O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a percentagem de árvores sadias, vivas, galhos sadios e taxa natural de regeneração (propagação natural) de Caryocar brasiliense, associando com propriedades do solo, diversidade florística e tamanho de copa desta planta. As menores percentagens de árvores vivas de C. brasiliense e de galhos sadios foram observadas no cerrado de Ibiracatu, onde somente 30% destas estavam saudáveis, sem sinais visíveis de ataque do broqueador de tronco (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) e do fungo Phomopsis sp. As árvores de C. brasiliense localizadas em áreas cujos solos continham maiores níveis de soma de bases e areia total (fina + grossa) estavam menos saudáveis. Além disso, as áreas cujos solos continham maiores níveis de alumínio e de argila apresentaram maiores percentagens de árvores de C. brasiliense sadias e de galhos sadios. As menores percentagens de árvores vivas e sadias e com galhos vigorosos foram notados em áreas com maior diversidade florística. A maior mortalidade de árvores de C. brasiliense pode estar associado com maior pH e menor conteúdo de alumínio, de silte e argila, aliado com a competição com outras espécies florestais por nutrientes, água e luz, associado com ataque de Cossidae e principalmente do fungo Phomopsis sp.

The purpose of this work was to study the percentage of healthy trees, living trees and healthy branches and the renewal (natural propagation) of Caryocar brasiliense associated with the properties of soil, the floristic diversity and the canopy size of this plant. Lower proportions of live C. brasiliense trees and of healthy branches were found in the Savanna of Ibiracatu, where only 30% of the trees were healthy and without visible signs of attack by wood borers and by Phomopsis sp. We observed that C. brasiliense trees in areas where the soils contained higher levels of summed chemical bases and total sand (fine + gross) were less healthy. Moreover, the areas whose soils contained higher levels of aluminum and clay had a higher percentage of healthy C. brasiliense trees and branches. Smaller percentages of live and healthy trees and healthy branches were noted in areas with higher floristic diversity. Overall, the higher mortality of C. brasiliense trees may be associated with a higher pH and a lower content of aluminum, silt and clay, with competition with other tree species for nutrients, water and light, with the attack of Cossidae and particularly with the attack of fungi, Phomopsis sp.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar o broqueador do tronco de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae) e os efeitos de tamanho de árvore, atributos químico-físicos do solo e da diversidade florística em seu ataque. A lagarta broqueadora do tronco de C. brasiliense pertence à família Cossidae (Lepidoptera). O número de pupas e de serragem do broqueador por árvore foi maior na pastagem (1) em Montes Claros e pastagem em Ibiracatu do que nas outras quatro áreas (pastagens e cerrado em Montes Claros e cerrado em Ibiracatu). O número de pupas e da quantidade de serragem do broqueador foi maior em árvores cujo diâmetro de tronco na altura do peito (DAB) foi superior a 30 cm. Esse fato pode ser uma das razões para o maior ataque nas áreas mencionadas acima devido à maior percentagem de plantas com DAB > 30 cm. As propriedades do solo positivamente associadas com maior ataque do broqueador do tronco foram potássio, cálcio, magnésio, soma de bases, capacidade de troca catiônica e matéria orgânica e negativamente correlacionado com areia fina. Sistemas com menor diversidade florística, principalmente árvores de outras espécies, pode concentrar o ataque do broqueador do tronco em árvores de C. Brasiliense.

The objectives of this work were to identify the wood-borer of the trunk of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae) and the effects of tree size, chemical and physical soil attributes, and floristic diversity in its attack. The wood-boring caterpillar of the trunck of C. brasiliense belongs to the family Cossidae (Lepidoptera). The number of pupae and the amount of sawdust produced by the wood-borer per tree was higher in the pasture 1 of Montes Claros and pasture in Ibiracatu than in the other four areas (pastures and savanna in Montes Claros and savanna in Ibiracatu). The number of pupae and the amount of sawdust was highest in the trunks of trees with diameters having a breast height (DBH) more than 30 cm. This may explain the severity of attack in the areas mentioned above, which contain a higher percentage of plants with DBH> 30 cm. The soil properties also positively associate with higher attack of the wood-borer on trees when the soil is rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, sum of bases, capacity of cationic exchange, and organic matter, while there was a negative correlation between attack and fine sand content. Systems with less floristic diversity, particularly trees of other species, may concentrate the attack of the wood-borer in the trunks of C. Brasiliense trees.

