ABSTRACT: Common bean is a worldwide important crop. The development of varieties with durable resistance to diseases is a major challenge in common bean breeding. The present study aimed at evaluating the phenotypic and molecular selection of anthracnose resistance in a population obtained by assisted backcrossing from IAC Formoso (resistant, donor parent) × BRS Pérola (susceptible, recurrent parent). Nine microsatellites (SSRs) and one Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) markers previously linked to ANT resistance were used to genotype this progeny, and the results showed that the selection of the genotypes closest to the donor parent in the BC1F1 population decreased the number of backcrossing cycles necessary to obtain advanced isogenic lines, potentiating the use of this tool for early selection of resistant cultivars. A total of 31 % of the BC1F1 progeny was selected and backcrossed again. The progeny derived from the second backcross (BC2F3) was selected for the Carioca grain ideotype, and 42 % of the genotypes showed high resistance to anthracnose under controlled conditions of infection for races 65 and 81. Superior resistant plants were selected and evaluated under natural conditions of infection to fusarium wilt and angular leaf spot, allowing the selection of two inbred lines with higher resistance to anthracnose, fusarium wilt, angular leaf spot and postharvest quality traits such as yield, 100 seed weight, L value at seed harvest grain darkening and cooking time. The approach outlined in this paper proved to be effective to simultaneously select for disease resistance without losing technological quality aspects of the bean.

Abstract Common bacterial blight (CBB) is an important disease in Phaseolus vulgaris L. A carioca diversity panel (CDP) composed of 149 cultivars of common bean was genotyped with 1,616 SNPs and evaluated for Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xap) resistance aiming to identify QTLs. Phenotypic evaluation was done in controlled conditions. The plants displayed in a randomized block design, with 3 replications were evaluated ten days after inoculation. GWAS analysis using the BLINK model identified one SNP on chromosome Pv07, with a different genomic location in relation to previous studies. Considering a confidence interval of 100 kb, gene annotation identified 13 candidate genes related to defense-associated genes, and their key functional motives were discussed. The marker identified may constitute an important resource for future marker assisted CBB resistance breeding.

Abstract IAC Nuance and IAC Tigre are special common bean cultivars for consumption in Brazil and for international markets. IAC Nuance has a 75-day cycle, with cranberry type rajado (streaked/dappled) bean seeds. IAC Tigre has 85-day cycle, a cream-colored seed coat with brown specks (pinto bean type). These cultivars are moderately resistant to anthracnose, angular leaf spot, fusarium wilt, common bacterial blight, and bacterial wilt.

Abstract IAC 1849 Polaco is a common bean cultivar with a carioca (beige/cream-colored with brown stripes) seed coat, 75-day mean maturity , semi-upright plant architecture, tolerance to seed darkening, mean 1000-seed weight of 240 grams, resistance to the main diseases in common bean, and mean seed yield of 2464 kg ha-1 obtained in 18 experiments.

Abstract IAC Netuno, a black common bean cultivar with high grain yield potential, 2968.20 kg ha-¹, upright plant architecture and Type II indeterminate growth habit, about a 90-day cycle, and 1000-seed weight of 230 grams, recommended for all common bean crop seasons in the state of São Paulo.

Abstract IAC 1850 is a common bean cultivar with a carioca (beige-colored with brown stripes) seed coat, average cycle of 88 days, semi-upright plant architecture, tolerance to seed coat darkening, 1000 seed weight of 280 grams, resistance to the main diseases in common bean, and a high average yield (2,857 kg ha-1) obtained in 36 experiments conducted in different regions in Brazil.

Abstract IAC Sintonia, new common bean cultivar, was developed to incorporate moderate resistance to the main pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum allied to great grain yield observed, 5,750.00 kg ha-1. IAC Sintonia has semi-upright architecture and indeterminate growth habit (Type II), cycle is around 90 days and, 1000 seed weight of 280 grams.

