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1.
Reaching Circular Economy through Circular Chemistry: The Basis for Sustainable Development
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Guarieiro, Lilian L. N.
; Rezende, Michelle J. C.
; Barbosa, Willams T.
; Rocha, Gisele O. da
; Pereira, Pedro Afonso P.
; Fernandes, Daniella R.
; Lopes, Wilson A.
; Mota, Claudio J. A.
; Andrade, Jailson B. de
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
Circular chemistry (CC) is an approach for establishing chemical processes to become truly circular and sustainable. It adopts the principles of circular economy (CE), employing life cycle approaches and systems thinking, which help to understand and address the sustainability issues of chemical processes and products. Within this whole context, it is possible to identify some problems of the current lifestyle, such as plastic waste disposal, CO2 emission, e-waste, among others, which need to be addressed accordingly. The reuse provided, well-structured within the context of circular chemistry, can bring benefits in all spheres: social, environmental and economic. Thus, the purpose of this revision is to present CE and CC as the pillars for a sustainable development, bringing discussions about: CE and CC systems; sustainable chemistry; and chemistry 4.0, which embeds digitization, sustainability, and circular economy in industrial chemical processes. Through the knowledge of chemistry, both CC and CE can contribute with innovative methods and processes which maximize benefits, eliminating, or, at least, reducing adverse impacts, thus contributing to construct a mutually beneficial relationship between science and society, its surroundings, and the environment. Therefore, implementing this new model is an opportunity that challenges the human imagination in building a better world.
2.
Technological Perspectives and Economic Aspects of Green Hydrogen in the Energetic Transition: Challenges for Chemistry
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Guarieiro, Lilian L. N.
; Anjos, Jeancarlo P. dos
; Silva, Luciana A. da
; Santos, Alex Á. B.
; Calixto, Ewerton E. S.
; Pessoa, Fernando L. P.
; Almeida, Jose L. G. de
; Andrade Filho, Miguel
; Marinho, Flavio S.
; Rocha, Gisele O. da
; Andrade, Jailson B. de
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
Green hydrogen is a fuel capable of promoting sustainable energy development and is gaining attention in the current global energy transition framework. The global shift toward decarbonization has triggered a substantial boost in the hydrogen industry. This study presents an overview of the current status of hydrogen production, regulation of the green hydrogen segment, hydrogen storage, distribution, and transportation, and final use and application. We also critically discuss the viability of adopting green hydrogen in terms of possible economic and environmental impacts as well as the main challenges and opportunities it represents for the Chemical Sciences.
3.
Biodiesel: An Overview II
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Rezende, Michelle J. C.
; Lima, Ana Lúcia de
; Silva, Bárbara V.
; Mota, Claudio J. A.
; Torres, Ednildo A.
; Rocha, Gisele O. da
; Cardozo, Ingrid M. M.
; Costa, Kênia P.
; Guarieiro, Lilian L. N.
; Pereira, Pedro A. P.
; Martinez, Sabrina
; Andrade, Jailson B. de
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
The crescent number of scientific articles published per year shows that research on biodiesel continues to play an important role to support the growing demand for this biofuel. The second edition of Biodiesel: An Overview presents the worldwide research in the last 15 years. Microalgae biomass is the most studied raw material alternative in this period and several studies have been carried out to develop basic heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Concerning to production technologies, supercritical conditions and intensification process have been extensively investigated. The development of new antioxidants additives has focused mainly on biomass-derived formulations and there are few studies on biocide candidates. In terms of pollutant emissions, in general, the studies showed that the addition of biodiesel generates lower concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), CO and n-alkanes pollutants, but carbonyl compounds, major ions and NOx are emitted in a higher concentration compared to pure diesel.
https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20210046
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4.
Matriz Avaliativa do Vínculo Longitudinal na atenção primária em saúde: validação estatística em um território de saúde do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Cunha, Elenice Machado da
; Vargens, José Muniz da Costa
; Marques, Marcio Candeias
; Andrade, Gabriela Rieveres Borges de
; O’Dwyer, Gisele
.
Resumo: Consonante com o processo de institucionalização da avaliação da atenção primária no Brasil, foi desenvolvida a Matriz Avaliativa do Vínculo Longitudinal (MAVIL), instrumental avaliativo simples e conciso. A MAVIL estrutura-se a partir das três dimensões do conceito de vínculo longitudinal: Dimensão 1 - reconhecimento da unidade básica de saúde (UBS) como fonte regular de cuidados, Dimensão 2 - relação interpessoal profissional/paciente e Dimensão 3 - continuidade da Informação. Consiste em um conjunto estruturado de 12 critérios, 20 indicadores e respectivas questões e itens de verificação, submetido a várias etapas de validação. O presente artigo apresenta a validação estatística da aplicação MAVIL em duas UBS de um território de saúde a fim de respaldar as futuras aplicações e averiguar também a capacidade do instrumento para captar diferenças no perfil do vínculo longitudinal entre UBS. O método consistiu nas seguintes definições: desenho da amostra, escolha da métrica, análise descritiva dos dados e teste comparativo de médias, por meio da aplicação do teste de normalidade e de estatística não paramétrica. Como resultados: a amostra por estrato, junto à opção da soma dos pontos dos itens da MAVIL como métrica, possibilitou descrever o perfil do vínculo longitudinal para os três recortes: território e UBS A e B. Para verificar a capacidade da MAVIL em captar diferença no perfil de vínculo longitudinal, testou-se a hipótese da normalidade dos dados a partir do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Rejeitada a hipótese da normalidade, optou-se pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon para comparar as UBS. Para Dimensão 1 e Dimensão 2, constatou-se a semelhança de perfil, contudo, para Dimensão 3, houve diferença significativa, atestando a sensibilidade da MAVIL.
