grupo de comparación. Debido a la alta heterogeneidad de los estudios (I. = 82.25), se analizaron 12 variables moderadoras, de las cuales 11 fueron significativas (. < .005). Los resultados del análisis de variables moderadoras indican un mayor efecto en el incremento de la adherencia al TARV en intervenciones con marcos teóricos basados en el apoyo social por pares y con metodologías adaptables a la vivencia cotidiana de la persona.

Abstract HIV is a chronic disease that affects the CD4 receptors of the immune system, so it is necessary for people with the virus to be under Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) to reduce the viral load in the body. The success of ART is related to adherence to treatment, understood as: the intake of antiretroviral drugs, follow-up of medical controls and implementation of healthy lifestyles. There are personal, social and health systems problems that prevent people from adhering to ART in an adequate way. This situation has become a public health problem because inappropriate taking of drugs often leads to drug resistance. In this way, it is necessary to implement effective psychological interventions aimed at increasing adherence to ART, to contribute to a better use of antiretrovirals and to the improvement of the quality of life of people with HIV. Accordingly, the objective was to review the factors associated with the efficacy of psychological interventions, to increase adherence to ART and to aggregate the findings in quantitative estimates of its impact on adherence. For this purpose, meta-analysis was used as a research technique that allows a quantitative analysis of results by calculating specific statistics. The literature search and review were carried out from August 2017 to May 2019 in the PubMed, Academic Search Complete (EBSCO Host) and Springer Link databases, for the identification of experimental studies that met the eligibility criteria (studies published in peer-reviewed indexed journals, experimental or quasi-experimental research, using techniques to increase adherence, published in Spanish and English and reporting the necessary statistics for effect size calculation). Of the 15 studies (total n = 1669) selected, 38 effect sizes were obtained. The calculation of the individual and global effect size was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Biostat, 2011, v. 2.2.064). All the effect sizes were calculated using the standardized mean difference and a random effects model. To find out if individual effect sizes were homogeneous and therefore represent a similar measure of treatment efficacy, the Cochran Q homogeneity test was applied; based on this, the I. was calculated. Also, it was performed a publication bias calculation, the objective of which was to estimate the number of non-significant effect sizes that are required for a reduction of the global effect size to a smaller and non-significant one. The overall effect size was moderate (. = 0.56, . = 38, 95 % CI = 0.39 - 0.72, . < .001) and presented high heterogeneity (I. = 82.25). Twelve moderator variables were analyzed (year of publication, percentage of men, average age, measurement time, number of sessions / interactions, duration of sessions, total duration of intervention, economic remuneration for intervention, place where the intervention was carried out, type of intervention, intervention modality and adherence measurement), of which 11 were significant (all but intervention modality: individual vs. group therapy). The results suggest that the success of an intervention proposal to improve adherence to ART will be related to its ability to consider the components of the environment and the social situation in which the person with HIV develops, as well as their intrinsic characteristics in interaction with their context. Likewise, it is necessary to consider that the presence of adherence barriers should be treated specifically in young people and adults, as well as in men and women. Finally, it is more important to establish interventions aimed not only to increase adherence, but maintaining it, which is why it is considered necessary to propose studies aimed at maintaining adherence, as well as offering practical tools for people to make better decisions about their health.

Resumen Antecedentes: La esclerosis múltiple es una enfermedad crónica, autoinmune y degenerativa. Las terapias blanco contra los linfocitos B han probado ser efectivas en su tratamiento; sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que evalúen su eficacia en población mexicana. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto clínico del rituximab en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente (EMRR) de reciente diagnóstico. Material y métodos: Estudio de vida real, descriptivo, en el que se evalúa rituximab como tratamiento de EMRR durante un periodo de 24 meses. Se analizaron variables clínicas pre y postratamiento; se realizó la comparación entre pacientes naïve y no naïve. Resultados: Se incluyeron 28 pacientes con EMRR. La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 30.7 años y 22 pacientes fueron naïve (78.5 %). Después de 24 meses, se observó una reducción media de 1.8 puntos en EDSS y en el número de lesiones activas por resonancia magnética. Aunque se logró establecer una diferencia significativa en ambas variables con p < 0.05, el modelo de regresión logística no mostró una relación entre las variables para alcanzar un NEDA-3. No se observaron eventos adversos graves. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con rituximab resultó en mejoría significativa clínica y radiológica en pacientes mexicanos con EMRR naïve y no-naïve.