Abstract The common bean is characterized by high sensitivity to drought and low productivity. Breeding for drought resistance in this species involves genes of different genetic groups. In this work, we used a SEA 5 x AND 277 cross to map quantitative trait loci associated with drought tolerance in order to assess the factors that determine the magnitude of drought response in common beans. A total of 438 polymorphic markers were used to genotype the F8 mapping population. Phenotyping was done in two greenhouses, one used to simulate drought and the other to simulate irrigated conditions. Fourteen traits associated with drought tolerance were measured to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The map was constructed with 331 markers that covered all 11 chromosomes and had a total length of 1515 cM. Twenty-two QTLs were discovered for chlorophyll, leaf and stem fresh biomass, leaf biomass dry weight, leaf temperature, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed weight, days to flowering, dry pod weight and total yield under well-watered and drought (stress) conditions. All the QTLs detected under drought conditions showed positive effects of the SEA 5 allele. This study provides a better understanding of the genetic inheritance of drought tolerance in common bean.

Abstract Angular leaf spot (ALS) and powdery mildew (PWM) are two important fungi diseases causing significant yield losses in common beans. In this study, a new genetic linkage map was constructed using single sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in a segregating population derived from the AND 277 x SEA 5 cross, with 105 recombinant inbred lines. Phenotypic evaluations were performed in the greenhouse to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance by means of the composite interval mapping analysis. Four QTLs were identified for ALS resistance. The QTL ALS11AS, linked on the SNP BAR 5054, mapped on chromosome Pv11, showed the greatest effect (R2 = 26.5%) on ALS phenotypic variance. For PWM resistance, two QTLs were detected, PWM2AS and PWM11AS, on Pv2 and Pv11, explaining 7% and 66% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. Both QTLs on Pv11 were mapped on the same genomic region, suggesting that it is a pleiotropic region. The present study resulted in the identification of new markers closely linked to ALS and PWM QTLs, which can be used for marker-assisted selection, fine mapping and positional cloning.

Because of the continuous introduction of germplasm from abroad, some collections have a high number of accessions, making it difficult to explore the genetic variability present in a germplasm bank for conservation and breeding purposes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify and analyze the structure of genetic variability among 500 common bean accessions to construct a core collection. A total of 58 SSRs were used for this purpose. The polymorphism information content (PIC) in the 180 common bean accessions selected to compose the core collection ranged from 0.17 to 0.86, and the discriminatory power (DP) ranged from 0.21 to 0.90. The 500 accessions were clustered into 15 distinct groups and the 180 accessions into four distinct groups in the Structure analysis. According to analysis of molecular variance, the most divergent accessions comprised 97.2% of the observed genetic variability present within the base collection, confirming the efficiency of the selection criterion. The 180 selected accessions will be used for association mapping in future studies and could be potentially used by breeders to direct new crosses and generate elite cultivars that meet current and future global market needs.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de marcadores EST‑SSR na determinação da diversidade genética de genótipos de seringueira e verificar a transferibilidade destes marcadores para espécies silvestres de Hevea. Foram utilizados 45 acessos de seringueira (H. brasiliensis) do Instituto Agronômico e seis espécies silvestres. As informações fornecidas pela distância genética de Roger modificada foram usadas para analisar os dados de EST‑SSR. O agrupamento UPGMA dividiu as amostras em dois grandes grupos com alta diferenciação genética, enquanto o programa Structure distribuiu os 51 clones em oito grupos. Foi possível traçar um paralelo entre ambos os métodos de agrupamento. Os 30 EST‑SSRs polimórficos mostraram de dois a dez alelos e foram eficientes em amplificar as seis espécies silvestres. Microssatélites funcionais EST‑SSR são eficientes na avaliação da diversidade genética entre clones de seringueira e podem ser usados para traduzir diferenças genéticas entre cultivares e para gerar perfis genéticos de materiais próximos. Os acessos do Instituto Agronômico apresentam elevada diversidade genética. Os marcadores EST‑SSR, desenvolvidos para Hevea brasilensis, apresentam transferabilidade e são capazes de amplificar outras espécies de Hevea.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of EST‑SSR markers in the assessment of the genetic diversity of rubber tree genotypes (Hevea brasiliensis) and to verify the transferability of these markers for wild species of Hevea. Forty‑five rubber tree accessions from the Instituto Agronômico (Campinas, SP, Brazil) and six wild species were used. Information provided by modified Roger's genetic distance were used to analyze EST‑SSR data. UPGMA clustering divided the samples into two major groups with high genetic differentiation, while the software Structure distributed the 51 clones into eight groups. A parallel could be established between both clustering analyses. The 30 polymorphic EST‑SSRs showed from two to ten alleles and were efficient in amplifying the six wild species. Functional EST‑SSR microsatellites are efficient in evaluating the genetic diversity among rubber tree clones and can be used to translate the genetic differences among cultivars and to fingerprint closely related materials. The accessions from the Instituto Agronômico show high genetic diversity. The EST‑SSR markers, developed from Hevea brasiliensis, show transferability and are able to amplify other species of Hevea.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver novos marcadores microssatélites para feijão-comum. Noventa e nove novos locos de microssatélites foram desenvolvidos a partir de uma biblioteca enriquecida com motivos (CT)8 e (GT)8, proveniente da linhagem CAL-143. A maioria dos microssatélites (51%) esteve relacionada ao metabolismo celular. As demais seqüências estiveram associadas a funções de transcrição. Apenas 17,2% das seqüências apresentaram alguma semelhança com genes de outras espécies.

