ABSTRACT Acute wound dressings can be based on PVA hydrogels, which present many characteristics of an ideal dressing, e.g., fluid uptake, a moisturized environment, etc. The lack of antimicrobial properties leads to the addition of natural active agents. The present work aims to manufacture and compare PVA gels loaded with Barbatimão bark extract, Leucaena bark extract, Aloe vera, and Lavender essential oil. They were characterized by FTIR, swelling tests, SEM, actives release. There were interactions between PVA and the active agents. The addition of Leucaena and Barbatimão increased the PVA ability to swell, but the opposite was found for Aloe vera and Lavender essential oil. PVA-Lavender essential oil samples presented interconnected pores, while samples with essential oil or extracts presented high crystallinity. Lavender essential oil and Aloe vera presented the highest release. The Barbatimão and Leucaena samples’ release may be related to the samples’ swelling, but the initial release of Aloe vera and Lavender samples was diffusion controlled by swelling. Their long-term release was dose-dependent for Aloe vera, while it was a non-Fickian diffusion for Lavender essential oil related to the hydrogel’s relaxation step. There is a synergistic effect when Aloe vera and Lavender essential oil are loaded in PVA hydrogels. hydrogels dressing eg e g e.g. uptake environment etc agents extract FTIR tests SEM swell PVALavender pores crystallinity longterm long term dosedependent dose dependent nonFickian non Fickian hydrogel s step e.g

This study evaluated histological changes in the digestive organs and kidneys of sheep fed sugarcane silage augmented with detoxified castor bean meal (CBM). Forty Santa Inês sheep (initial weight 20 ± 0.3 kg) were adapted to the experimental regime for 14 days, after which data were collected for 60 days. The treatments consisted of S0: sugarcane silage (SC); S5: SC augmented with 5% CBM; S10: SC augmented with 10% CBM; S15: SC augmented with 15% CBM; and S20: SC augmented with 20% CBM. After 74 days of confinement, the animals were slaughtered, and then fragments of the liver, rumen, intestine, and kidney were collected for histomorphometric analyses. The intake of dry matter and the average weight gain increased linearly with the level of CBM (P <0.05), as did the rumen absorption area, the height of the papillae and the width of the papillae. The thickness of the keratinized portion of the epithelium was not influenced, Thus, no effect was detected of the anti-nutritional factor of CBM on this organ. In the intestine, CBM increased the height of the villi and the number of goblet cells. However, S20 caused some kidney damage and decreased hepatic glycogen stock, but not sufficiently to reduce performance. Thus, augmentation of sugarcane with CBM, up to 20%, is viable in feeding sheep.

Dengue fever and schistosomiasis are major public health issues for which vector control using larvicide and molluscicide substances present in plants provides a promising strategy. This study evaluated the potential toxicity of the extract of hydroethanol Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl., Anacardiaceae, stem bark and its chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate, and hydromethanol fractions against Artemia salina and Aedes Aegypti larvae and snails Biomphalaria glabrata. All of the assays were performed in triplicate and the mean mortality rates were used to determine the LC50and LC90 values using the probit method. The hydroethanol hydromethanol extract and fraction were free of toxicity towards A. salina(LC50 > 1000 µg/ml), while chloroform fraction was moderately toxic (LC50313 µg/ml); ethyl acetate and hexane fractions displayed low toxicity, with LC50 557 and 582 µg/ml, respectively. Chloroform, hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions showed larvicidal potential towards A. aegypti (LC50 values of 345, 527 and 583 µg/ml, respectively), while chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were highly toxic to B. glabrata (LC90values of 68 and 73 µg/ml, respectively). Based on these findings, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane fractions should be further investigated for their potential use against the vectors of dengue and schistosomiasis.

Piper is a notable genus among Piperaceae due to their secondary metabolites such as lignans, amides, esters and long chain fatty acids used as anti-herbivore defenses with comparable effects of pyrethroids, that holds a promise in insect control, including malaria vectors such as Anopheles darlingi, the main vector in the North of Brazil. Methanolic extracts of Piper tuberculatum Jacq., Piperaceae, and P. alatabaccum Trel. & Yunck., Piperaceae, and some isolated compounds, i.e, 3,4,5-trimetoxy-dihydrocinamic acid, dihydropiplartine; piplartine, piplartine-dihydropiplartine and 5,5',7-trimetoxy-3',4'-metilenodioxiflavone were tested as larvicides against A. darlingi. The Lethal Concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of methanolic extracts were 194 and 333 ppm for P. tuberculatum and 235 and 401 ppm for P. alatabacum, respectively. Isolated compounds had lower LC values, e.g. the LC50 and LC90 of the piplartine-dihidropiplartine isolated from both plant species was 40 and 79 ppm, respectively.