Abstract Background: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, autoimmune, degenerative disease. Therapies targeting B-cells have been shown to be effective in its treatment; however, there are few studies evaluating their efficacy in the Mexican population. Objective: To evaluate the clinical impact of rituximab in patients with newly-diagnosed relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Material and methods: Real life, descriptive study, in which rituximab was evaluated as treatment for RRMS over a 24-month period. Pre- and post-treatment clinical variables were analyzed; a comparison was made between treatment-naïve and non-treatment-naïve patients. Results: Twenty-eight patients with RRMS were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 30.7 years, and 22 patients were treatment-naïve (78.5 %). After 24 months, there was a mean reduction of 1.8 points in the EDSS scale and a decrease in the number of active lesions on magnetic resonance imaging; a significant difference in both variables could be established (p < 0.05). However, the logistic regression model did not show a relationship between the variables for achieving NEDA-3 criteria. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusions: Treatment with rituximab resulted in significant clinical and radiological improvement in treatment-naïve and non-treatment-naïve Mexican patients with RRMS.

Resumen En la región semiárida de Paraíba, el caupí es el principal producto de la agricultura familiar. El cultivo tiene baja productividad debido a lluvias irregulares y condiciones climá ticas desfavorables. Además, la productividad también se ve afectada por el uso deficiente de las tecnologías de producción. Con el objetivo de superar estas limitaciones y aumentar la eficiencia de la selección de cultivares superiores, se llevó a cabo un extenso estudio utili zando modelos biométricos en caupí. Este primer trabajo tuvo los siguientes objetivos: i. Cuantificar los efectos directos e indirectos de los componentes primarios y secundarios en la producción de granos; ii. Identificar variables con mayor potencial para la selección de cultivares de caupí en la región semiárida de Paraíba y iii. Determinar las estrategias de selección más adecuadas para el conjunto de variables evaluadas. El experimento se llevó a cabo en un campo experimental en el Centro de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de la Universidad Federal de Campina Grande. Se evaluó la influencia de 6 componentes primarios y 6 componentes secundarios de la producción sobre la variable rendimiento de grano. Los datos se sometieron a ANAVA y se estimaron parámetros genéticos. También se realizaron correlaciones y análisis de ruta. Se identificaron variables con mayor potencial para la selección de cultivares superiores de caupí en la región semiárida de Paraíba. Se encontró que la variable rendimiento de vaina es la más prometedora para la selección de cultivares con mayor rendimiento de grano debido a la magnitud de los efectos fenotípico y genotípico. La selección directa y la selección simultánea son las estrategias más adecuadas para el conjunto de variables evaluadas. Sin embargo, para maximizar las ganancias gené ticas, se continuó el estudio a través de índices de selección.

Abstract In the semi-arid region of Paraíba, cowpea has low productivity due to irregular rainfall and poor use of production technologies. An extensive study aimed at selecting more productive cultivars was conducted using biometric models. This first work had the following objectives: i. Quantify direct and indirect effects of primary and secondary compo nents on grain production; ii. Identify variables with greater potential for cultivar selection in the semiarid region of Paraíba and iii. Determine the most appropriate selection strat egies for the evaluated variables. The experiment was conducted in an experimental field. The influence of 6 primary and 6 secondary production components was evaluated on grain yield. Data were subjected to ANOVA. Genetic parameters, correlations and path analysis were estimated. Given the strong direct phenotypic and genotypic effects, pod yield results the most promising variable for higher grain yield selection. Direct and simultaneous selec tions are the most suitable strategies for the set of evaluated variables. However, further studies on selection indices are necessary to maximize genetic gains.