The objective of this work was to develop new microsatellite markers in common bean. Ninety nine new microsatelitte loci were developed from a microsatellite enriched library for (CT)8 and (GT)8 motifs, from CAL-143 line. The majority of microsatellite sequences (51%) was related to cellular metabolism. The remaining sequences were associated to transcription functions. Only 17.2% of the sequences presented some level of similarity with other plant species genes.

Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos, um com polinização natural e outro com polinização controlada, em duas localidades do Estado de Minas Gerais (Campo Experimental do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA e Fazenda Experimental da UFLA, conhecida como "Vitorinha") em 2004/2005, para verificar e quantificar o efeito xênia em milho. Nos dois experimentos, marcadores microssatélites foram utilizados para distinguir grãos de origem cruzada dos resultantes de autopolinização. Para o estudo foram utilizados três híbridos simples, P 30F90, A 2555 e DKB 333 B, realizando todos os cruzamentos possíveis entre eles, incluindo os recíprocos. Nos dois ensaios, avaliaram-se amostras compostas de grãos coletados na região mediana de 10 espigas, tomadas aleatoriamente nas parcelas. Com base nos dados obtidos, por meio de análises de variância e o teste "t" para médias de dados não emparelhados, foi estimado o efeito xênia sobre o peso de grãos individuais e a massa de cem grãos. A utilização dos marcadores microssatélites foi eficiente, sendo possível diferenciar os cruzamentos dos híbridos em todos os arranjos. Conforme os híbridos envolvidos nos cruzamentos e a condição polinizador/receptor de cada um, foram observados efeitos xênia de diferentes magnitudes. Cruzamentos envolvendo 100% de alopólen provocaram aumentos de 7,3% (2,8 g) na massa de cem grãos, comparados com a mistura de 50%, demonstrando a influência da maior pressão de pólen estranho no incremento dessa característica. Em condições de polinização livre, observou-se um efeito médio de 12,6% (variando de 7,4% a 16,5%) no aumento da massa de grãos individuais. Com 100% de pólen estranho, o efeito xênia médio foi de 13,1% na massa de cem grãos e de 8,7% na massa de grãos individuais, tendo ocorrido, todavia, aumentos de 15,4% e 16,6% respectivamente, nessas características, nos cruzamentos mais favoráveis.

