Abstract Spix's yellow-toothed cavies are rodents displaying high biological and farming potential. Knowledge of cavy reproductive aspects is paramount for satisfactory breeding. This study aimed to determine the gestation length and characterize the reproductive cycle phases of Spix's yellow-toothed cavies, also investigating potential male effects on these processes. The investigated animals were categorized into three groups: Gestational follow-up (G1), with a 5:1 female-to-male enclosure ratio; estrous cycle (G2), with a 5:1 female-to-male ratio with a male confined to a cage; and G3, consisting of five females and no male. Daily colpocytological examinations were performed, with the presence of spermatozoa on the microscopy slides indicative of copulation. G1 females were separated from the male immediately after copulation, with this being considered day "zero" of the pregnancy. G2 and G3 females were evaluated for two complete estrous cycles and qualitatively assessed through vaginal smears. The gestation length of the Spix's yellow-toothed cavies averaged 59 ± 2.24 days, with a continuous polyestrous cycle lasting 14.8 ± 0.73 days in G2 and 14.6 ± 0.75 days in G3. The proestrus phase was characterized by the dominance of parabasal cells, dyes, bacteria, and leukocytes; the estrus phase, by superficial cells with the predominance of anucleate cells with and without the presence of bacteria; the metestrus phase, by parabasal cells and numerous genuine cells, neutrophils, and bacteria; and the diestrus phase, mainly by basal, parabasal, and mutant cells, as well as high amounts of vaginal mucus, neutrophils, and bacteria. The presence of a male cavy significantly influenced diestrus duration, prolonging this phase, which is potentially attributed to female progesterone production effects.

Resumo O preá é um roedor com elevado potencial biológico e zootécnico a ser explorado, sendo o conhecimento sobre os aspectos reprodutivos fundamentais para que sua criação seja satisfatória. Objetivou-se determinar a duração da gestação em preás, e a caracterização das fases do ciclo reprodutivo, verificando, se existe influência da presença do macho neste processo. Os animais foram separados em três grupos: Acompanhamento gestacional (G1), 5:1, proporção de fêmea e macho no box; Ciclo estral, 5:1, com o macho preso em gaiola (G2) e cinco fêmeas em outro box sem o macho (G3). O exame colpocitológico ocorreu diariamente, identificado o espermatozoide na lâmina como cópula. As fêmeas do G1 foram separadas assim que copulavam e contadas como dia “zero” da gestação. As fêmeas do G2 e G3 foram avaliadas ao longo de dois ciclos estrais completos, avaliados qualitativamente pelo o esfregaço vaginal. O período de gestação em preás foi de 59±2,24 dias, com um ciclo poliéstrico contínuo, com duração de 14,8±0,73 dias no G2 e 14,6±0,75 dias no G3. O proestro caracterizou-se pelo predomínio de células parabasais, intermediárias, bactérias e leucócitos; o estro, células superficiais, com predomínio das anucleadas com presença ou não de bactérias; metaestro, células parabasais e grande quantidade de células intermediárias, neutrófilos e bactérias; diestro, predomínio de células basais, parabasais e intermediárias e grande quantidade de muco vaginal, neutrófilos e bactérias. A presença do macho influenciou significativamente a duração do diestro, tornando-se mais longa, fato que pode estar atrelado a influência sobre a produção de progesterona na fêmea.

ABSTRACT Equations express that height-diameter relationships are used to estimate tree heights that were not measured in the plots, as well as to calculate their volumes. In this study, we modelled height for Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden stands using nonlinear mixed effect models in Mocuba District, Central Mozambique. Models were tested from 1414 trees measured, in 40 plots with dimensions of 20 x 20 m. Model one (M1) was the best in relation to the others according to the evaluated criteria (R2 = 0.9183; RMSE = 0.558; AIC = -1234.8; BIC = -1224.9). The inclusion of the variables dominant height (h100, m), basal area (G, m2.ha-1) and mean basal area diameter (dg, m) in model 1 (M1) within the scope of mixed effect model structures that involved both fixed and random effect parameters (Model 7) provides better fitting and more precise predictions. For calibration of random effects according to plot, height measurement of at least five trees is required (four dominant trees + one tree randomly selected in plot). Our model is site-specific and its application should therefore be limited to the stands with characteristics that were the basis of this study. Further works on recalibration, validation, and verification of our model using a larger dataset collected from a wider range of species distribution will be more interesting.