Resumen En la región semiárida de Paraíba, el caupí (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) es el prin cipal producto de la agricultura familiar. El cultivo tiene baja productividad debido a lluvias irregulares y al uso de cultivares de baja productividad. Con el objetivo de superar estas limitaciones y aumentar la eficiencia de la selección de cultivares superiores, se llevó a cabo un extenso estudio utilizando modelos biométricos en caupí, con los siguientes obje tivos: i. Estimar las ganancias genéticas de los componentes de la producción; ii. Identi ficar el modelo de índice de selección que proporciona las mayores ganancias mediante la selección simultánea de un conjunto de variables y iii. Seleccionar cultivares con mayor productividad. El experimento se llevó a cabo en el campo experimental del Centro de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de la Universidad Federal de Campina Grande. Se evaluaron 13 variables relacionadas con la productividad. Los datos se sometieron a ANOVA y las medias se agruparon según la prueba de Scott y Knott p≤ 0,05. También se estimó el coeficiente de heredabilidad de cada variable. Las ganancias genéticas se estimaron utili zando las siguientes metodologías: respuesta correlacionada, índice de selección clásico, suma de rango e índice basado en las ganancias deseadas. Se encontró que la selección directa del componente de rendimiento de la vaina secundaria proporciona ganancias genéticas significativas en rendimiento de grano. Entre las metodologías utilizadas, el índice de selección clásico proporcionó una mayor distribución de las ganancias genéticas para rendimiento de grano y para los componentes primarios de producción. Estos resultados permiten concluir que los cultivares Costela de vaca, BRS Marataoã y Paulistinha pueden seleccionarse para cultivo y explotación en la región semiárida de Paraíba.

Abstract Low cowpea productivity (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in the semi-arid region of Paraíba is due, among other factors, to poor-quality cultivars. This research tested biometric models intending to increase productivity of superior cultivars with the following objectives: i. Estimate genetic gains in production components; ii. Identify the selection index model providing the greatest gains through simultaneously selecting a set of variables, and iii. Select cultivars with higher productivity. The experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the Agrifood Science and Technology Center of the Federal University of Campina Grande. Eight cultivars and 13 variables were evaluated. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means were grouped using the Scott and Knott test. Genetic gains were estimated by correlated response, classic selection index, rank sum and index based on desired gains. Direct selection of the secondary pod yield component provides significant genetic gains in main grain yield. Among the methodologies used, the classic selection index provided greater distribution of genetic gains for main grain yield and primary production components. These results allow concluding that Costela de vaca, BRS Marataoã and Paulistinha cultivars should be selected for cultivation and commercial exploitation in the semiarid region of Paraíba.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) is a group of inflammatory, autoimmune, and demyelinating disorders. Its hallmark behavior is characterized by recurrent episodes of optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, among other clinical manifestations. Chronic therapy is based primarily in immunosuppressive therapies such as azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), or rituximab (RTX). The goal of this study is to perform a comparative analysis of response rates to chronic treatment with either AZA or RTX. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational analytic study was designed with an initial cohort of 69 patients with a diagnosis of NMOSD. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria a total of 59 patients were finally included in the analysis. RESULTS: The RTX group had an improved functional status when compared to the AZA group; in the latter this feature worsened after a one-year follow-up. There was also a comparable safety profile between the two groups with a significantly greater adherence to RTX regimes. DISCUSSION: The findings of the current study as to the benefits of RTX in comparison to AZA are similar to the results of previous studies. CONCLUSION: These results favor the use of RTX as maintenance treatment of NMOSD, because of its greater benefit mainly in the improvement in functional status of patients, as well as a greater adherence to treatment.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El espectro de trastornos de neuromielitis óptica (NMOSD) es un grupo de enfermedades desmielinizantes, inflamatorias y autoinmunes, caracterizadas por episodios recurrentes de neuritis óptica y mielitis transversa longitudinal extensa, entre otras manifestaciones clínicas. Su tratamiento crónico se basa en el uso de terapias inmunosupresoras como azatioprina (AZA), micofenolato mofetilo (MFM) o rituximab (RTX). El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar un análisis comparativo de la respuesta al tratamiento con AZA o RTX. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, en el cual se incluyeron inicialmente 69 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de NMOSD. Tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión 59 pacientes fueron incluidos en el análisis final. RESULTADOS: En el grupo de RTX se evidenció una mejoría importante en el estado funcional en comparación con el grupo de AZA, en el que se vio un empeoramiento de este al año de seguimiento. El perfil de seguridad fue similar entre ambos grupos, con una adherencia significativamente superior en el grupo de RTX. DISCUSIÓN: Los hallazgos del presente estudio respecto a las ventajas del uso de RTX sobre AZA se encuentran en concordancia con resultados de estudios previos reportados en la literatura. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados respaldan el uso de RTX sobre AZA como terapia de mantenimiento para pacientes con NMOSD, al estar asociado principalmente con una mejoría notable en la funcionalidad de los pacientes, al igual que una mayor adherencia al tratamiento.