Few studies have reported the molecular epidemiological characterization of HIV-1 in the Northern region of Brazil. The present study reports the molecular and epidemiological characterization of 31 HIV-1 isolates from blood donors from the State of Amazonas who donated blood between April 2006 and March 2007. Serum/plasma samples from all donors were screened for HIV antibodies by ELISA and the results confirmed by Western blot analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from the buffy coat using the Super Quik-Gene-DNA Isolation kit. Nested PCR was performed on the env, gag, and pol regions of HIV-1 using the Gene Amp PCR System 9700. Sequencing reactions were performed using the inner PCR primers and the DYEnamic™ ET Dye Terminator Kit, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the gag, pol, and env gene sequences. We collected samples from 31 blood donors who tested positive for HIV-1 in confirmatory experiments. The male:female ratio of blood donors was 3.4:1, and the mean age was 32.4 years (range: 19 to 61 years). Phylogenetic analysis showed that subtype B is the most prevalent among Northern Brazilian HIV-1-seropositive blood donors. One HIV-1 subtype C and one circulating recombinant form (CRF_BF) of HIV-1 were identified in the State of Amazonas. This is the first study showing the occurrence of a possible "homogenous" subtype C in this region of Brazil. This finding could contribute to a better characterization of the HIV-1 strains that circulate in the country.

Foram utilizados 55 ratos machos da espécie Rattus novergicus, variedade Wistar, com o objetivo de propor um modelo experimental de trauma medular produzido por aparelho estereotáxico modificado, capaz de reproduzir clinicamente lesões medulares padronizadas. Após realização de laminectomia dorsal de T13, utilizou-se peso compressivo de 50,5g (25 animais - grupo I) ou 70,5g (30 animais - grupo II), durante cinco minutos, comprimindo a medula espinhal. Os animais foram assistidos durante oito dias, por meio de testes comportamentais para avaliar a sensibilidade dolorosa, a capacidade motora, o posicionamento tátil e proprioceptivo e a capacidade de manter-se em plano inclinado. No grupo I, observaram-se déficits neurológicos moderados e transitórios, que variaram entre os animais. No grupo II, foi possível obter um trauma padronizado, caracterizado por paraplegia bilateral e simétrica dos membros posteriores, perda de propriocepção e da sensibilidade dolorosa de todos os animais. A utilização do aparelho estereotáxico desenvolvido permite reproduzir clinicamente trauma medular padronizado em ratos, de maneira simples, econômica e satisfatória, o que poderá proporcionar avanços nas investigações terapêuticas, abrangendo doenças neurodegenerativas, como é o caso do trauma medular agudo.

Fifty-five male rats (Rattus novergicus), Wistar variety, were used with the purpose of suggesting an experimental model of spinal cord trauma performed by using a modified stereotaxic equipment capable to reproduce clinically (standardized) pattern spinal cord injury. After dorsal laminectomy of T13, a compression was performed with 50.5g (25 animals - group I) or 70.5g (30 animals - group II) during five minutes on spinal cord. The animals were assisted during eight days by behavioral tests to evaluate painful sensibility, motor capacity, proprioceptive and tactil placing, and stability on inclined plan. In the group I, moderate and transitory neurological deficits were observed, that varied among the animals. In the group II, a standardized trauma was obtained, characterized by bilateral and symmetrical paraplegia of hindlimbs, loss of proprioception, and painful sensibility in all the animals. The use of developed stereotaxic equipment allowed to reproduce pattern spinal cord injury in rats, by a simply, economic, and satisfactory way. This can provide progresses in the therapeutic investigations embracing neurodegenerative diseases, like spinal cord injury.

