ABSTRACT: A combination of abiotic stresses in sandy soils, such as saline water, saline soil, and lack of nutrients, affects productivity of faba bean. In this study, organic amendments and biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) were used in combination to increase yield of faba bean seed as well as the protein content under a sandy soil and irrigation affected by salt water. Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. A split-split-plot design in a randomized complete block was used. The main plots were allotted to the organic amendments, rates of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) were assigned to sub-plot, and the cultivars were applied to sub-sub-plot. The results showed that the treatment of plant compost applied as an organic amendment and 1.5 L ha–1 of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) with foliar application significantly increased seed yield of cultivars, Sakha-4, Sakha-1, and Giza-843 by 17.2, 33.0, and 19.8 % respectively, compared to control under a sandy soil and irrigation water affected by salts. The interaction between Sakha-1 cultivar, plant compost, and 1.5 L ha–1 of biostimulants (VIUSID® agro) achieved the optimal combination, providing the highest grain yield, as compared to all other treatments. The combination of these treatments is recommended in order to improve faba bean productivity under similar conditions.

Abstract A low-temperature synthesis of novel nanostructured CoxNi1-xMn0.5Fe1.5O4 (x = 0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1) ferrites was carried out by sol-gel auto-combustion technique. The obtained nanostructured ferrites were investigated by employing the techniques of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The XRD diffractograms of the prepared ferrites revealed the formation of a spinel phase with face-centered cubic (fcc) structure belonging to the Fd- 3 ¯ m space group. The average lattice parameter ‘a’ of ferrites exhibited a rise versus a rise in CO2+ concentration following Vegard’s law. The SEM investigation of NiMn0.5Fe1.5O4 powder revealed the existence of octahedral-shaped morphology of ferrite grains. The TEM investigation of NiMn0.5Fe1.5O4 powder showed nanostructures of ferrite particles with sizes consistent with the crystallite sizes as estimated by Debye-Scherer’s formula. An EDX spectrum of NiMn0.5Fe1.5O4 powder confirmed its elemental composition. The M-H hysteresis loops recorded by VSM at room temperature revealed a dependence of coercivity (Hc), maximum magnetization (Mmax), and retentivity (Mr) on CO2+ concentration. The shape dependence of M-H loops on CO2+ concentration in compounds enabled their candidature for applications in memory devices and magnetic sensors.

RESUMO: As espécies Euphorbia dracunculoides e Astragalus são plantas daninhas problemáticas do grão-de-bico no sistema monocultivo desta cultura no Paquistão. Em condições de laboratório, determinou-se a influência de vários fatores ecológicos nas características de germinação e emergência de plântulas dessas plantas daninhas. Os resultados sugeriram que a germinação de sementes de ambas as espécies foi de 50% a 15 oC sob condições de luz, e a germinação diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura. O aumento do estresse hídrico de 2,5 para 15% causou a diminuição significativa da germinação de E. dracunculoides e Astragalus spp. Ambas as espécies não germinaram no potencial osmótico de -3,02 MPa. O aumento na capacidade de campo de 25 para 100% aumentou a porcentagem de emergência e o índice de emergência de ambas as plantas daninhas. A variação do pH de 6 a 9 não influenciou a germinação de sementes de ambas as espécies, que foram capazes de germinar em uma ampla gama de condições de pH. Ambas as plantas daninhas foram muito sensíveis à salinidade; no entanto, algumas sementes (10%) de Astragalusspp. germinaram mesmo em uma concentração de cloreto de sódio de 150 mM. Para verificar o efeito da profundidade de semeadura, as sementes foram colocadas em vasos com profundidades de semeadura de 0 a 6 cm, em um intervalo de 1 cm, respectivamente. Foi obtida máxima emergência na superfície do solo e houve diminuição da emergência com o aumento da profundidade. A emergência de plântulas de E. dracunculoides foi maior que a de Astragalusspp. em todas as profundidades de semeadura. Estudos sobre a ecologia da germinação dessas duas plantas daninhas poderão elucidar seu comportamento sob diferentes condições ambientais. As respostas de germinação e os padrões de crescimento dessas espécies sob diferentes fatores ecológicos serão úteis para a elaboração de uma estratégia de gerenciamento eficiente para controlar essas duas plantas daninhas problemáticas.

ABSTRACT: The species Euphorbia dracunculoides and Astragalus are problematic weeds of arid chickpea in the chickpea mono-cropping system in Pakistan. The influence of various ecological factors on germination and seedling emergence characteristics of these weeds was determined under laboratory conditions. The results suggested that seed germination of both species was 50% at 15 oC under light conditions, and germination decreased when the temperature was increased. The increase in drought stress from 2.5 to 15% significantly decreased germination of E. dracunculoides and Astragalus spp. Both species failed to germinate at the osmotic potential of -3.02 MPa. The increase in field capacity from 25 to 100% increased emergence percentage and emergence index of both weeds. A pH range of 6 to 9 did not influence seed germination of both species and they were able to germinate at a wide range of pH conditions. Both weeds were very sensitive to salinity; however, a few seeds (10%) of Astragalusspp. germinated even at a 150 mM sodium chloride concentration. To check the effect of burial depth, seeds were placed in pots under seeding depths of 0 to 6 cm at an interval of 1 cm, respectively. Maximum emergence was attained at the soil surface and emergence declined with increasing depths. Seedling emergence of E. dracunculoides was higher than that of Astragalusspp. at all burial depths. Studies on germination ecology of these two weeds will offer insights into their behavior under different environmental conditions. Their germination responses and growth patterns under different ecological factors will help us to design an efficient management strategy to control these two troublesome weeds.