Abstract INTRODUCTION: Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are a growing global health problem. This study analyzed the spatial distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases in São Luís, Maranhão, from 2015 to 2016 and investigated the association between socio-environmental and economic factors and hotspots for mosquito proliferation. METHODS: This was a socio-ecological study using data from the National Information System of Notifiable Diseases. The spatial units of analysis were census tracts. The incidence rates of the combined cases of the three diseases were calculated and smoothed using empirical local Bayes estimates. The spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate was measured using Local Moran's I and Global Moran's I. Multiple linear regression and spatial autoregressive models were fitted using the log of the smoothed disease incidence rate as the dependent variable and socio-environmental factors, demographics, and mosquito hotspots as independent variables. RESULTS: The findings showed a significant spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate. The model that best fit the data was the spatial lag model, revealing a positive association between disease incidence and the proportion of households with surrounding garbage accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases showed a significant spatial pattern, in which the high-risk areas for the three diseases were explained by the variable "garbage accumulated in the surrounding environment,” demonstrating the need for an intersectoral approach for vector control and prevention that goes beyond health actions.

Resumo Fundamentos: Em pacientes multiarteriais e lesões moderadas, a reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) avalia cada lesão e direciona o tratamento, podendo ser útil no custo-efetividade (CE) de implante de stents não farmacológicos (SNF). Objetivos: Avaliar CE e impacto clínico da angioplastia + FFR versus angioplastia + angiografia (ANGIO), em multiarteriais, utilizando SNF. Métodos: pacientes com doença multiarteriais foram randomizados prospectivamente durante ±5 anos para FFR ou ANGIO, e acompanhados por até 12 meses. Foram avaliados eventos cardíacos maiores (ECAM), reestenose e CE. Resultados: foram incluídos 69 pacientes, 47(68,1%) homens, 34(49,2%) no FFR e 35(50,7%) no ANGIO, idade 62,0 ± 9,0 anos, com angina estável e Síndrome Coronariana Aguda estabilizada. No FFR, havia 26 com doença (76,5%) biarterial e 8 (23,5%) triarterial, e no grupo ANGIO, 24(68,6%) biarteriais e 11(31,4%) triarteriais. Ocorreram 12(17,3%) ECAM – 3(4,3%) óbitos: 2(5,8%) no FFR e 1(2,8%) no ANGIO, 9(13,0%) anginas, 4(11,7%) no FFR e 5(14,2%) no ANGIO, 6 reestenoses: 2(5,8%) no FFR e 4 (11,4%) no ANGIO. Angiografia detectou 87(53,0%) lesões no FFR, 39(23,7%) com ICP e 48(29,3%) com tratamento clínico; e 77(47,0%) lesões no ANGIO, todas submetidas à angioplastia. Quanto aos stents, registrou-se 39(33,3%) (0,45 ± 0,50 stents/lesão) no FFR e 78(66,6%) (1,05 ± 0,22 stents/lesão) no ANGIO (p = 0,0001); ANGIO utilizou 51,4% a mais que o FFR. Análise de CE revelou um custo de R$5045,97 e R$5.430,60 nos grupos ANGIO e FFR, respectivamente. A diferença de efetividade foi 1,82%. Conclusões: FFR diminuiu o número de lesões tratadas e de stents e necessidade de revascularização do vaso-alvo, com CE comparável ao da angiografia.

Abstract Background: In multivessel disease patients with moderate stenosis, fractional flow reserve (FFR) allows the analysis of the lesions and guides treatment, and could contribute to the cost-effectiveness (CE) of non-pharmacological stents (NPS). Objectives: To evaluate CE and clinical impact of FFR-guided versus angiography-guided angioplasty (ANGIO) in multivessel patients using NPS. Methods: Multivessel disease patients were prospectively randomized to FFR or ANGIO groups during a 5 year-period and followed for < 12 months. Outcomes measures were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), restenosis and CE. Results: We studied 69 patients, 47 (68.1%) men, aged 62.0 ± 9.0 years, 34 (49.2%) in FFR group and 53 (50.7%) in ANGIO group, with stable angina or acute coronary syndrome. In FFR, there were 26 patients with biarterial disease (76.5%) and 8 (23.5%) with triarterial disease, and in ANGIO, 24 (68.6%) with biarterial and 11 (31.4%) with triarterial disease. Twelve MACEs were observed - 3 deaths: 2 (5.8%) in FFR and 1 (2.8%) in ANGIO, 9 (13.0%) angina: 4(11.7%) in FFR and 5(14.2%) in ANGIO, 6 restenosis: 2(5.8%) in FFR and 4 (11.4%) in ANGIO. Angiography detected 87(53.0%) lesions in FFR, 39(23.7%) with PCI and 48(29.3%) with medical treatment; and 77 (47.0%) lesions in ANGIO, all treated with angioplasty. Thirty-nine (33.3%) stents were registered in FFR (0.45 ± 0.50 stents/lesion) and 78 (1.05 ± 0.22 stents/lesion) in ANGIO (p = 0.0001), 51.4% greater in ANGIO than FFR. CE analysis revealed a cost of BRL 5,045.97 BRL 5,430.60 in ANGIO and FFR, respectively. The difference of effectiveness was of 1.82%. Conclusion: FFR reduced the number of lesions treated and stents, and the need for target-lesion revascularization, with a CE comparable with that of angiography.