Abstract: In keeping with the process of institutionalization of evaluation of primary healthcare in Brazil, we developed the Evaluative Matrix of the Longitudinal Bond (MAVIL in Portuguese), a simple and concise evaluative tool. MAVIL is structured according to three dimensions in the concept of longitudinal bond: Dimension 1 - recognition of the basic health unit (UBS in Portuguese) as a regular source of care, Dimension 2 - healthcare worker/patient interpersonal relationship, and Dimension 3 - continuity of information. The instrument consists of a structured set of 12 criteria, 20 indicators and respective questions, and verification items submitted to various validation stages. The current article presents the statistical validation of the MAVIL application in two UBS in a health territory in order to support future applications and also verify the instrument’s capacity to capture differences in the longitudinal bond profile between UBS. The method included the following definitions: sample design, choice of the metric, descriptive data analysis, and comparative test of means, through application of the test of normality and nonparametric statistic. As results, the sample by strata, together with option of totaling the points from the MAVIL items as the metric, allowed describing the longitudinal bond profile for three cross-sections: territory and UBS A and B. To verify the capacity of MAVIL to capture differences in the longitudinal bond profile, we tested the hypothesis of the data’s normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Having rejected the hypothesis of normality, we opted for the Wilcoxon nonparametric test to compare the UBS. Dimension 1 and Dimension 2 showed similar profiles, but there was a significant difference for Dimension 3, attesting to the sensitivity of MAVIL.
Resumen: En consonancia con el proceso de institucionalización de la evaluación de la atención primaria en Brasil, se desarrolló la Matriz Evaluativa del Vínculo Longitudinal (MAVIL), un instrumento evaluativo simple y conciso. MAVIL se estructura a partir de las tres dimensiones del concepto de vínculo longitudinal: Dimensión 1 - reconocimiento de la unidad básica de salud (UBS) como fuente regular de cuidados, Dimensión 2 - relación interpersonal profesional/paciente y Dimensión 3 - continuidad de la información. Consiste en un conjunto estructurado de 12 criterios, 20 indicadores y sus respectivas cuestiones e ítems de verificación, sometido a varias etapas de validación. Este artículo presenta la validación estadística de la aplicación MAVIL en dos UBS de una zona con servicios de salud, con el fin de respaldar sus futuras aplicaciones y también averiguar la capacidad de la herramienta para captar diferencias en el perfil del vínculo longitudinal entre UBS. El método consistió en las siguientes definiciones: diseño de la muestra, elección del sistema de medición, análisis descriptivo de los datos y test comparativo de medias, a través de la aplicación del test de normalidad y de estadística no paramétrica. Como resultados: muestra por estrato, junto a la opción de suma de los puntos de los ítems de la MAVIL como sistema de medición, posibilitó describir el perfil del vínculo longitudinal para las tres secciones elegidas: territorio, UBS A y B. Para verificar la capacidad de la MAVIL en captar la diferencia en el perfil de vínculo longitudinal se probó la hipótesis de la normalidad de los datos, a partir del test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Rechazada la hipótesis de la normalidad, se optó por la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para comparar las UBS. En Dimensión 1 y Dimensión 2 se constató la semejanza de perfil, sin embargo, en la Dimensión 3 hubo una diferencia significativa, constatando la sensibilidad de la MAVIL.
5.
Matriz Avaliativa do Vínculo Longitudinal na atenção primária em saúde: validação estatística em um território de saúde do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Cunha, Elenice Machado da
; Vargens, José Muniz da Costa
; Marques, Marcio Candeias
; Andrade, Gabriela Rieveres Borges de
; O’Dwyer, Gisele
.
Resumo: Consonante com o processo de institucionalização da avaliação da atenção primária no Brasil, foi desenvolvida a Matriz Avaliativa do Vínculo Longitudinal (MAVIL), instrumental avaliativo simples e conciso. A MAVIL estrutura-se a partir das três dimensões do conceito de vínculo longitudinal: Dimensão 1 - reconhecimento da unidade básica de saúde (UBS) como fonte regular de cuidados, Dimensão 2 - relação interpessoal profissional/paciente e Dimensão 3 - continuidade da Informação. Consiste em um conjunto estruturado de 12 critérios, 20 indicadores e respectivas questões e itens de verificação, submetido a várias etapas de validação. O presente artigo apresenta a validação estatística da aplicação MAVIL em duas UBS de um território de saúde a fim de respaldar as futuras aplicações e averiguar também a capacidade do instrumento para captar diferenças no perfil do vínculo longitudinal entre UBS. O método consistiu nas seguintes definições: desenho da amostra, escolha da métrica, análise descritiva dos dados e teste comparativo de médias, por meio da aplicação do teste de normalidade e de estatística não paramétrica. Como resultados: a amostra por estrato, junto à opção da soma dos pontos dos itens da MAVIL como métrica, possibilitou descrever o perfil do vínculo longitudinal para os três recortes: território e UBS A e B. Para verificar a capacidade da MAVIL em captar diferença no perfil de vínculo longitudinal, testou-se a hipótese da normalidade dos dados a partir do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Rejeitada a hipótese da normalidade, optou-se pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon para comparar as UBS. Para Dimensão 1 e Dimensão 2, constatou-se a semelhança de perfil, contudo, para Dimensão 3, houve diferença significativa, atestando a sensibilidade da MAVIL.
Abstract: In keeping with the process of institutionalization of evaluation of primary healthcare in Brazil, we developed the Evaluative Matrix of the Longitudinal Bond (MAVIL in Portuguese), a simple and concise evaluative tool. MAVIL is structured according to three dimensions in the concept of longitudinal bond: Dimension 1 - recognition of the basic health unit (UBS in Portuguese) as a regular source of care, Dimension 2 - healthcare worker/patient interpersonal relationship, and Dimension 3 - continuity of information. The instrument consists of a structured set of 12 criteria, 20 indicators and respective questions, and verification items submitted to various validation stages. The current article presents the statistical validation of the MAVIL application in two UBS in a health territory in order to support future applications and also verify the instrument’s capacity to capture differences in the longitudinal bond profile between UBS. The method included the following definitions: sample design, choice of the metric, descriptive data analysis, and comparative test of means, through application of the test of normality and nonparametric statistic. As results, the sample by strata, together with option of totaling the points from the MAVIL items as the metric, allowed describing the longitudinal bond profile for three cross-sections: territory and UBS A and B. To verify the capacity of MAVIL to capture differences in the longitudinal bond profile, we tested the hypothesis of the data’s normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Having rejected the hypothesis of normality, we opted for the Wilcoxon nonparametric test to compare the UBS. Dimension 1 and Dimension 2 showed similar profiles, but there was a significant difference for Dimension 3, attesting to the sensitivity of MAVIL.
