Resumo A domesticação de peixes selvagens pode ser considerada uma abordagem estratégica para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas, apoiando estudos e reduzindo custos econômicos e ambientais. Três das estratégias mais importantes para o processo de domesticação de peixes são a adaptação dos peixes ao cativeiro, a reprodução dos peixes adaptados e a produção e manutenção dos indivíduos jovens. O presente estudo está dividido em três partes: a 1ª objetivou adaptar Pseudopimelodus mangurus selvagens ao ambiente de cativeiro usando diferentes abordagens alimentares e uma estratégia profilática; o 2º objetivou reproduzir os indivíduos adaptados do 1º experimento; e o 3º teve como objetivo treinar os juvenis de P. mangurus para aceitar dietas comerciais. O 1o e 2o experimento obteveram sucesso na manutenção e reprodução artificial de P. mangurus mantidos em tanques entre as estações reprodutivas. Os resultados sugerem que o desempenho reprodutivo dos animais mantidos em cativeiro (fertilidade inicial relativa-FIR = 609,25 ± 36,6 ovos / g) foi similar (p> 0,05) ao dos indivíduos selvagens (FIR = 679,21 ± 45,66 ovos / g). O treinamento alimentar de P. mangurus juvenis (3º experimento) também foi realizado avaliando-se 3 tratamentos alimentares com diferentes concentrações de coração bovino e ração. Ao final do experimento, o tratamento contendo metade coração bovino e metade ração gerou os maiores valores de ganho de peso (0,10 ± 0,16 g), taxa de crescimento específico (0,37 ± 0,11 mm), comprimento (47,78 ± 2,35 mm) e crescimento (2,15 ± 2,27 mm), sugerindo razoável aceitabilidade para dietas artificiais no cultivo desta espécie. Como conclusão, o presente estudo contribui com o desenvolvimento de técnicas para a domesticação espécies de peixes de água doce, de interesse comercial ou ameaçados de extinção, mostrando a domesticação e reproduçao de em cativeiro P. Mangurus selvagens. No entanto, mais estudos devem ser conduzidos no intuito de aumentar a aceitação de dietas comerciais pelos juvenis e melhorar sua taxa sobrevivência.

Abstract Wild fish domestication can be considered a strategic approach to endangered species conservation, supporting studies and reducing economic and environmental costs. Three of the most important strategies in the domestication processes of fish are the adaptation of wild fish to captivity, the reproduction of the adapted fish and the production and maintenance of the young individuals. That being said, the present study is divided in three experiments: the 1st aimed to adapt wild Pseudopimelodus mangurus to captivity environment using different feeding approaches and a prophylactic strategie; the 2nd aimed to reproduce the adapted individuals from the 1st experiment; and the 3rd aimed to train the P. mangurus juveniles to accept commercial diets. The 1st and 2nd experiments were successful at the maintenance and artificial reproduction of P. mangurus kept in tanks between the reproductive seasons. The results suggest that the reproductive performance of animals kept in captivity (initial relative fertility-IRF = 609.25 ± 36.6 eggs/g) was similar (p > 0,05) to the performance found in wild individuals (IRF = 679.21 ± 45.66 eggs/g). Feed training of P. mangurus juveniles (3rd experiment) was also conducted, evaluating three feeding treatments with different concentrations of bovine heart and ration. At the end of the experiment, the treatment containing half bovine heart and half commercial feeding resulted in the highest values of weight gain (0.10 ± 0.16 g), specific growth rate (0.37 ± 0.11 mm), length (47.78 ± 2.35 mm) and growth (2.15 ± 2.27 mm), suggesting reasonable acceptability to artificial diets in the cultivation of this species. As conclusion, the present study contributes with the development of techniques for the domestication of fresh water fish species with commercial value or andangered of extinction, showing the domestication and reproduction of wild P. mangurus in captivity. However, more studies have to be conducted in order to improve the acceptance of artificial feeding by juveniles and to increase their survival rate.