Resumen El siguiente artículo derivó de los hallazgos obtenidos del trabajo de campo realizado en la Tesis del Doctorado de Diseño de la Universidad de Palermo de una de las autoras, la doctora Rebeca Lozano Castro (2018). Con relación a eso, se presentan datos obtenidos sobre la percepción del arquitecto y el diseñador gráfico en su área de trabajo conjunto para las fachadas comerciales en la ciudad de Tampico, México. Fue reflexivo pensar en el trabajo llevado a cabo por profesionales de esas dos disciplinas en el planteamiento y la ejecución arquitectónica, pero también en el resultado visual de la comunicación entre la arquitectura y el diseño gráfico. Las edificaciones comerciales fueron consideradas desde su planeación de diseño, construcción, funcionalidad estructural, hasta la señalética interna. Sin embargo, eso no sucedió cuando se trató de la vinculación con el diseño gráfico identificativo-corporativo en la fachada comercial. Se identificaron casos de estudio particulares, con desvinculación en su producción visual-comunicacional como factor importante en el proceso de planeación-construcción arquitectónica comercial. Las conclusiones obtenidas representan un marco referencial para encauzar la planeación-vinculación inclusiva entre la arquitectura y el diseño gráfico comercial expuesto en la vía pública, que pueda orientar la identificación y significación social de la cultura de Tampico. Palabras clave: Diseño Gráfico Corporativo, Arquitectura, Identificación.

Abstract The following article derived from the findings obtained from the field work carried out in the Thesis of the Doctorate of Design of the University of Palermo by one of the authors, Dr. Rebeca Lozano (2018). In relation to this, data obtained on the perception of the architect and graphic designer are presented in their joint work area for the commercial facades in the city of Tampico, Mexico. It was thoughtful to think of the work carried out by professionals of these two disciplines in the approach and architectural execution, but also in the visual result of communication between architecture and graphic design. Commercial buildings were considered from their design planning, construction, structural functionality, to internal signage. However, that did not happen when it came to linking with the identifying-corporate graphic design on the commercial facade. Particular case studies were identified, with disengagement in their visual-communicative production as an important factor in the process of commercial architectural planning-construction. The conclusions obtained represent a reference framework for guiding the inclusive planning-linkage between the architecture and commercial graphic design exposed on public roads, which can guide the identification and social significance of the culture of Tampico.

Resumo O artigo a seguir derivou dos resultados obtidos a partir do trabalho de campo realizado na Tese do Doutorado em Design da Universidade de Palermo por um dos autores, Dr. Rebeca Lozano Castro (2018). Em relação a isso, os dados obtidos sobre a percepção do arquiteto e designer gráfico são apresentados em sua área de trabalho conjunto para as fachadas comerciais na cidade de Tampico, México. Foi atencioso pensar no trabalho realizado por profissionais dessas duas disciplinas na abordagem e execução arquitetônica, mas também no resultado visual da comunicação entre arquitetura e design gráfico. Os edifícios comerciais foram considerados desde o seu planeamento de projeto, construção, funcionalidade estrutural, para sinalização interna. No entanto, isso não aconteceu quando se tratava de ligação com o design gráfico de identificação corporativa na fachada comercial. Foram identificados estudos de caso específicos, com desengajamento em sua produção visual-comunicativa como um fator importante no processo de planejamento arquitetônico comercial-construção. As conclusões obtidas representam um quadro de referência para orientar a inclusão do planejamento-ligação entre a arquitetura e o design gráfico comercial expostos nas vias públicas, o que pode orientar a identificação e o significado social da cultura da Tampico.