Resumen: En consonancia con el proceso de institucionalización de la evaluación de la atención primaria en Brasil, se desarrolló la Matriz Evaluativa del Vínculo Longitudinal (MAVIL), un instrumento evaluativo simple y conciso. MAVIL se estructura a partir de las tres dimensiones del concepto de vínculo longitudinal: Dimensión 1 - reconocimiento de la unidad básica de salud (UBS) como fuente regular de cuidados, Dimensión 2 - relación interpersonal profesional/paciente y Dimensión 3 - continuidad de la información. Consiste en un conjunto estructurado de 12 criterios, 20 indicadores y sus respectivas cuestiones e ítems de verificación, sometido a varias etapas de validación. Este artículo presenta la validación estadística de la aplicación MAVIL en dos UBS de una zona con servicios de salud, con el fin de respaldar sus futuras aplicaciones y también averiguar la capacidad de la herramienta para captar diferencias en el perfil del vínculo longitudinal entre UBS. El método consistió en las siguientes definiciones: diseño de la muestra, elección del sistema de medición, análisis descriptivo de los datos y test comparativo de medias, a través de la aplicación del test de normalidad y de estadística no paramétrica. Como resultados: muestra por estrato, junto a la opción de suma de los puntos de los ítems de la MAVIL como sistema de medición, posibilitó describir el perfil del vínculo longitudinal para las tres secciones elegidas: territorio, UBS A y B. Para verificar la capacidad de la MAVIL en captar la diferencia en el perfil de vínculo longitudinal se probó la hipótesis de la normalidad de los datos, a partir del test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Rechazada la hipótesis de la normalidad, se optó por la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para comparar las UBS. En Dimensión 1 y Dimensión 2 se constató la semejanza de perfil, sin embargo, en la Dimensión 3 hubo una diferencia significativa, constatando la sensibilidad de la MAVIL.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00190220
141 descargas
6.
Occurrence of Pesticides Associated to Atmospheric Aerosols: Hazard and Cancer Risk Assessments
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Yera, Aleinnys M. B.
; Nascimento, Madson M.
; Rocha, Gisele O. da
; Andrade, Jaílson B. de
; Vasconcellos, Pérola C.
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
Since the 1950s, pesticides have been used in agriculture. The increase in their consumption has been observed in recent years. In this work, it was determined the concentration of pesticides in the atmosphere of São Paulo and Piracicaba cities (sugarcane plantation site) and the hazard quotients and cancer risk caused by inhalation of these compounds were calculated. Twenty-three samples were analyzed and 34 pesticides associated to atmospheric particulate matter (with diameter equal to or less than 2.5 (PM2.5) and 10 µm (PM10)) were investigated by gas chromatograpy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fourteen compounds including organochlorines, organophosphorus, and pyrethroids pesticides, were determined in these samples. The concentrations in the particulate matter ranged from 17 pg m−3 (tebuconazole) in Piracicaba, to 166 pg m−3 (endrin aldehyde) in São Paulo. The highest values of daily inhalation exposure for heptachlor were 9.0 × 10−5mg kg−1 day−1 at Piracicaba, and 6.5 × 10−5 mg kg−1 day−1 at São Paulo, in both cases registered in infants. The values of the hazard quotients are lower than 1.0, indicating that there is no danger to the exposed population, it is health protective. On the other hand, the cancer risk calculations for heptachlor resulted in values above those recommended by US Environmental Protection Agecy (EPA).
https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20200017
265 descargas
7.
XRCC4 rs28360071 intronic variant is associated with increased risk for infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia with KMT2A rearrangements
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Louzada-Neto, Orlando
; Lopes, Bruno A.
; Brisson, Gisele D.
; Andrade, Francianne G.
; Cezar, Ingrid S.
; Santos-Rebouças, Cíntia B.
; Albano, Rodolpho M.
; Pombo-de-Oliveira, Maria S.
; Rossini, Ana
.
Abstract Early age acute leukemia (EAL) shows a high frequency of KMT2A-rearrangements (KMT2A-r). Previous investigations highlighted double-strand breaks arising from maternal exposure to xenobiotics during pregnancy as a risk factor for EAL and KMT2A-r. In this case-control study, we investigated the relationship between EAL and genetic variants of the nonhomologous end-joining (XRCC6 rs5751129, XRCC4 rs6869366 and rs28360071), since they might affect DNA repair capacity, leading to KMT2A-r and leukemogenesis. Samples from 577 individuals (acute lymphoblastic leukemia-ALL, n=164; acute myeloid leukemia-AML, n=113; controls, n=300) were genotyped. No significant association was found for rs5751129 and rs6869366, whereas rs28360071 was associated with an increased risk for ALL with KMT2A-r (IIxID: OR - Odds ratio 2.23, CI 1.17-4.25, p=0.014). Bone marrow samples from ALL patients showed a higher expression of XRCC4 compared to AML patients (p=0.025). Human Splicing Finder 3.1 predicted that the deleted allele of rs28360071 is potentially associated with the activation of a 5’ cryptic splice site in intron 3 of XRCC4. The sequencing of cDNA did not show any differences on the splicing process for the rs28360071 genotypes. Our results suggest that the deleted allele for rs28360071 increases the risk for ALL with KMT2A-r, but not by modifying the XRCC4 expression levels or its structure.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0160
443 descargas
8.
In vitro Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Caused by Fine Particles (PM2.5) Exhausted from Heavy-Duty Vehicles Using Diesel/Biodiesel Blends under Real World Conditions
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Jesus, Robson M. de
; Mosca, Aline C.