Foram utilizados 25 ratos (Rattus novergicus) submetidos a trauma experimental da medula espinhal, empregando-se aparelho estereotáxico com um peso de 50,5g comprimindo a duramáter durante cinco minutos. Após o trauma, os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos de cinco. O grupo A (controle) recebeu placebo oito horas após o trauma; os grupos B, C, D e E receberam prednisona oito, 24, 48 e 120 horas após o trauma, respectivamente. A prednisona foi administrada na dose inicial de 2mg/kg, durante cinco dias, com diminuição progressiva até o 26º dia. Os animais foram avaliados conforme a capacidade motora, posicionamento proprioceptivo, reflexo de localização, plano inclinado e sensibilidade dolorosa. Após 33 dias da cirurgia, foram sacrificados para avaliação histológica das medulas espinhais. Observaram-se degeneração das raízes nervosas, necrose medular, inflamação local e reação glial, sem diferenças entre os grupos. Não houve correlação entre os testes neurológicos. A utilização da prednisona na lesão medular aguda não teve efeito diferenciado com o tempo e não foi prejudicial na recuperação neurológica, mesmo quando utilizada tardiamente.

Twent-five rats (Rattus novergicus) were submitted to an experimental spinal cord injury by using a 50.5g stereotaxic equipament to apply pressure on the duramater during five minutes. After the spinal cord injury, the animals were randomly distributed into five groups of five animals each: one group received placebo 8 hours after injury and the remaining four groups received prednisone at 8, 24, 48, and 120 hours after injury. Prednisone was applied at 2mg/kg dosage during five days and progressively reduced until the 26th day. Animals were evaluated by motor capacity, proprioceptive positioning, locating reflex, inclined plan, and sensibility to pain. The animals were sacrificed 33 days after surgery for histological study of the spinal cords that revealed degeneration of the rootlets, necrosis, inflammatory foci, and reactive gliosis, with no significant differences among the treated groups. The administration of high dosages of prednisone to animals with acute spinal cord injury had no deleterious effects on neurological recovery, even when used late.

Relata-se um surto de doença exantemática, caracterizada como varíola bovina, acometendo bovinos e seres humanos na Zona da Mata Mineira. Setenta e duas propriedades, distribuídas em 20 municípios localizados na região, foram visitadas para se levantar os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da doença. Detectaram-se 1020 vacas doentes durante a investigação, quando houve queda na produção do leite associada a infecções bacterianas secundárias. Casos humanos foram registrados em 83% das propriedades visitadas. Espécimes clínicos e amostras de soro foram coletados dos animais doentes ou convalescentes. O diagnóstico de laboratório mostrou o envolvimento de um ortopoxvírus, precisamente o Vaccinia virus como agente etiológico do surto.

It was investigated an outbreak of exantemal disease in human and cattle in Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais's State, Brazil. Seventy two farms located in 20 counties locating in this region were visited and disease pattern was studied. 1020 cows got sick in the visited herds and in 83% of them human cases occurred together with disease in animals. Drop in milk production and secondary infection were frequently observed. The disease occurred mainly from may to September. Serum and scars from sick and convalescent animals were collected and laboratory diagnostic showed that an orthopoxvirus, more precisely vaccinia virus was involved in the outbreak.

Técnicas que envolvem a utilização da instrumentação agronômica com vistas em determinar o conteúdo de água no solo são de grande importância para a pesquisa científica. Independentemente da técnica utilizada, é importante que, na determinação da função K(teta), por exemplo, a umidade volumétrica seja determinada de forma precisa e, de preferência, que haja facilidade na sua obtenção. Com o objetivo de comparar a performance da sonda de nêutrons e do TDR com o tensiômetro, buscando verificar a sensibilidade destes equipamentos na obtenção da umidade do solo e da função condutividade hidráulica K(teta), a partir dos dados da curva de retenção de água no solo, foi instalado um experimento no município de Piracicaba (SP), em um Nitossolo Vermelho distrófico latossólico. Para tanto, foram instalados numa área de 7,07 m², 30 tensiômetros, três tubos de acesso para sonda de nêutrons e 15 sensores de TDR. Foi utilizado o procedimento do perfil instantâneo, analisando as profundidades de 0,70 e 1,00 m e considerando, no presente estudo, o tensiômetro como equipamento-padrão. Os resultados de umidade e de condutividade hidráulica não saturada obtidos na profundidade de 0,70 m mostraram que o TDR apresentou um comportamento mais próximo ao obtido pelo tensiômetro, quando comparado à sonda de nêutrons e, na profundidade de 1,00 m, a sonda de nêutrons mostrou-se mais eficiente na determinação da umidade e da condutividade hidráulica não saturada.