Abstract The plant species identification process is one of the most critical stages of quality control of plant raw material. Microscopy serves as the most accessible means for this purpose. Epidermal appendages, such as trichomes, are important botanical markers of plant drugs, taking into account their presence or absence and micromorphology. Trichomes are useful in detecting adulterants or substitutes and in authenticating plant raw materials. The genus Solidago includes two morphologically similar South American species, S. chilensis Meyen and S. microglossa DC. (syn. S. chilensis var. megapotamica). The two species belong to the “S. chilensis” complex and are commonly called arnica-do-mato or arnica. They are morphologically separated primarily on the basis of the average length of the non-glandular trichomes present in the stems. The objective of this study was to search for microscopic markers for the identification and differentiation of these two species to support species identification and quality control of the vegetable raw material. For this purpose, the usual techniques of light and scanning electron microscopy were used. Five types of trichomes were found in this study: I. Simple non-glandular trichome, II. Uniseriate non-glandular trichome, III. Biseriate non-glandular trichome, IV. Flagelliform glandular trichome, and V. Capitate glandular trichome. S. chilensis has simple non-glandular, flagelliform glandular, and rarely capitate glandular trichomes. Whereas, in addition to its glandular trichomes, S. microglossa has two types of non-glandular trichomes: biseriate and uniseriate. Thus, the two South American species of Solidago can be microscopically identified and differentiated based on the presence and absence of the characteristic trichomes. These differences can serve as pharmacognostic subsidies for quality control of the evaluated species.

Abstract Due to the complex nature of pain and the participation of physical, cognitive, psychological and behavioral aspects, pain management has several approaches. The use of medicinal plants in developing countries is quite expressive. Seeking new options for the treatment of emerging or debilitating diseases. Therefore, the present study seeks to elucidate the effects of the monoterpene, citronellal, differentiating its activity by isomers (R)-(+) and (S)-(-) citronellal. The study used several methods to evaluate the effects of citronellal isomers on motor coordination, nociceptive response, and the involvement of opioid, glutamatergic, and transient receptor pathways. The methods included rota-rod, hot-plate, and formalin tests, as well as the use of specific inhibitors and agonists. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics with a 95% confidence level. Both isomers did not significantly affect the motor coordination of the studied animals. The isomer (S)-(-) citronellal showed better results in relation to its structural counterpart, managing to have an antinociceptive effect in the formalin and hot plate tests with a lower concentration (100 mg/kg) and presenting fewer side effects, however, the this study was not able to elucidate the mechanism of action of this isomer despite having activity in studies with substances that act on specific targets such as glutamate and capsaicin, its activity was not reversed with the use of antagonists for pathways related to nociception. While the (R)-(+) citronellal isomer, despite showing total activity only at a concentration of 150 mg/kg, was able to determine its mechanism of action related to the opioid pathway by reversing its activity by the antagonist naloxone, being this is a pathway already correlated with nociception control treatments, however, it is also related to some unwanted side effects. In this way, new studies are sought to elucidate the mechanism related to the isomer (S)-(-) citronellal and a possibility of use in other areas related to the treatment of pain or inflammation.

Resumo Devido à natureza complexa da dor e a sua participação de aspectos físicos, cognitivos, psicológicos e comportamentais, o manejo da dor possui diversas abordagens. O uso de plantas medicinais em países em desenvolvimento é bastante expressivo. Buscando novas opções para o tratamento de denças emergentes ou debilitantes. Portanto, o presente estudo busca elucidar os efeitos do monoterpeno, citronelal, diferenciando sua atividade pelos isômeros (R)-(+) e (S)-(-) citronelal. O estudo utilizou diversos métodos para avaliar os efeitos dos isômeros de citronelal na coordenação motora, resposta nociceptiva e o envolvimento de vias opioides, glutamatérgicas e de receptores transitórios. Os métodos incluíram testes de rota-rod, placa quente e formalina, além do uso de inibidores e agonistas específicos. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Ambos os isomeros não afetaram significativamente a coordenação motora dos animais em estudo. O isômero (S)-(-) citronelal apresentou melhores resultados em relação ao seu homólogo estrutural, conseguindo ter um efeito antinociceptivo nos testes de formalina e placa quente com menor concentração (100 mg/kg) e apresentando menos efeitos colaterais, entretanto, o presente estudo não foi capaz de elucidar o mecanismo de ação deste isomero apesar de ter atividadade em estudos com substancias que agem em alvos específicos como glutamato e capsaicina, sua atividade não foi revertida com a utilização de antagonistas para as vias relacionadas à nocicepção. Enquanto o isômero (R)-(+) citronelal, apesar de apresentar de apresentar total atividade somente na concentração de 150 mg/kg, foi capaz de determinar seu mecanismo de ação relacionado à via opióide pela reversão da sua atividade pelo antagonista naloxona, sendo esta uma via já correlacionada com os tratamentos de controle da a nocicepção, no entanto, também está relacionada a alguns efeitos colaterais indesejados. Desta forma busca-se novos estudos para elucidação do mecanismo relacionados ao isomero (S)-(-) citronellal e uma possibilidade de utilização em outras areas relacionadas ao tratamento da dor ou inflamação.