Two experiments, with natural and controlled pollination, were carried out at two sites in the State of Minas Gerais (in Experimental area of Biology Department of Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA and UFLA farm, known as "Vitorinha") during 2004/2005, in order to verify and quantify the xenia effects in maize. In both experiments microsatellite markers were used to discriminate kernels derived from crosses and from self-pollination, to detect the xenia effect. Three single cross hybrids were used P 30F90, A 2555 and DKB 333 B, and all possible crosses between them were established, including reciprocal ones. In both trials, composite kernels samples taken from the mid-region of 10 randomly collected ears were evaluated. Based on the evaluated obtained data, through analyses of variance and test "t" for means from unpaired data, the xenia effect on the individual grain weight and the weight of 100 kernels was estimated. The use of microsatellite markers could effectively differentiate the crosses from the selfings in both experiments in all possible combinations of the commercial hybrids used. According to the hybrids involved in the crosses, and the condition pollinator/receptor of each one, xenia effects of different magnitudes were observed. Crosses with 100% allopollen resulted in a 7.3% (2.8 g) increase of the weight of 100 grains compared to those with only 50% allopolen, demonstrating an influence of the greater pressure of foreign pollen on the trait increase. In open-pollinated plants, a mean effect of 12.6% (varying from 7.4 to 16.5%) was observed in the increase of individual grain weight. With 100% foreign pollen, the mean xenia effect was 13.1% on the weight of 100 grains and 8.7% on the individual grain weight, while increments of 15.4% and 16.6% in these traits, respectively, were observed in the most favorable crosses.

Bancos de germoplasma guardam amostras de genótipos, variedades melhoradas, crioulas e espécies selvagens, todas genericamente denominadas acessos. A importância da caracterização de bancos de germoplasma reside na identificação e no conhecimento de características relevantes para o melhoramento genético e para conservação ex situ do germoplasma. Avaliou-se a diversidade genética entre 220 acessos de feijoeiro de um banco brasileiro de germoplasma de feijoeiro localizado no IAC (Instituto Agronômico, Campinas), por meio de 23 descritores morfo-agronômicos e 19 locos de RAPD. Os acessos correspondem a genótipos do pool gênico andino e mesoamericano e também por cultivares resultantes de programas de melhoramento de feijoeiro. Os acessos mesoamericanos e as cultivares melhoradas foram agrupados em um mesmo grupo, distintamente dos acessos andinos. Com base nos dados moleculares, 47% de similaridade genética foi detectada entre acessos mesoamericanos e resultados semelhantes foram observados para as cultivares melhoradas (50%). Os andinos apresentaram 60% de similaridade genética. O cluster formado pelas cultivares melhoradas e genótipos mesoamericanos apresentou diferenças quanto à coloração do tegumento. Ambos os conjuntos de dados, moleculares e morfo-agronômicos, foram igualmente eficientes para quantificação e estruturação da diversidade genética de acessos de feijoeiro. Essas informações poderão ser utilizadas para orientação de cruzamentos e para a conservação adequada do banco de germoplasma de feijoeiro do IAC.

Germplasm banks store genotype samples, improved varieties, landraces and wild species, all generically denominated accessions. The importance of characterizing germplasm banks is based on the identification and knowledge of relevant traits for genetic improvement and ex situ germplasm conservation. Thus, the present study had as aim the evaluation of the genetic diversity among 220 accessions of a Brazilian common bean germplasm bank of the "Instituto Agronômico de Campinas" (IAC) by means of 23 morpho-agronomical descriptors and 19 RAPD loci. These accessions correspond to genotypes from the Andean and Middle American gene pool as well as from cultivars derived from common bean improvement programs. The Middle American accessions and the improved cultivars were clustered into one group, distinct from the one formed by the Andean accessions. In relation to the molecular data, 47% of the genetic similarity was detected among the Middle American accessions, and similar results were observed for the improved cultivars (50%). The Andean accessions revealed 60% of genetic similarity. The cluster constituted by the improved cultivars and the Middle American genotypes differed, basically, in tegument color. Both molecular and morpho-agronomical data sets were equally effective to quantify and organize the genetic diversity of common bean accessions. This information may be useful to direct crosses and for the proper organization of the IAC germplasm bank.