; Guarieiro, Aline L. N.
; Rocha, Gisele O. da
; Andrade, Jailson B. de
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
In this work, the redox activity of fine diesel/biodiesel particulate matter (PM2.5) was studied in order to approach its toxicity from reactive oxygen species, due to adverse effects it may cause to human health. The oxidative potential was measured by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay in order to study the relative contribution of water-soluble transition metals, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAH), nitro-PAH, and quinones. It was analyzed a total of 24 samples collected from primarily diesel/biodiesel-exhausted particles from buses. The rate concentrations of PM2.5 redox activity ranged 0.020-0.069 nmol min-1 μg-1, with median at 0.040 nmol min-1 μg-1 (on average, 0.042 ± 0.005 nmol min-1 μg-1 for morning, 0.033 ± 0.007 nmol min-1 μg-1 for afternoon and 0.045 ± 0.009 nmol min-1 μg-1 for night). The transition metals appear to dominate the DTT response, since they were responsible up to 89% of redox activity measured in the samples. Apparently, the metal fraction contained in PM2.5 demonstrated a greater ability to catalyze reactions that promote the formation of reactive oxygen species when compared to organic compounds. It was observed that the oxidative potential of PM2.5 particles emitted from diesel/biodiesel (B7) is similar to diesel-emitted particles.
https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20170223
732 descargas
9.
An Investigation on Morphology and Fractal Dimension of Diesel and Diesel-Biodiesel Soot Agglomerates
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Guarieiro, Aline L. N.
; Eiguren-Fernandez, Arantzazu
; Rocha, Gisele O. da
; Andrade, Jailson B. de
.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
- Métricas del periódico
In this study, it is reported the fractal dimension and morphology of ultrafine particles emitted by a diesel engine run with B4, B50, and B100. Transmission electron micrographs evidenced two main groups of particles with characteristic and distinct morphological behaviors: (i) particle agglomerate structures self-organized within a fractal-like geometry, and (ii) amorphous and irregular particles with diffuse edges in a liquid-like particle appearance, mainly associated with some sub-fractions of samples collected from B50 and B100 combustion. Particles from (i) showed typical diesel soot morphology and fractal dimension. Primary particle diameter (Dpp) was 24 ± 4 nm, 23 ± 4 nm, and 20 ± 4 nm for B4, B50, and B100, respectively. Mean aggregate gyration diameters (Dg) ranged from 242 ± 140 nm for B4, 210 ± 135 nm for B50, and to 232 ± 140 nm for B100. In turn, fractal dimensions (Df) were 1.94, 1.89, and 1.99 for B4, B50, and B100, respectively. On the other hand, particle from (ii) had their morphology impaired from the addition of biodiesel to petrodiesel in a way it did not follow a fractal geometry.
https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20160306
957 descargas
10.
Profile of Brazilian smokers in the National Program for Tobacco Control
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Rodrigues, Nádia C.
; Neves, Regina D.
; Mendes, Daniela de S.
; Mendes, Cristiane P.
; Martins, Isa H.
; Reis, Inês N.
; Lino, Valeria T.
; O’Dwyer, Gisele
; Daumas, Regina P.
; Esteves, Tania Maria
; Andrade, Mônica K.
; Monteiro, Denise L.
; Barros, Mônica B.
.
Objective:The treatment of tobacco addiction in Brazil has expanded in recent years; however, we must increase knowledge about the characteristics of individuals who adhere to cessation programs in order to adjust treatments to specific characteristics of the target population that favor success. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of smokers who present to Brazilian public health units seeking help to quit smoking based on the experience of a primary health care unit that covers a poor community in the city of Rio de Janeiro.Methods:Data were collected at a Teaching Health Center from January 03 2012 to January 03 2014.Results:Mean patient age was 49.32±11.82 years, and 71% were women. About half of the participants successfully quit smoking (n=125, 51%). Higher levels of nicotine dependence were associated with lower levels of smoking cessation. There was a notable decrease in the probability of remaining smoking throughout the first month of treatment. After 3 weeks of treatment, only 19% had not quit smoking. The probability of quitting smoking decreases by 2% for every additional year of age.Conclusion:There is a need to revise and expand current strategies to make them more effective in preventing smoking since childhood.
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1611
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11.
Energy trends and the water-energy binomium for Brazil
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Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
- Métricas del periódico
Considerando com as exigências de economia de energia e redução de emissões de carbono, o nexo água vs. energia vem alcançando destacado interesse em todo o mundo. O Brasil ocupa uma posição singular na matriz energética mundial. A maior parte das habitações brasileiras tem eletricidade; e a expansão da matriz energética que, a princípio, possui meios adequados para sustentar o crescimento econômico, pode experimentar transformações. A determinação do Brasil pelos combustíveis alternativos foi uma escolha natural, dado seu potencial hidrelétrico e a extensão de terras agriculturáveis. No setor de transportes, o Brasil desenvolveu sua matriz energética com importante contribuição do etanol e do biodiesel. Embora esses combustíveis sejam baixos emissores de carbono, não são alternativas acessíveis quando considerados o uso da terra, segurança alimentar e water footprint. Desta forma, considerando os recentes avanços na exploração de petróleo do Pré-Sal (9-15 milhões de barris) e as recentes descobertas de jazidas de gás de xisto (245 tcf), juntamente às questões sociais e ambientais desfavoráveis dos biocombustíveis, a matriz energética brasileira poderá voltar a ter como foco os combustíveis fósseis. Estes desafios deverão ser resolvidos nas próximas décadas, refletindo não só no Brasil, mas também em todo o mundo.