Abstract Environmental wealth is the main basis of the social, cultural and economic development of a country, but if there is an absence of the valuation of these natural resources, it can lead to a disproportionate usufruct that causes the deterioration of the ecosystem and even collateral effects of human health. This research aimed to know the total economic value of the ecosystem of the high Andean water basin tributary of the Chumbao River, located between 2000 to 4800 meters above sea level belonging to the province of Andahuaylas, Apurimac region in Perú. The valuation procedure consisted of using the analytical method of multicriteria valuation applying the concept of Total Economic Value, which involved direct and indirect uses related to environmental assets, in which a collective panel of people from different training disciplines (experts) participated, which were made up of researchers, engineers, public officials, farmers and ecologists who had extensive knowledge about the environmental asset. of the geographical area in reference; and once the paired comparison survey was done, the total economic value was quantified up to three amounts, so the respondents were formed into three statistically significant segments (SIG<0.05). The cluster (1): assigned a weighting that quantifies to an economic value of USS 4,359,179,489.46; followed by cluster (2): an intermediate value of USS 4,029,902,444.41 and cluster (3): assigned a lower value to USS 774,163,167.16. Thus, it follows that, on average, 51.78% equals value in use and 48.21% equals value in non-use, respectively. This value expressed as an interval reflects the environmental ethical positions of the groups and makes available as an indicator to government authorities and society in order to exercise actions of environmental sustainability high andean.

Resumo A riqueza ambiental é a principal base do desenvolvimento social, cultural e econômico de um país, todavia, se não houver a valorização desses recursos naturais, pode levar a um usufruto desproporcional que causa a deterioração do ecossistema e até mesmo efeitos colaterais da saúde humana. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer o valor econômico total do ecossistema da alta bacia hidrográfica andina afluente do rio Chumbao, localizado entre 2.000 e 4.800 metros acima do nível do mar pertencente à província de Andahuaylas, região de Apurimac no Peru. O procedimento de avaliação consistiu na utilização do método analítico de avaliação multicritério aplicando o conceito de Valor Econômico Total, que envolveu usos diretos e indiretos relacionados a ativos ambientais, no qual participou um painel coletivo de pessoas de diferentes disciplinas de formação (especialistas), composta por pesquisadores, engenheiros, funcionários públicos, agricultores e ecologistas que possuíam amplo conhecimento sobre o bem ambiental. da área geográfica em referência; e uma vez feito o levantamento de comparação pareada, o valor econômico total foi quantificado em até três valores, de forma que os respondentes foram divididos em três segmentos estatisticamente significativos (SIG < 0,05). O cluster (1): atribuído um peso que quantifica a um valor econômico de US$ 4.359.179.489,46; seguido pelo cluster (2): um valor intermediário de US$ 4.029.902.444,41 e cluster (3): atribuiu um valor inferior a US$ 774.163.167,16. Assim, conclui-se que, em média, 51,78% equivalem a valor em uso e 48,21% equivalem a valor em não uso, respectivamente. Este valor expresso como um intervalo reflete as posições éticas ambientais dos grupos e disponibiliza como um indicador para as autoridades governamentais e a sociedade a fim de exercer ações de sustentabilidade ambiental alto andino.

Abstract To report a case of spontaneous vaginal evisceration in a patient with a surgical history of vaginal hysterectomy, and to review the literature on the main risk factors associated with the presentation of this event. We present the case of a 74-year-old multiparous patient with 12 vaginal deliveries with a gynecological history of vaginal hysterectomy in 2012, in 2014 a sacrospinocolpopexy with placement of transobturator tape plus anterior colporrhaphy, in 2018 she presented with intestinal loops protruding with signs of ischemia through a defect in the vaginal vault, resection of the small intestine and end-to-end anastomosis were performed, with subsequent closure of the defect through the abdomen. A search was made in the PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases for articles published in English and Spanish, from the last 22 years. 16 titles that met the selection criteria were identified; the results of the review show common risk factors. Vaginal evisceration due to dehiscence of the vaginal vault is a rare pathology, the minimally invasive approach, which has increased in recent years, has led to an increase in incidence, with laparoscopic hysterectomy being of greater risk.