SUMMARY: This study aimed at modeling competition indices for individual trees of Araucaria angustifolia in natural forests. A total of 397 objetive trees were sampled in Lages and São Francisco de Paula municipalities. Through a non-linear regression analysis, 22 distance-independent and distance-dependent competition indices were modeled based on the diameter at breast height (d) and relative height (hrel: ratio between the total height of the objetive tree and the maximum potential height estimated for the same diameter). The adjusted equations of the indices according to d of the objetive tree achieved values of R² ≤ 0.546 (Syx% ≥ 15.0). The independent variable hrel improved the estimates, explaining up to 63 % of the variation in the data (Syx% ≥ 14.6). In general, competition indices - which consider in the calculation only the variables d of the objetive tree, d of the competitors, its horizontal distance and eventually the height variable- showed superior performance. Therefore, they are indicated for use in growth modeling of A. angustifolia, due to superior facility of application in natural forests. The developed equations showed to be good representations of the degree of competition at the level of the individual tree of A. angustifolia for the two evaluated sites, measuring only the diameter or including the height of the central tree for more accurate precision. The expansion of research to other sites along the distribution of the species will confirm the application of these equations to their full extent. In addition, this work contributes to the inclusion of competition indices in modeling of individual trees in uneven-aged mixed forests.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio modeló índices de competencia para árboles individuales de Araucaria angustifolia en bosque nativo. Fueron muestreados 397 árboles objetivo en los municipios de Lages y São Francisco de Paula. Mediante análisis de regresión no linear fueron modelados 22 índices de competencia independientes y dependientes de la distancia en función del diámetro a la altura del pecho y altura relativa (razón entre la altura total del árbol objetivo y la máxima altura potencial estimada para el mismo diámetro). Las ecuaciones ajustadas de los índices en función del diámetro del árbol objetivo alcanzaron valores de R² ≤ 0,546 (Syx% ≥ 15,0). La altura relativa mejoró las estimaciones, explicando hasta el 63 % de la variación de datos (Syx% ≥ 14,6). En general, los índices de competencia que consideraron solo los diámetros del árbol objetivo y de los competidores, sus distancias horizontales, y eventualmente la altura, presentaron desempeño superior, siendo así indicados para el modelado del crecimiento de A. Angustifolia, debido a la mayor facilidad de aplicación en bosque nativo. Las ecuaciones desarrolladas representaron bien el grado de competencia a nivel del árbol individual de A. angustifolia para los dos sitios evaluados, midiendo solo el diámetro, o incluyendo también la altura del árbol objetivo para una mayor precisión. La expansión de la investigación a otros sitios a lo largo de la distribución de las especies permitirá confirmar la aplicación de estas ecuaciones en toda su amplitud. Además, este trabajo contribuye a la inclusión de índices de competencia en el modelado de árboles individuales en bosques mixtos disetáneos.

Resumo Argumentamos nesse artigo que as afirmações de Marx sobre a não historicidade e a estagnação do Oriente não representam compromisso teórico com uma suposta superioridade inata dos europeus. Primeiramente, apresentamos as características do Modo de Produção Asiático segundo Marx. Na seção seguinte, argumentamos que as “sociedades asiáticas” são caracterizadas por Marx pela perpetuação endógena de suas estruturas econômicas, que contrasta com o intenso dinamismo capitalista. Mostramos ainda que Marx observa que as sociedades “orientais” são capazes de desenvolvimento capitalista endógeno, tão logo as antigas estruturas econômicas tenham sido destruídas pelo capitalismo. Por fim, apontamos que as afirmações de Marx sobre Modo de Produção Asiático e “povos sem história” devem ser analisadas à luz de sua teoria geral do progresso e do desenvolvimento histórico desigual.

Abstract We argue that Marx's statements on the non-historicity and stagnation of the oriental world does not represent a theoretical compromise with a supposedly innate superiority of the Europeans. Firstly, we present Asiatic Mode of Production according to Marx. Then, we argue that "Asiatic societies" are characterized by perpetuation of its endogenous economic structures which contrasts with the intense dynamism of capitalism. Further we show that "Oriental" societies are capable of endogenous capitalist development as soon as their archaic economic structures has been destroyed by capitalism. At last, we point that Marx's statements on Asiatic Mode of Production and "non-historic peoples" must be analyzed in the light of his general theory of progress and uneven historical development.