According to the demands of energy saving and carbon emission reduction, the water vs. energy nexus has become a major concern worldwide. Brazil occupies a singular position in the global energy system. A major portion of the Brazilian occupancies has electricity and the energy system expansion that, at first, possesses adequate means for supporting the economic growing may experience some turnovers. The Brazil determination through alternative fuels was a natural choice, given its large hydropower potential and land agricultural base. In the transportation sector Brazil has developed its energy matrix towards an important rate of ethanol and biodiesel. Although those fuels are low carbon emitter, they may probably not be an affordable alternative regarding land use, food security and water footprint. In this way, considering the recent advances in the exploration of oil from Pre-salt (9-15 million barrels) and the discovery of shale gas wells up to 245 tcf, together to unfavorable social and environmental issues associated to biofuels, the Brazilian energy matrix might turn back to the fossil fuels again. These represent challenges to the Brazilian policymakers and how they will be solved will reflect not only in Brazil but also to the world at large.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140560
8616 descargas
12.
Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil
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Zappi, Daniela C.
; Filardi, Fabiana L. Ranzato
; Leitman, Paula
; Souza, Vinícius C.
; Walter, Bruno M.T.
; Pirani, José R.
; Morim, Marli P.
; Queiroz, Luciano P.
; Cavalcanti, Taciana B.
; Mansano, Vidal F.
; Forzza, Rafaela C.
; Abreu, Maria C.
; Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro
; Agra, Maria F.
; Almeida Jr., Eduardo B.
; Almeida, Gracineide S.S.
; Almeida, Rafael F.
; Alves, Flávio M.
; Alves, Marccus
; Alves-Araujo, Anderson
; Amaral, Maria C.E.
; Amorim, André M.
; Amorim, Bruno
; Andrade, Ivanilza M.
; Andreata, Regina H.P.
; Andrino, Caroline O.
; Anunciação, Elisete A.
; Aona, Lidyanne Y.S.
; Aranguren, Yani
; Aranha Filho, João L.M.
; Araújo, Andrea O.
; Araújo, Ariclenes A.M.
; Araújo, Diogo
; Arbo, María M.
; Assis, Leandro
; Assis, Marta C.
; Assunção, Vivian A.
; Athiê-Souza, Sarah M.
; Azevedo, Cecilia O.
; Baitello, João B.
; Barberena, Felipe F.V.A.
; Barbosa, Maria R.V.
; Barros, Fábio
; Barros, Lucas A.V.
; Barros, Michel J.F.
; Baumgratz, José F.A.
; Bernacci, Luis C.
; Berry, Paul E.
; Bigio, Narcísio C.
; Biral, Leonardo
; Bittrich, Volker
; Borges, Rafael A.X.
; Bortoluzzi, Roseli L.C.
; Bove, Cláudia P.
; Bovini, Massimo G.
; Braga, João M.A.
; Braz, Denise M.
; Bringel Jr., João B.A.
; Bruniera, Carla P.
; Buturi, Camila V.
; Cabral, Elza
; Cabral, Fernanda N.
; Caddah, Mayara K.
; Caires, Claudenir S.
; Calazans, Luana S.B.
; Calió, Maria F.
; Camargo, Rodrigo A.
; Campbell, Lisa
; Canto-Dorow, Thais S.
; Carauta, Jorge P.P.
; Cardiel, José M.
; Cardoso, Domingos B.O.S.
; Cardoso, Leandro J.T.
; Carneiro, Camila R.
; Carneiro, Cláudia E.
; Carneiro-Torres, Daniela S.
; Carrijo, Tatiana T.
; Caruzo, Maria B.R.
; Carvalho, Maria L.S.
; Carvalho-Silva, Micheline
; Castello, Ana C.D.
; Cavalheiro, Larissa
; Cervi, Armando C.
; Chacon, Roberta G.
; Chautems, Alain
; Chiavegatto, Berenice
; Chukr, Nádia S.
; Coelho, Alexa A.O.P.
; Coelho, Marcus A.N.
; Coelho, Rubens L.G.
; Cordeiro, Inês
; Cordula, Elizabeth
; Cornejo, Xavier
; Côrtes, Ana L.A.
; Costa, Andrea F.
; Costa, Fabiane N.
; Costa, Jorge A.S.
; Costa, Leila C.
; Costa-e-Silva, Maria B.
; Costa-Lima, James L.
; Cota, Maria R.C.
; Couto, Ricardo S.
; Daly, Douglas C.
; De Stefano, Rodrigo D.
; De Toni, Karen
; Dematteis, Massimiliano
; Dettke, Greta A.
; Di Maio, Fernando R.
; Dórea, Marcos C.
; Duarte, Marília C.
; Dutilh, Julie H.A.
; Dutra, Valquíria F.
; Echternacht, Lívia
; Eggers, Lilian
; Esteves, Gerleni
; Ezcurra, Cecilia
; Falcão Junior, Marcus J.A.
; Feres, Fabíola
; Fernandes, José M.
; Ferreira, D.M.C.
; Ferreira, Fabrício M.
; Ferreira, Gabriel E.
; Ferreira, Priscila P.A.
; Ferreira, Silvana C.
; Ferrucci, Maria S.
; Fiaschi, Pedro
; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.
; Firens, Marcela
; Flores, Andreia S.
; Forero, Enrique
; Forster, Wellington
; Fortuna-Perez, Ana P.
; Fortunato, Reneé H.
; Fraga, Cléudio N.
; França, Flávio
; Francener, Augusto
; Freitas, Joelcio
; Freitas, Maria F.
; Fritsch, Peter W.
; Furtado, Samyra G.
; Gaglioti, André L.
; Garcia, Flávia C.P.
; Germano Filho, Pedro
; Giacomin, Leandro
; Gil, André S.B.
; Giulietti, Ana M.
; A.P.Godoy, Silvana
; Goldenberg, Renato
; Gomes da Costa, Géssica A.
; Gomes, Mário
; Gomes-Klein, Vera L.
; Gonçalves, Eduardo Gomes
; Graham, Shirley
; Groppo, Milton
; Guedes, Juliana S.
; Guimarães, Leonardo R.S.
; Guimarães, Paulo J.F.
; Guimarães, Elsie F.
; Gutierrez, Raul
; Harley, Raymond
; Hassemer, Gustavo
; Hattori, Eric K.O.
; Hefler, Sonia M.