Resumen Reportar un caso de evisceración vaginal espontánea en paciente con antecedentes quirúrgicos de histerectomía vaginal y hacer una revisión de la literatura sobre los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la presentación de este evento. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 74 años multípara de 12 partos vaginales con antecedente ginecológico de histerectomía vaginal en 2012, en el año 2014 una sacroespinocolpopexia con colocación de cinta transobturadora más colporrafia anterior, en 2018 presenta cuadro con asas intestinales protruyendo con signos de isquemia a través de defecto en cúpula vaginal, se realiza resección de intestino delgado y anastomosis termino-terminal, con posterior cierre de defecto por vía abdominal. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar y Science Direct para artículos publicados en inglés y español, de los últimos 22 años. Se identificaron 16 títulos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección, los resultados de la revisión muestran factores de riesgo comunes. La evisceración vaginal por dehiscencia de la cúpula vaginal es una patología poco prevalente, el abordaje mínimamente invasivo, que ha aumentado en los últimos años, ha conllevado un aumento de la incidencia, siendo la histerectomía por laparoscopia el de mayor riesgo.

Resumen Introducción. El pueblo hitnü vive en condiciones sanitarias precarias, con inseguridad alimentaria y víctima de la violencia sociopolítica en Arauca (Colombia). Además, se sospecha que pueden estar afectados por la exposición a los hidrocarburos del petróleo. Objetivo. Identificar los eventos de salud del perfil de morbilidad y mortalidad de los indígenas hitnü que podrían asociarse con la exposición a petróleo crudo. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con indígenas hitnü, durante febrero y marzo de 2021, época de sequía. Se aplicó un cuestionario de hogares y uno individual para recolectar datos del ambiente peridomiciliario, ocupaciones y otras actividades, así como datos sociodemográficos, signos, síntomas y hallazgos de un examen médico. La potencial asociación con los hidrocarburos se exploró considerando tres grupos, según su localización: cabecera de Arauca, resguardo Aspejená (no expuestos) y resguardos de San José del Lipa y La Vorágine (expuestos por su cercanía al río Ele y afluentes). Con listados libres, se exploraron las causas de muerte. El estudio incorporó un riguroso manejo intercultural en todos sus componentes. Resultados. Participaron 576 indígenas de 16 asentamientos. El agua consumida pudo servir como medio de exposición a los hidrocarburos. Los problemas de salud fueron muy variados e incluían enfermedades infecciosas y crónicas, malnutrición y trauma. Las masas en el cuello se asociaron con residir en los resguardos ancestrales (RP=3,86; IC95% 1,77-8,39), territorios potencialmente expuestos al petróleo. Las causas de muerte más relevantes fueron el homicidio, los tumores y la tuberculosis. Conclusión: Por su posible asociación con los hidrocarburos, es prioritario el estudio intercultural de linfoadenopatías entre indígenas potencialmente expuestos al petróleo.

Abstract Introduction: The Hitnü indigenous people live in precarious sanitary conditions, with food insecurity and being victims of sociopolitical violence in Arauca, Colombia. In addition, it is possible that they may be affected by exposure to hydrocarbons found in oil. Objective: To identify the health outcomes of morbidity and mortality profiles of the Hitnü people that could be associated with the exposure to crude oil. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with Hitnü indigenous people, during February and March, 2021, time of drought. A household questionnaire was applied, and one individual to collect data from the environment around the house, occupations and other activities, as well as data from sociodemographic, signs, symptoms, and findings of a medical examination. The potential association with hydrocarbons was explored considering three groups: inhabitants in Arauca city, Aspejaná reserve (not exposed), and San José del Lipa and La Vorágine reserves (exposed by the Ele river and tributaries). With free listings, causes of death were explored. The study incorporated a rigorous intercultural management in all its components. Results: A total of 576 indigenous people from 16 settlements participated. The water consumed could serve as means of exposure to hydrocarbons. Health problems were very varied, including infectious and chronic diseases, malnutrition, and trauma. The masses on the neck were associated with residing in the ancestral reserves (PR = 3.86; CI95% 1.77-8.39), territories with potential exposure to crude-oil. The most relevant causes of death were homicide, tumors, and tuberculosis. Conclusion: For its possible association with exposure to hydrocarbons, it is a priority to start the intercultural study of lymphadenopathies in indigenous communities potentially exposed to crude oil.