Se evaluó la distribución de agallas discoide en el dosel de Caryocar brasiliense en dos áreas de pastos y cerrado. El mayor número de agallas discoide se observo en el cerrado. Más agallas discoide se encuentran en la cara noreste, mientras que menor número se observaron en el follaje hacia el sur en la sabana. Sin embargo, en un potrero, el menor número de agallas discoide se observo en la cara este. Más agallas discoide se encuentran en las hojas de interior de la copa (hojas uno y dos) que en el borde (hojas tres y cuatro), especialmente en la posición de la hoja tres en el cerrado. Hojas de posición tres y cuatro reportan 83,6% de todas las agallas en la muestra. Este insecto cambia su comportamiento en potreros, atacando más en la segunda hoja y en este caso, las hojas de posición tres y cuatro llevaban el 32,8% de todas las agallas en la muestra. En sabana y pastizales se encontraron más agallas discoide en la línea media en comparación con la porción distal y proximal al eje longitudinal de las láminas en una. La agalla discoide prefere colonizar la parte central de la hoja o cerca de la vena principal de las hojas en toda la región en una pradera. En el cerrado, este insecto sigue la misma tendencia, pero quizás debido a una mayor población, se extendió sobre la hoja.

We recorded the discoid gall spatial distribution within Caryocar brasiliense trees in two areas of pasture and one of savanna. A higher number of discoid gall/leafet was observed in savanna than in the pastures. More discoid galls were found on the eastern slope trees followed by the northern slope trees while fewer galls were found on the foliage in the southern slope trees in savanna. However, in the pasture one, the lower discoid galls were observed on the eastern slope. More discoid galls were found on the leaves in the interior (leaves one and two) of the tree crown than at the border (leaves three and four), principally in the leaf position three in savanna. Leaf positions three and four supported 83.6% of all galls sampled. On the other hand, this insect changed its behavior in pasture one, attacking more the second leaf and, in this case, leaf positions three and four supported 32.8% of all galls sampled. More discoid galls were found on the median region compared to the distal and proximal longitudinal regions on leafet in savanna and in pasture one. The discoid gall insect preferred colonized the central portion than the border portion or near mid vein on transversal regions on a leafet in the pasture one. In the savanna, followed the same trend, but perhaps due to greater population, the discoid galls have spread more evenly by the leaf of the tree.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito inseticida dos extratos aquosos de folhas de Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae) e alcoólicos de folhas de Copaifera langsdorffii (Caesalpinaceae) e de folhas de Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae) a 5%. O experimento foi em blocos casualizados com seis repetições. As parcelas tratadas tiveram redução na população de pragas, quando comparadas às parcelas sem nenhum tratamento. O extrato elaborado com C. langsdorffii apresentou maior efeito inseticida em Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) e soma das pragas. Verificou-se que após 24h de pulverização, as parcelas tratadas com o extrato de C. ambrosioides apresentaram menores números de adultos de Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) seguido pelas parcelas tratadas com extrato de R. graveolens. Foram observados menores números do parasitoide de ovos de lepidópteros Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) e da soma dos inimigos naturais (predadores + parasitoides) nos tratamentos que receberam as pulverizações com os extratos das plantas de C. langsdorffii e C. ambrosioides seguido por R. graveolens do que na testemunha; do parasitoide da família Eulophidae (Hymenoptera), que atacam lagartas de T. Absoluta em plantas tratadas com R. graveolens, seguido por C. langsdorffii e C. ambrosioides do que na testemunha.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticide effect of watery leaf extracts of Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae), alcoholic leaf extracts of Copaifera langsdorffii (Caesalpinaceae) and Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae) in the concentration of 5% under field conditions. The experiment design was randomized blocks with six replications. The parcels treated with plant extracts showed reduction in the population of pests when compared with the control parcels. The extract elaborated with C. langsdorffii presented greater insecticidal effect under Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and sum of pests. It was verified that after 24 hours of spraying, the parcels treated with the extract of C. ambrosioides presented minor numbers of adults of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), followed by the parcels treated with extract of R. graveolens. There were smaller numbers of parasitoid eggs of lepidopterans Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and sum of natural enemies (predators + parasitoids) in the parcels that had received spraying with extracts from the plants of C. langsdorffii and C. ambrosioides, followed by R. graveolens, compared to the control. There were a smaller number of parasitoids from the family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) attacking caterpillars of T. absoluta in plants treated with R. graveolens, followed by C. langsdorffii and C. ambrosioides than in the control.