; Heiden, Gustavo
; Henderson, Andrew
; Hensold, Nancy
; Hiepko, Paul
; Holanda, Ana S.S.
; Iganci, João R.V.
; Imig, Daniela C.
; Indriunas, Alexandre
; Jacques, Eliane L.
; Jardim, Jomar G.
; Kamer, Hiltje M.
; Kameyama, Cíntia
; Kinoshita, Luiza S.
; Kirizawa, Mizué
; Klitgaard, Bente B.
; Koch, Ingrid
; Koschnitzke, Cristiana
; Krauss, Nathália P.
; Kriebel, Ricardo
; Kuntz, Juliana
; Larocca, João
; Leal, Eduardo S.
; Lewis, Gwilym P.
; Lima, Carla T.
; Lima, Haroldo C.
; Lima, Itamar B.
; Lima, Laíce F.G.
; Lima, Laura C.P.
; Lima, Leticia R.
; Lima, Luís F.P.
; Lima, Rita B.
; Lírio, Elton J.
; Liro, Renata M.
; Lleras, Eduardo
; Lobão, Adriana
; Loeuille, Benoit
; Lohmann, Lúcia G.
; Loiola, Maria I.B.
; Lombardi, Julio A.
; Longhi-Wagner, Hilda M.
; Lopes, Rosana C.
; Lorencini, Tiago S.
; Louzada, Rafael B.
; Lovo, Juliana
; Lozano, Eduardo D.
; Lucas, Eve
; Ludtke, Raquel
; Luz, Christian L.
; Maas, Paul
; Machado, Anderson F.P.
; Macias, Leila
; Maciel, Jefferson R.
; Magenta, Mara A.G.
; Mamede, Maria C.H.
; Manoel, Evelin A.
; Marchioretto, Maria S.
; Marques, Juliana S.
; Marquete, Nilda
; Marquete, Ronaldo
; Martinelli, Gustavo
; Martins da Silva, Regina C.V.
; Martins, Ângela B.
; Martins, Erika R.
; Martins, Márcio L.L.
; Martins, Milena V.
; Martins, Renata C.
; Matias, Ligia Q.
; Maya-L., Carlos A.
; Mayo, Simon
; Mazine, Fiorella
; Medeiros, Debora
; Medeiros, Erika S.
; Medeiros, Herison
; Medeiros, João D.
; Meireles, José E.
; Mello-Silva, Renato
; Melo, Aline
; Melo, André L.
; Melo, Efigênia
; Melo, José I.M.
; Menezes, Cristine G.
; Menini Neto, Luiz
; Mentz, Lilian A.
; Mezzonato, A.C.
; Michelangeli, Fabián A.
; Milward-de-Azevedo, Michaele A.
; Miotto, Silvia T.S.
; Miranda, Vitor F.O.
; Mondin, Cláudio A.
; Monge, Marcelo
; Monteiro, Daniele
; Monteiro, Raquel F.
; Moraes, Marta D.
; Moraes, Pedro L.R.
; Mori, Scott A.
; Mota, Aline C.
; Mota, Nara F.O.
; Moura, Tania M.
; Mulgura, Maria
; Nakajima, Jimi N.
; Nardy, Camila
; Nascimento Júnior, José E.
; Noblick, Larry
; Nunes, Teonildes S.
; O'Leary, Nataly
; Oliveira, Arline S.
; Oliveira, Caetano T.
; Oliveira, Juliana A.
; Oliveira, Luciana S.D.
; Oliveira, Maria L.A.A.
; Oliveira, Regina C.
; Oliveira, Renata S.
; Oliveira, Reyjane P.
; Paixão-Souza, Bruno
; Parra, Lara R.
; Pasini, Eduardo
; Pastore, José F.B.
; Pastore, Mayara
; Paula-Souza, Juliana
; Pederneiras, Leandro C.
; Peixoto, Ariane L.
; Pelissari, Gisela
; Pellegrini, Marco O.O.
; Pennington, Toby
; Perdiz, Ricardo O.
; Pereira, Anna C.M.
; Pereira, Maria S.
; Pereira, Rodrigo A.S.
; Pessoa, Clenia
; Pessoa, Edlley M.
; Pessoa, Maria C.R.
; Pinto, Luiz J.S.
; Pinto, Rafael B.
; Pontes, Tiago A.
; Prance, Ghillean T.
; Proença, Carolyn
; Profice, Sheila R.
; Pscheidt, Allan C.
; Queiroz, George A.
; Queiroz, Rubens T.
; Quinet, Alexandre
; Rainer, Heimo
; Ramos, Eliana
; Rando, Juliana G.
; Rapini, Alessandro
; Reginato, Marcelo
; Reis, Ilka P.
; Reis, Priscila A.
; Ribeiro, André R.O.
; Ribeiro, José E.L.S.
; Riina, Ricarda
; Ritter, Mara R.
; Rivadavia, Fernando
; Rocha, Antônio E.S.
; Rocha, Maria J.R.
; Rodrigues, Izabella M.C.
; Rodrigues, Karina F.
; Rodrigues, Rodrigo S.
; Rodrigues, Rodrigo S.
; Rodrigues, Vinícius T.
; Rodrigues, William
; Romaniuc Neto, Sérgio
; Romão, Gerson O.
; Romero, Rosana
; Roque, Nádia
; Rosa, Patrícia
; Rossi, Lúcia
; Sá, Cyl F.C.
; Saavedra, Mariana M.
; Saka, Mariana
; Sakuragui, Cássia M.
; Salas, Roberto M.
; Sales, Margareth F.
; Salimena, Fatima R.G.
; Sampaio, Daniela
; Sancho, Gisela
; Sano, Paulo T.
; Santos, Alessandra
; Santos, Élide P.
; Santos, Juliana S.
; Santos, Marianna R.
; Santos-Gonçalves, Ana P.
; Santos-Silva, Fernanda
; São-Mateus, Wallace
; Saraiva, Deisy P.
; Saridakis, Dennis P.
; Sartori, Ângela L.B.
; Scalon, Viviane R.