In an enclosure with nine collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) from the Rio de Janeiro city Zoo, Brazil, one specimen was found dead and two others developed prostration, apathy and dehydration, resulting on its death. Necropsy of two animals pointed to pulmonary and renal damage. Histological examination revealed vasculitis in spleen from both P. tajacu, suggesting a systemic viral infection. Lungs from one specimen showed fibrinoid vasculitis, alveolar damage with hyaline membrane, and interstitial lymphocytes infiltration. Virome analysis in anal wash samples from the latter two animals revealed a new type of Betacoronavirus, lineage A, provisionally named Ptajacu-CoV.

Abstract This systematic review assessed the literature to evaluate the efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins at 4 mm restoration depth. PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched with no restrictions on year, publication status, or article’s language. Selection criteria included studies that evaluated bulk-fill composite resin when inserted in a minimum thickness of 4 mm, followed by curing according to the manufacturers’ instructions; presented sound statistical data; and comparison with a control group and/or a reference measurement of quality of polymerization. The evidence level was evaluated by qualitative scoring system and classified as high-, moderate- and low- evidence level. A total of 534 articles were retrieved in the initial search. After the review process, only 10 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles included (80%) were classified as high evidence level. Among several techniques, microhardness was the most frequently method performed by the studies included in this systematic review. Irrespective to the “in vitro” method performed, bulk fill RBCs were partially likely to fulfill the important requirement regarding properly curing in 4 mm of cavity depth measured by depth of cure and / or degree of conversion. In general, low viscosities BFCs performed better regarding polymerization efficiency compared to the high viscosities BFCs.

The growth of individual trees can be simulated by multiplying a function that describes the potential by another modifier, the "modifying-potential". Modeling of the potential function for trees growing without competition determines the limit of optimum growth to species, while a modifying function sets the decrease component taking in consideration the influence of environmental factors. Thus, the aim of the study was to adjust the modifier function to describe the periodic increment in the basal area of Araucaria angustifolia trees in sites with Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil. For this, we sampled 397 individual trees. Dendrometric and morphometric variables, competition indices and increment in diameter with the chronology of widths of the growth ring were measured. Periodic increment in basal area was described by a logarithmic function that explained 57 % of variance and correlated with the diameter at the beginning of the period, height, variable of crown size and competition indices. Results indicate that the modifier function can be used accurately to explain changes in growth and spatial and temporal structure of the species in the Araucaria Forest.

El crecimiento de los árboles individuales se puede simular multiplicando una función que describe su potencial por otra modificadora "potencial-modificadora". El modelado de la función potencial para árboles creciendo sin competencia determina el límite de crecimiento óptimo para una especie, mientras que la función modificadora establece el componente de descenso teniendo en cuenta la influencia de factores ambientales. Así, el objetivo del estudio fue ajustar la función modificadora para describir el incremento periódico en el área basal de árboles de Araucaria angustifolia en sitios de bosques con araucaria en el sur de Brasil. Para eso, se tomaron muestras de 397 árboles individuales y se midieron sus variables dendrométricas, morfométricas, sus índices de competencia y su incremento en diámetro con la cronología de los anchos de anillos de crecimiento. El incremento periódico en el área basal fue descripto por una función logarítmica que explicó el 57 % de la varianza y se correlaciona con el diámetro al inicio del periodo, altura, variable de dimensión de la copa y el índice de la competencia. Los resultados indican que se puede utilizar la función modificadora con precisión para explicar los cambios en el crecimiento, en la estructura espacial y temporal de la especie en el bosque de araucaria.