ABSTRACT Dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections are increasing public health problems in the world, the last two diseases having recently emerged in Brazil. This ecological study employed spatial analysis of probable cases of dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections reported to the National Mandatory Reporting System (SINAN) in Maranhao State from 2015 to 2016. The software GeoDa version 1.10 was used for calculating global and local Moran indices. The global Moran index identified a significant autocorrelation of incidence rates of dengue (I=0.10; p=0.009) and zika (I=0.07; p=0.03). The study found a positive spatial correlation between dengue and the population density (I=0.31; p<0.001) and a negative correlation with the Performance Index of Unified Health System (PIUHS) by basic care coverage (I=-0.08; p=0.01). Regarding chikungunya fever, there were positive spatial correlations with the population density (I=0.06; p=0.03) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) (I=0.10; p=0.002), and a negative correlation with the Gini index (I=-0.01; p<0.001) and the PIUHS by basic care coverage (I=-0.18; p<0.001). Lastly, we found positive spatial correlations between Zika virus infections and the population density (I=0.13; p=0.005) and the MHDI (I=0.12; p<0.001), as well as a negative correlation with the Gini index (I=-0.11; p<0.001) and the PIUHS by basic care coverage (I=-0.05; p=0.03). Our results suggest that several socio-demographic factors influenced the occurrence of dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and zika virus infections in Maranhao State.

RESUMO: Quinze primers ISSR (entre sequências simples repetidas) foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética entre e dentro de pomares comerciais de Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. Para isso, foram analisados sessenta indivíduos, distribuídos nos três cultivos. Um total de 102 bandas foi amplificado, com uma porcentagem de 52,0% de polimorfismo em nível de espécie e média de 6,8 alelos por primer ISSR. A média do Índice de Conteúdo Polimórfico (PIC) foi de 0,55. Em relação aos índices de diversidade gênica de Nei (H) e de Shannon (I), os cultivos analisados apresentaram os valores: SAR H = 0,114 e I = 0,177; SSL H = 0,108 e I = 0,162 e SEC H = 0,104 e I = 0,156, considerados valores de moderados a baixos. A AMOVA revelou 34,91% da variância total entre os cultivos e 65,09% dentro deles. Os marcadores moleculares ISSR revelaram que há diversidade genética dentro de cada cultivo comercial estudado, portanto é possível selecionar genótipos superiores que poderão ser utilizados para originar cultivos mais uniformes. Esse resultado tem sido considerado de grande relevância, por fornecer ferramentas para a implementação de programas de melhoramento e delineamento de estratégias de conservação ex situ e in situ.

ABSTRACT: Fifteen ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) primers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity among and within commercial crops of T. grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. For this, 60 specimens were analyzed, distributed in three crops. A total of 102 bands were amplified, with a polymorphism percentage of 52.0% at species level and an average of 6.8 alleles per ISSR primer. The average for polymorphism information content (PIC) index was 0.55. In relation to the genetic diversity index of Nei (H), and Shannon (I), crops analyzed showed the following values: : SAR H = 0,114 e I = 0,177; SSL H = 0,108 e I = 0,162 e SEC H = 0,104 e I = 0,156, considered moderate to low values. AMOVA showed 34.91% of total variance among the crops, and 65.09% within them. The ISSR molecular markers revealed that there is genetic diversity within each commercial crops studied, thus is possible to select superior genotypes that can be used to give more uniform crops. This result has been considered of great relevance, to provide tools for breding implementation programs and design conservation strategies ex situ and in situ.