The aim of the method described here is to remove hemoglobin, the major contaminant in the bovine plasma obtained from slaughterhouses, by adding a mixture of 19% cold ethanol and 0.6% chloroform, followed by fibrinogen and globulin precipitation by the Cohn method and nonspecific hemagglutinin by thermocoagulation. The experimental volume of bovine plasma was 2,000 ml per batch. Final purification was performed by liquid chromatography using the ion-exchange gel DEAE-Sepharose FF. The bovine albumin thus obtained presented > or = 99% purity, a yield of 25.0 ± 1.2 g/l plasma and >71.5% recovery. N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan (0.04 mmol/g protein) and sodium caprylate (0.04 mmol/g protein) were used as stabilizers and the final concentration of albumin was adjusted to 22.0% (w/v), pH 7.2 to 7.3. Viral inactivation was performed by pasteurization for 10 h at 60°C. The bovine albumin for the hemagglutination tests used in immunohematology was submitted to chemical treatment with 0.06% (w/v) glutaraldehyde and 0.1% (w/v) formaldehyde at 37°C for 12 h to obtain polymerization. A change in molecular distribution was observed after this treatment, with average contents of 56.0% monomers, 23.6% dimers, 12.2% trimers and 8.2% polymers. The tests performed demonstrated that this polymerized albumin enhances the agglutination of Rho(D)-positive red cells by anti-Rho(D) serum, permitting and improving visualization of the results.

In order to obtain intravenous immunoglobulin G (iv IgG) of high quality from F-I+II+III or F-II+III pastes prepared by the Cohn method, we developed a chromatography process using ion exchange gels, Q-Sepharose FF and CM-Sepharose FF, and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. Viral inactivation was performed by incubating the preparation with pepsin at pH 4.0 at 35oC for 18 h. The characteristics of 28 batches produced by us were: yield 4.3 ± 0.2 g/l plasma, i.e., a recovery of 39.1 ± 1.8%; IgG subclasses distribution: IgG1 = 58.4%, IgG2 = 34.8%, IgG3 = 4.5% and IgG4 = 2.3%; IgG size distribution was 98.4% monomers, 1.2% dimers and 0.4% polymers and protein aggregates; anticomplement activity was less than 0.5 CH50/mg IgG, and prekallikrein activator activity (PKA) was less than 5 IU/ml. These characteristics satisfied the requirements of the European Pharmacopoea edition, and the regulations of the Brazilian Health Ministry (M.S. Portaria No. 2, 30/10/1998).

Large volumes of plasma can be fractionated by the method of Cohn at low cost. However, liquid chromatography is superior in terms of the quality of the product obtained. In order to combine the advantages of each method, we developed an integrated method for the production of human albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG). The cryoprecipitate was first removed from plasma for the production of factor VIII and the supernatant of the cryoprecipitate was fractionated by the method of Cohn. The first precipitate, containing fractions (F)-I + II + III, was used for the production of IgG by the chromatographic method (see Tanaka K et al. (1998) Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 31: 1375-1381). The supernatant of F-I + II + III was submitted to a second precipitation and F-IV was obtained and discarded. Albumin was obtained from the supernatant of the precipitate F-IV by liquid chromatography, ion-exchange on DEAE-Sepharose FF, filtration through Sephacryl S-200 HR and introduction of heat treatment for fatty acid precipitation. Viral inactivation was performed by pasteurization at 60ºC for 10 h. The albumin product obtained by the proposed procedure was more than 99% pure for the 15 lots of albumin produced, with a mean yield of 25.0 ± 0.5 g/l plasma, containing 99.0 to 99.3% monomer, 0.7 to 1.0% dimers, and no polymers. Prekallikrein activator levels were <=5 IU/ml. This product satisfies the requirements of the 1997 Pharmacopée Européenne.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) of excellent quality for intravenous use was obtained from the cryosupernatant of human plasma by a chromatographic method based on a mixture of ion-exchange, DEAE-Sepharose FF and arginine Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography and a final purification step by Sephacryl S-300 HR gel filtration. The yield of 10 experimental batches produced was 3.5 g IgG per liter of plasma. A solvent/detergent combination of 1% Tri (n-butyl) phosphate and 1% Triton X-100 was used to inactivate lipid-coated viruses. Analysis of the final product (5% liquid IgG) based on the mean for 10 batches showed 94% monomers, 5.5% dimers and 0.5% polymers and aggregates. Anticomplementary activity was 0.3 CH50/mg IgG and prekallikrein activator levels were less than 5 IU/ml. Stability at 37ºC for 30 days in the liquid state was satisfactory. IgG was stored in flasks (2.5 g/flask) at 4 to 8ºC. All the characteristics of the product were consistent with the requirements of the 1997 Pharmacopée Européenne.