RESUMO Funções de afilamento permitem determinar classes de dimensão e volumes das árvores com aplicação direta no planejamento das atividades técnicas e econômicas da floresta. Com esse propósito, os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever o afilamento do fuste de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze na porção compreendida entre o nível do solo e a inserção da copa de árvores de remanescente florestal nativo, bem como ajustar modelo de regressão para a relação altura/DAP, para o diâmetro na inserção da copa sobre o DAP e demonstrar a aplicação das funções com a confecção de uma tabela de sortimentos de madeira. Oitenta e cinco árvores tiveram medidas seus diâmetros e alturas relativas pelo método de cubagem rigorosa de Hohenadl, assim como o diâmetro na inserção da copa com o Criterion RD 1000. Os modelos de afilamento ajustados por regressão foram o polinômio do 5º grau, Kozak (1988), Lee et al. (2003) e Sharma e Zhang (2004). O coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj), o erro padrão da estimativa em porcentagem (Syx%) e a análise gráfica entre valores estimados e observados foram as estatísticas usadas para avaliar o ajuste e a precisão dos modelos. O modelo da relação altura/DAP e do diâmetro no ponto de inserção da copa alcançaram boas estatísticas de ajuste e precisão, permitindo sua aplicação em inventários florestais e no planejamento da produção florestal. A flexibilidade e a eficiência do modelo de Kozak (1988) em predizer diâmetros e volumes até o ponto de inserção da copa favorecem o uso e obtenção de sortimentos de madeira de araucária.

ABSTRACT Taper functions allow determining size classes and volumes of trees with direct application in the planning of technical and economic forest activities. For this purpose, the aim of this study was to describe the taper of the trunk of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in the portion between the ground level and the insertion of the crown of individuals in remnant of native forest. Also tried to fit the regression model to represent relations height/DBH, diameter at the insertion of the crown in function DBH and the development of assortment timber table. Eighty-five trees were measured their diameters and heights relatives using Hohenadl cubed method and the diameter of the insertion crown with Criterion RD 1000 instrument. The taper models were adjusted by regression analysis using polynomial of the 5th degree, Kozak (1988), Lee et al. (2003) and Sharma and Zhang (2004). The adjusted coefficient of determination (R²aj), the standard error of estimate in percentage (Syx%) and graphical analysis between estimated values in function of observed were used statistics to evaluate the quality of fit and models precision. The model height/DBH and diameter at the insertion point of the crown evidence good fit statistical and precision, allowing its application in activities intended at planning and forest inventories. The flexibility and efficiency of Kozak (1988) model in predicting diameters and volumes until the crown insertion point favors the use and obtain timber assortments of araucaria.

Resumo: Neste artigo é resgatada a crítica de Marx às "robinsonadas" da Economia Política. Com isso, Marx observa que a Economia Política toma como ponto de partida o indivíduo isolado e sem determinações sociais, o indivíduo tal como é supostamente posto pela natureza representado na imagem de Robinson Crusoé em sua ilha. Seguindo o método da crítica ontológica de Marx, as "robinsonadas" da Economia Política são apreendidas como uma representação teórica ilusória de condições realmente existentes na sociedade capitalista. Na primeira parte do artigo, será resgatada a "robinsonada" da Economia Política, procurando-se sintetizar sua concepção de homem e de sociedade. Será indicada também a perenidade dessa concepção no pensamento econômico, em seus traços gerais. Na terceira parte do artigo, é indicada a crítica ontológica de Marx às "robinsonadas" apontando sua origem nas condições reais da reprodução material na sociedade capitalista. Finalmente é resgatado o tema do indivíduo em Marx, indicando que a crítica de Marx às "robinsonadas" não implica que Marx não dê importância ou desconheça o indivíduo teórica e eticamente.

Abstract: This article reexamines Marx's critique of the Robinson Crusoe stories of Political Economy. Political Economy, according to Marx, starts from an isolated individual without social determinations. This is supposed to be the natural condition of mankind and this is personified by Robinson Crusoe on his island. Following Marx's ontological critique, Robinson Crusoe's stories of Political Economy are considered to be an illusory and theoretical representation covering the real conditions of capitalist society. In the first section of this article, the Robinson Crusue stories of Political Economy are reviewed, pointing to his conception of human nature and society. This section also shows that this is a lasting conception of man in economics. In the second section, we developed Marx's explanation for this conception of man through the method of ontological critique. Finally, in the last section it is suggested that Marx's critique of Robinson Crusoe stories of Political Economy doesn't imply the irrelevance of theoretical and ethical significance of individuals.