The evaluation of agronomic instrumentation to determine soil water content is very important for scientific research. Regardless of the technique in use, it is important that the soil water content is determined easily and quickly for the determination of the function K(theta), e.g. With the objective of comparing the performance of the equipments neutron probe and TDR with a tensiometer at determining variations in the soil water content and the values of soil hydraulic conductivity obtained from the soil water retention curve, an experiment was installed on an Udox (Oxisol) in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Thirty tensiometers, three access tubes for neutron probes and 15 TDR sensors were installed in a 7.07 m² area for this purpose. The instantaneous profile procedure was used, analyzing depths of 0.70 and 1.00 m, considering the tensiometer as standard equipment. The obtained data showed that the TDR presented the most similar data performance to the one obtained by the tensiometer at a depth of 0.70 m, while the neutron probe proved to be more efficient to determinate the soil water content and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at a depth of 1.00 m.

Os autores apresentam resultado de tratamento com Hycanthone e com Oxamniquine efetuado em grupos de 36 crianças de 6 - 15 anos de idade, portadoras de S. mansoni, mais um grupo Controle (não portadores), de igual número perfazendp o total de 108 crianças. Os grupos eram homogêneos quanto à idade, peso, altura, condições clínicas (forma intestinal moderada) e fatores sócio-econômico-sanitários. Eram todos residentes no perímetro irrigado da Curú-Recuperação, Pentecoste-Ceará, e filhos de funcionários do DNOCS. Foi efetuado tratamento com Hycanthone (2,3 m/kg a 2,7 mg/kg) mais placebo de Oxamniquine (Grupo A), com Oxamniquine (11,4 mg/kg a 20 mg/kg) mais placebo de Hycanthone (Grupo B) e placebo dos dois medicamentos para o grupo Controle (Grupo C). Foram realizados exames de sangue (hemograma, transaminases e fosfatases alcalinas), sumário de urina e coproscopias (Hoffman, Kato qualitativo e quantitativo). Após tratamento todos os casos ficaram sob observação durante 72 horas e mais seguimento clínico e laboratorial durante 4 meses. Efetuados teste de t e de chi-quadrado todos os resultados são apresentados em tabelas e assim sumariados: 1) Hycanthone mostrou eficácia completa apresentando 100% como índice de cura. 2) Oxamniquine apresentou índice de cura de 80%, sendo que os 7 pacientes não curados tiveram significativa redução do número de ovos viáveis; destes, após o 29 tratamento, persistiram apenas 3 eliminando ovos viáveis. 3) Efeitos colaterais do tratamento com Hycanthone foram os seguintes: dor local, febre, náuseas, vômitos, cefaléia, tontura e sonolência. 4) Oxamniquine quase não afetou as crianças do ponto de vista de efeitos colaterais demonstráveis, tendo apresentado alguns casos com febre moderada e transitória e um caso com queixa de náusea. 5) Testes de função hepática revelaram alterações leves com aumento de TGO tanto no Grupo Hycanthone como no Grupo Oxamniquine (sem diferença estatística significativa, inclusive para o grupo Controle) e aumento discreto de TGPpara ambos os grupos. Não houve aumento significativo das fosfatases para nenhuma das amostras. 6) Dada a dificuldade de empregar, para todas as crianças, a dosagem de 20 mg/kg por se tratar de cápsula não fracionável, sugere-se a forma farmacêutica em xarope na hipótese de que com o acréscimo das doses de Oxamniquine haja significativo aumento do índice de cura. Que essa correção seja efetuada paralelamente a cuidadosos exames complementares a fim de se detectar a toxicidade a esse nível.

The authors present their experience in the treatment of children infected with S. mansoni using Hycanthone (2.3 to 2.7 mg/kg body weight) and Oxamniquine capsules (11.4 to 20.0 mg/kg body weight); a control group was given placebo. Hycanthone cured 100% of the 36 children given the drug; Oxamniquine capsules cured 80% of the 36 children treated and a cure rate of 92% was achieved with a second oxamniquine treatment course. Side-effects were most frequently observed with Hycanthone; no significant tiver test function alterations were detected with both drugs. The authors suggest the use of oxamniquine syrup for the treatment of children in order to obtain better results with more adequate dosages according to the body weight.