Com o objetivo de combater quimicamente o cupim Cornitermes cumulans foi realizado o presente trabalho. Um produto foi testado como pó seco e concentrado emulsionável, este último em duas dosagens (uma delas sendo o tratamento padrão); um outro (granulado) foi aplicado numa só dosagem (portanto, quatro tratamentos). A) fentiom 1,0g; B) fentiom 2,5g; C) fentiom 1,25g; D) dodecacloro 0,18g. As quantidades são de ingrediente ativo por ninho. Os resultados demonstram que o fentiom 2,5g foi o melhor dos tratamentos, com 100% de mortalidade.

Forty mounds of the termite Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar, 1832) (Isoptera, Termitidae)were used to compare the efficiency of the following insecticides: A)fenthion (5% dust. 20g) ; B) and C) fenthion 50% EC (5cm³ and 2.5 cm³ in I ter of water, respectively); D) granular dodecachlor (0.45% bait, 40g).. The quantities indicate the material used inside each nest. Each treatment had 10 termite nests. Insecticides we re applied into the mounds through a canal made at the top of the nest with a steel bar. The best results were obtained with fenthion (B) , do decachlor bait (D). and fenthion (C).

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o combate experimental ao ácaro rajado Tetranyohus urtioae Koch, 1836 em cultura de algodão. Dois produtos, mediante pulverização eletrodinâmica, foram experimentados: bromopropilato e bifentrina, o primeiro em duas dosagens e o segundo, em três. Aos dias da aplicação, a bifentrina mostra os melhores resultados, embora não se diferencie es tatisticamente do bromopropilato. Aos 09 dias, os melhores são as duas dosagens mais fortes da bifentrina apesar de não apresentar diferença estatística dos demais tratamentos (exceto da testemunha).

In order to evaluate the action of two pesticides on the two-spotted spider mite on cotton a test was carried out in Santa Bárbara D'Oeste, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The treatments were six and the products were applied with manual Electrodyn nozzle: A - check (no treatment) ; B - bromopropylate (yellow nozzle), 173.3g Al/ha; C - bromopropylate (blue nozzle), 380.0g Al/ha; D, E, Fbiphenthrin (yellow nozzle), 23.7g, 38.lg and - 5g Al/ha, respectivelly. At day 4 after the spray the best result was obtained with biphenthrin (treatments D, E and F). At day 9 after the application the best results were obtained with two highest dosages of biphenthrin. Differences among the treatments were not significative except compared to the check.

O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de continuar os experimentos que visam o combate ao "ácaro branco" Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) em algodoeiro. Quatro tratamentos foram aplicados em pulverização convencional e 2 outros produtos com "Electrodyn", num total de 7 tratamentos (com a testemunha). Vejamos quais são estes: A) testemunha; B) dicofol; C) bromopropilato; D) abamectina + alquenol multimetílico, sendo o último um feromônio; E) dicofol; F). profenofós e G) abamectina (Quadro 1). Os tratamentos C e E foram feitos com soluções especiais para "Electrodyn". A análise dos resultados demonstrou que os tratamentos E e D foram os melhores. Palavras-chave: Polyphagotarsonemus latus, defensivos químicos, ácaro branco, algodoeiro.

A field test was carried out in Santa Bárbara D' Oeste, State of São Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the control of the "tropical mite", a major pest on cotton in that area. The treatments were seven with four repetitions (each repetition had 130 m² and each treatment, 520m²). The treatments and active ingredients per hectare were as follows: A) check; B) dicofol, 555g; C) bromopropylate, 129g; D). abamectin plus multimethyl alquenol, 6g + 11,44g; E) Dicofol,364g; F) profenophos, 500g; G) abamectin, 12g. Treatments C and E were special solutions applied with "Electrodyn". Five counts of the mite were made: the first, one day before the spray and 04, 07, 13 and 17 days after spraying. The best results were obtained with treatments E and D (07 days), B, D and E (13 days) and E (17 days), (tables II and III). Counts of predator mites were made also (table IV).