In Brazil, more than 99% of malaria cases are reported in the Amazon, and the State of Amazonas accounts for 40% of this total. However, the accumulated experience and challenges in controlling malaria in this region in recent decades have not been reported. Throughout the first economic cycle during the rubber boom (1879 to 1912), malaria was recorded in the entire state, with the highest incidence in the villages near the Madeira River in the Southern part of the State of Amazonas. In the 1970s, during the second economic development cycle, the economy turned to the industrial sector and demanded a large labor force, resulting in a large migratory influx to the capital Manaus. Over time, a gradual increase in malaria transmission was observed in peri-urban areas. In the 1990s, the stimulation of agroforestry, particularly fish farming, led to the formation of permanent Anopheline breeding sites and increased malaria in settlements. The estimation of environmental impacts and the planning of measures to mitigate them, as seen in the construction of the Coari-Manaus gas pipeline, proved effective. Considering the changes occurred since the Amsterdam Conference in 1992, disease control has been based on early diagnosis and treatment, but the development of parasites that are resistant to major antimalarial drugs in Brazilian Amazon has posed a new challenge. Despite the decreased lethality and the gradual decrease in the number of malaria cases, disease elimination, which should be associated with government programs for economic development in the region, continues to be a challenge.

A displasia epifisária hemimélica é uma doença benigna rara (incidência de 1:1.000.000), caracterizada por um crescimento osteocondral decorrente de uma ou mais epífises. Em geral a idade de início é entre 2 e 14 anos. Os achados característicos dos exames de imagem são suficientes para o diagnóstico. A excisão cirúrgica da lesão só é indicada caso haja limitação funcional.

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica is a rare benign disease (incidence 1:1,000,000), characterized by an osteochondral overgrowth affecting one or more epiphyses. Generally, the age of onset is between two and 14 years. The characteristic imaging findings are sufficient for the diagnosis. Surgical excision of the lesion is only indicated in cases where a functional limitation is present.

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar que para Marx o caráter social da produção capitalista é imposto aos produtores privados por meio da concorrência. Uma consequência direta dessa forma de resolução do caráter social da produção é que a reprodução social tem caráter turbulento, que contrasta com a ideia de equilíbrio.

The aim of this paper is to show that for Marx, the social character of capitalist production is imposed upon private producers through competition. One direct consequence of this type of resolution of the social nature of production is that social reproduction has a turbulent character that contrasts with equilibrium.

Este trabalho visa a apresentar uma reflexão crítica sobre a tecnologia a partir da obra de Marx. A tecnologia é compreendida como forma de organização do processo de trabalho sob as relações de produção capitalista. O processo de trabalho capitalista é apreendido como um duplo processo de objetivação e dessubjetivação do trabalho, sendo este último resultado da aplicação ao processo de produção das ciências que tem o homem como objeto.

The purpose of this paper is to present a critical account of technology on the grounds of Marx's work. Technology is understood as a form of organization of work process under capitalist production relations. Capitalist work process is understood as a dual process of objectivation and unsubjectivation of work. Unsubjectivation of work is the result of application in work process of sciences that have man in its many dimensions as object.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o crescimento em diâmetro em função da idade, de povoamentos naturais de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, nas regiões fitogeográficas do Planalto Médio, Encosta Superior do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, utilizou-se a equação de crescimento de Backman, que se mostrou eficiente com aplicação de variáveis dummy, permitindo identificar diferenças no crescimento para as regiões estudadas, havendo a necessidade de equações separadas para cada local, o que permitiu minimizar os erros de estimativas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, em cada região, a espécie apresentou forma e crescimento diamétrico diferenciado. Na Serra do Sudeste, o incremento médio anual em diâmetro foi de 0,96 cm/ano aos 33 anos; no Planalto Médio, de 0,95 cm/ano aos 22 anos; e, na Encosta Superior do Nordeste, de 1,04 cm/ano aos 20 anos de idade, indicando um bom potencial de crescimento médio.

ABSTRACT The present work aimed to study the natural stand of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze growth in diameter in function of the age, in Medium Plateau, Leans Superior of the Northeast and Mountain of the Southeast phytogeographics areas of Rio Grande do Sul. For this, the Backman’s growth equation had been used, showing to be efficient with application of dummy variables, allowing identifying differences in growth for the studied areas, having the need of separating equations to each place, what allowed minimizing the estimates errors. The obtained results demonstrate that in each area the species presented form and differentiated diametric growth. In the Southeast Mountain, the average annual increment in diameter had been 0,96 cm/year at 33 years; in the Medium Plateau, 0,95 cm/year at 22 years; and in the Northeast Superior Hillside, 1,04 cm/year at 20 years-old, indicating a good potential of medium growth.