INTRODUÇÃO: O alongamento passivo ou estático (EAL) é frequentemente utilizado em programas de reabilitação e na área desportiva; porém, as alterações morfofuncionais ocorridas ainda não estão bem claras, principalmente após imobilização prolongada. OBJETIVOS: Examinar as alterações morfofuncionais musculares produzidas em resposta a três semanas de exercícios de EAL em um modelo animal de imobilização prolongada de membro posterior (MP) em posição encurtada. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 32 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos (n = 8, em cada): A - grupo controle (CONT), B - grupo imobilizado por 21 dias (IMOB), C - grupo remobilizado por 21 dias (LIVRE), D - grupo alongados por 21 dias (ALONG). Foram comparadas as variações morfofuncionais entre grupos experimentais. As variáveis foram: peso corporal e muscular, comprimento muscular e ósseo, número de miofibrilas e quantidade de colágeno, determinadas através de histomorfometria muscular por contraste de cor. RESULTADOS: A IMOB do bíceps femoral em posição encurtada produziu uma importante hipotrofia com hiperplasia muscular compensatória, além do aumento (p < 0,05) na deposição de colágeno no perimísio e intramuscular de ratos. A remobilização livre ou o alongamento passivo reduziram significativamente (p < 0,05) estas alterações morfofuncionais observados no grupo IMOB. CONCLUSÃO: Através desses resultados, pode-se concluir que tanto o EAL quanto a remobilização livre promovem a restauração das alterações morfofuncionais no bíceps femoral esquerdo induzida pela imobilização prolongada, embora somente o EAL foi capaz de reduzir a relação entre colágeno/músculo.

BACKGROUND: Passive or static stretching (ALMP) is often used in rehabilitation programs and in sports; however, the morphological changes occurred are not very clear, especially after prolonged immobilization. AIMS:This study aimed to examine the muscle morphological and functional changes produced in response to three weeks of ALMP in an animal model of prolonged immobilization of hind limb (HL) in the short range. METHODS: For this purpose, 32 rats (Wistar) were used and divided in 4 groups (n = 8 each): A- control group (CONT), B - immobilized group for 21 days (IMMOB), C - remobilized group for 21 days (FREE), D - elongated group for 21 days (ELONG). The variables evaluated were body weight and muscle mass, muscle and bone length, number of myofibrils and quantity of collagen, determined by histomorphometry muscle by color contrast. The morphological variations between all the experimental groups were compared. RESULTS: The IMMOB of the femoral biceps in shortened position produced important muscular atrophy with compensatory hyperplasia, and increase (p <0.05) in collagen deposition in the perimysium and intramuscular of rats. The free remobilization and the passive stretching reduced significantly (p <0.05) these morphological changes observed in group IMMOB. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, it was concluded that both passive stretch and free remobilization promote restoration of the morphological changes induced by prolonged immobilization in the left femoral biceps of rats; however only passive stretching was able to reduce the correlation between collagen/muscle.

O experimento foi conduzido como objetivo de estimar a exigência de lisina total para codornas européias (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) machos de 21 a 49 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 315 codornas (peso vivo médio de 80 g) alimentadas com rações à base de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de glúten de milho. A ração basal, formulada sem suplementação de lisina sintética, continha 20% de PB, 2.900 kcal de energia metabolizável (EM)/kg e 0,9% de lisina total e foi suplementada com 0,125; 0,231; 0,357 e 0,483 de L-lisina-HCl (79%), resultando em rações com 1,0; 1,1; 1,2 e 1,3% de lisina total, respectivamente. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, sete repetições e nove aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, o peso final, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o índice de eficiência produtiva e os rendimentos de peito e de carcaça. Observou-se efeito não-significativo para todas as variáveis avaliadas. A exigência dietética de lisina total para codornas européias machos de 21 a 49 dias de idade é de 0,9%, que corresponde a um consumo diário de 207 mg de lisina por ave.

The trial was carried out to estimate the requirements of total lysine for male European quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) from 21 to 49 days old. Three hundred and fifteen quails averaging 80 g BW were fed diets with corn, soy crumb and corn gluten crumb. The basal diet was not supplementated with L-lysine, containing 20% of crude protein, 2,900 kcal of energy metabolizable/kg and 0.9% of total lysine, supplemented with 0.125, 0.231, 0.357, and 0.483 g of L-lysine (79%), resulting in 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3% of total lysine, respectively. The trial was analyzed as a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments, seven replicates and nine birds per experimental unit. The following variables were studied: feeding intake, final body weight, body weight gain, feed:gain ratio, productive efficiency index, breast yield and carcass. No significant effect was observed for all the variables. It concluded that the dietary total lysine requirement is of 0.9% for male European quails from 21 to 49 days old, corresponding to a daily intake of 207 mg of lysine.