; Schneider, Ângelo
; Sebastiani, Renata
; Secco, Ricardo S.
; Senna, Luisa
; Senna-Valle, Luci
; Shirasuna, Regina T.
; Silva Filho, Pedro J.S.
; Silva, Anádria S.
; Silva, Christian
; Silva, Genilson A.R.
; Silva, Gisele O.
; Silva, Márcia C.R.
; Silva, Marcos J.
; Silva, Marcos J.
; Silva, Otávio L.M.
; Silva, Rafaela A.P.
; Silva, Saura R.
; Silva, Tania R.S.
; Silva-Gonçalves, Kelly C.
; Silva-Luz, Cíntia L.
; Simão-Bianchini, Rosângela
; Simões, André O.
; Simpson, Beryl
; Siniscalchi, Carolina M.
; Siqueira Filho, José A.
; Siqueira, Carlos E.
; Siqueira, Josafá C.
; Smith, Nathan P.
; Snak, Cristiane
; Soares Neto, Raimundo L.
; Soares, Kelen P.
; Soares, Marcos V.B.
; Soares, Maria L.
; Soares, Polyana N.
; Sobral, Marcos
; Sodré, Rodolfo C.
; Somner, Genise V.
; Sothers, Cynthia A.
; Sousa, Danilo J.L.
; Souza, Elnatan B.
; Souza, Élvia R.
; Souza, Marcelo
; Souza, Maria L.D.R.
; Souza-Buturi, Fátima O.
; Spina, Andréa P.
; Stapf, María N.S.
; Stefano, Marina V.
; Stehmann, João R.
; Steinmann, Victor
; Takeuchi, Cátia
; Taylor, Charlotte M.
; Taylor, Nigel P.
; Teles, Aristônio M.
; Temponi, Lívia G.
; Terra-Araujo, Mário H.
; Thode, Veronica
; Thomas, W.Wayt
; Tissot-Squalli, Mara L.
; Torke, Benjamin M.
; Torres, Roseli B.
; Tozzi, Ana M.G.A.
; Trad, Rafaela J.
; Trevisan, Rafael
; Trovó, Marcelo
; Valls, José F.M.
; Vaz, Angela M.S.F.
; Versieux, Leonardo
; Viana, Pedro L.
; Vianna Filho, Marcelo D.M.
; Vieira, Ana O.S.
; Vieira, Diego D.
; Vignoli-Silva, Márcia
; Vilar, Thaisa
; Vinhos, Franklin
; Wallnöfer, Bruno
; Wanderley, Maria G.L.
; Wasshausen, Dieter
; Watanabe, Maurício T.C.
; Weigend, Maximilian
; Welker, Cassiano A.D.
; Woodgyer, Elizabeth
; Xifreda, Cecilia C.
; Yamamoto, Kikyo
; Zanin, Ana
; Zenni, Rafael D.
; Zickel, Carmem S
.
Resumo Um levantamento atualizado das plantas com sementes e análises relevantes acerca desta biodiversidade são apresentados. Este trabalho se iniciou em 2010 com a publicação do Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos e, desde então vem sendo atualizado por mais de 430 especialistas trabalhando online. O Brasil abriga atualmente 32.086 espécies nativas de Angiospermas e 23 espécies nativas de Gimnospermas e estes novos dados mostram um aumento de 3% da riqueza em relação a 2010. A Amazônia é o Domínio Fitogeográfico com o maior número de espécies de Gimnospermas, enquanto que a Floresta Atlântica possui a maior riqueza de Angiospermas. Houve um crescimento considerável no número de espécies e nas taxas de endemismo para a maioria dos Domínios (Caatinga, Cerrado, Floresta Atlântica, Pampa e Pantanal), com exceção da Amazônia que apresentou uma diminuição de 2,5% de endemicidade. Entretanto, a maior parte das plantas com sementes que ocorrem no Brasil (57,4%) é endêmica deste território. A proporção de formas de vida varia de acordo com os diferentes Domínios: árvores são mais expressivas na Amazônia e Floresta Atlântica do que nos outros biomas, ervas são dominantes no Pampa e as lianas apresentam riqueza expressiva na Amazônia, Floresta Atlântica e Pantanal. Este trabalho não só quantifica a biodiversidade brasileira, mas também indica as lacunas de conhecimento e o desafio a ser enfrentado para a conservação desta flora.
Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411
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13.
Atmospheric particle dry deposition of major ions to the South Atlantic coastal area observed at Baía de Todos os Santos, Brazil
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MKOMA, STELYUS L.
; ROCHA, GISELE O. DA
; DOMINGOS, JOSÉ S.S.
; SANTOS, JOÃO V.S.
; CARDOSO, MANUELA P.
; SILVA, ROGERIO L. DA
; ANDRADE, JAILSON B. DE
.
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
- Métricas del periódico
A atmosfera de regiões costeiras adjacentes a regiões urbanas podem ser afetadas pela emissão de diferentes poluentes atmosféricos, dentre eles, os íons majoritários. Nesse estudo foram estudadas a composição química e as fontes de carboxilatos e íons solúveis em água em partículas finas e grossas bem como as estimativas de fluxo de deposição seca em um sítio em uma região costeira tropical afetada por uma Região Metropolitana. As concentrações médias de carboxilatos totais foram 78 ng m–3 na fração fina e 81 ng m–3na fração grossa do material particulado (MP). Os valores correspondentes de concentração para os íons inorgânicos foram 2143 ng m–3 e 4880 ng m–3, respectivamente, para as frações fina e grossa. As principais fontes para as partículas finas foram: (i)formação fotoquímica de ácidos carboxílicos na fase vapor e posterior conversão gás-partícula sobre partículas de sal marinho, (ii) emissões de fontes antrópicas envolvendo processos de transporte de longas distâncias; e(iii) a interconversão de espécies voláteis entre fases atmosféricas. Por sua vez, as fontes predominantes para as partículas grossas foram:(i) espécies gasosas ab/adsorvidas em partículas pré-existentes, (ii)emissão primária de partículas grossas de fontes antrópicas, e (iii) spray marinho e/ou ressuspensão do solo. Finalmente, a deposição seca de partículas representa o fluxo de íons majoritários na interface ar-oceano.
The coastal atmosphere adjacent to large urban areas can be strongly affected by the emission of air pollutants, among them, major ions species. In this study, the chemical composition and sources of carboxylates and other water-soluble ions in fine and coarse aerosols as well as estimates of particle dry deposition fluxes were studied at a tropical coastal site affected by an urban environment. The mean concentrations of the total carboxylates were 78 ng m–3 in fine fraction and 81 ng m–3 in coarse fraction of particulate matter (PM). The corresponding values for the total inorganic ions were 2143 ng m–3 and 4880 ng m–3 respectively. Main sources for fine particles were:(i) photochemical formation of carboxylic acids in vapor phase and a posterior gas-to-particle conversion onto sea salt particles; (ii) emissions from anthropic sources with long range transportation processes; and (iii) the interchanging of volatile species among atmospheric phases. In turn, for coarse particles, the predominant sources were: (i)gas-phase species and ab/adsorbed onto pre-existing particles afterwards;(ii) primary emission of coarse particles from anthropogenic sources; and (iii) sea salt spray and/or soil resuspension. Finally, particle dry deposition was a very important mechanism representing air-to-sea fluxes of major species.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420130234
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14.
Determination of Carboxylic Acids and Water-soluble Inorganic Ions by Ion Chromatography in Atmospheric Aerosols from Tanzania
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Atmospheric aerosol samples of PM2,5 and PM10 were collected in April-May 2011 from a rural site in Tanzania and analyzed for water-soluble inorganic ions and low molecular weight carboxylic acids using ion chromatography. PM2,5 and PM10 low-volume samplers with quartz fibre filters were deployed and aerosol collections on a 24 h basis were made for each sampler. All samples were analyzed for carboxylates and inorganic ions by using ion chromatography. The results showed that mean mass concentration of PM2,5 and PM10 were 13 ± 3.5 µg m-3 and 16 ± 2.3 µg m-3, respectively. Mean concentrations of the total carboxylates were 23.7 ± 6.5 ng m-3 in PM2.5 and 36.4 ± 12 ng m-3 in PM10 whereas total water-soluble inorganic ions were 448 ± 88 ng m-3 and 646 ± 214 ng m-3, respectively. Oxalate and malonate in PM25 and acetate in PM10 were most abundant carboxylates accounting for 64 % and 62 % of total acids, respectively. Mg2+ was most important cation in PM25 and PM10 accounting for 44 % and 24 % of total water-soluble ions, respectively, whereas SO4(2-) was the main anionic component accounting for 23 % of total ions species in PM25 and 37 % in PM10. Using source indicators, we found photochemical activities, biogenic and biomass burning could possibly be important source types for aerosols in Tanzania.
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15.
Molecular and serological detection of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from an area endemic for Leishmania infantum in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Sousa, Keyla Carstens Marques de
; André, Marcos Rogério
; Herrera, Heitor Miraglia
; Andrade, Gisele Braziliano de
; Jusi, Marcia Mariza Gomes
; Santos, Luciana Ladislau dos
; Barreto, Wanessa Teixeira Gomes
; Machado, Rosangela Zacarias
; Oliveira, Gilson Pereira de
.
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária
- Métricas del periódico
Patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos atingem uma variedade de hospedeiros vertebrados. Para identificar os agentes patogênicos transmitidos por carrapatos entre cães soropositivos para Leishmania infantum no município Campo Grande-MS, foi realizado um estudo sorológico e molecular para a detecção de Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys e Babesia vogeli em 60 amostras de soro e baço, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foi realizado o diagnóstico confirmatório de L. infantum por meio de técnicas sorológicas e moleculares. Também foi realizado o alinhamento e análise filogenética das sequências para indicar a identidade das espécies de parasitas que infectam esses animais. Anticorpos IgG anti-Ehrlichia spp., anti-B. vogeli e anti-L. infantum foram detectados em 39 (65%), 49 (81,6%) e 60 (100%) dos cães amostrados, respectivamente. Vinte e sete (45%), cinquenta e quatro (90%), cinquenta e três (88,3%), dois (3,3%) e um (1,6%) cães mostraram-se positivos na PCR para E. canis, Leishmania spp., Leishmania donovani complex, Babesia sp. e Anaplasma sp., respectivamente. Após o seqüenciamento, os amplicons mostraram 99% de similaridade com isolados de E. canis, B. vogeli e A. platys e Leishmania chagasi. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que os cães soropositivos para L. infantum de Campo Grande, MS, são expostos a vários agentes transmitidos por carrapatos, e, portanto, devem ser incluídos no diagnóstico diferencial em cães com suspeita clínica de leishmaniose.
Tick-borne pathogens affect a wide range of vertebrate hosts. To identify tick-borne pathogens among dogs from Campo Grande, MS, Brazil testing seropositive for Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi), a serological and molecular study was conducted to detect Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys and Babesia vogeli in 60 serum and spleen samples. A confirmatory diagnosis of L. infantum based on serological and molecular assays was also performed, as was sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis to assess the identity of the parasite species infecting these animals. IgG antibodies to Ehrlichia spp., B. vogeli and L. infantum were found, respectively, in 39 (65%), 49 (81.6%) and 60 (100%) of the sampled dogs. Twenty-seven (45%), fifty-four (90%), fifty-three (88.3%), two (3.3%) and one (1.6%) dog were positive, respectively, for E. canis, Leishmania spp., Leishmania donovani complex, Babesia sp. and Anaplasma sp. in PCR assays. After sequencing, the amplicons showed 99% of identity with E. canis, B. vogeli, A. platys and Leishmania chagasi isolates. The findings of this study indicate that L. infantum-seropositive dogs from Campo Grande are exposed to multiple tick-borne pathogens, which should therefore be included in the differential diagnosis of dogs with clinical suspicion of leishmaniasis.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000400012
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