RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o entendimento de pais ou cuidadores de crianças em tratamento fonoaudiológico sobre a importância do envolvimento familiar no projeto terapêutico. Métodos Por meio de estudo clínico-qualitativo, analisou-se o conteúdo temático de treze entrevistas com pais ou cuidadores de crianças com transtorno fonológico, mediante os referenciais da Humanização do Cuidado em Saúde, do Cuidado Centrado na Pessoa e do Cuidado Centrado na Família. Resultados Alguns entrevistados consideravam importante o envolvimento familiar e participavam ativamente do cuidado. Outros, entretanto, ressaltaram que fatores contextuais (ambientais e pessoais) dificultavam sua participação no projeto terapêutico fora do cenário ambulatorial. Houve, também, quem não compreendia a necessidade de envolvimento familiar e concentrava sua crítica na assistência. Conclusão O projeto terapêutico de crianças com transtorno fonológico precisa contemplar os cuidadores e a família no plano de cuidados, tanto quanto a própria criança em tratamento. Nesse projeto, devem ser consideradas as percepções desses cuidadores e familiares relacionadas ao transtorno, contextualizadas em suas contingências existenciais e funcionais.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the understanding of parents or caregivers of children undergoing speech therapy regarding the importance of family involvement in the therapeutic project. Methods Through clinical-qualitative study, the thematic content of thirteen interviews with parents or caregivers of children with Speech Sound Disorder (SSD) was analyzed using the references of Humanization of Health Care, Person-Centered Care and Family-Centered Care. Results Some interviewees considered family involvement to be important and participated actively in care. Others, however, stressed that contextual factors (environmental and personal) hindered their participation in the therapeutic project outside the outpatient setting. Some did not understand the need for family involvement and focused their criticism on assistance. Conclusion The therapeutic project of children with SSD needs to include caregivers and family in the care plan, as well as the child being treated. In this project, the perceptions of these caregivers and family members related to SSD should be considered and contextualized in their existential and functional contingencies.

RESUMO: O dinoflagelado Piscinoodinium pillulare é um parasita com baixa especificidade parasitária e distribuição geográfica não específica. Este trabalho reporta um método simples e prático - o princípio da sedimentação espontânea - para identificar a presença de P. pillulare durante infestações maciças, que não requer o uso de equipamentos de precisão. A agitação em água dos arcos branquiais de peixes infestados permite, após um período de repouso, registrar o acúmulo de trofontes no fundo dos frascos. O método foi aplicado durante os surtos de P. pillulare em tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum e matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus, em pisciculturas comerciais da região Amazônica e provou ser eficaz.

ABSTRACT: The dinoflagellate Piscinoodinium pillulare is a parasite with low parasitic specificity and unspecific geographical distribution. This research reported a simple and practical method - the principle of spontaneous sedimentation - to identify the presence of P. pillulare during massive infestations which does not require using precision equipment. Agitation in water of the gill arches of infested fish will elicit, after a period of rest, recording the accumulation of trophonts in the bottom of flasks. The method was applied during outbreaks of P. pillulare in tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum and matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus, in fish farms of the Amazon region and proved to be effective.

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the impact of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae on the productive and economic performance of "tambaqui" reared in ponds. Two fish farms were selected, one with infected fish (IF) and the other with non-infected fish (NIF). Biometry, age, initial weight and handling data were collected from each studied specimen. Our results show that IF presented lower weight, evident loss of body mass and body deformities, reflecting on a condition factor 300% smaller than NIF. Infection by acanthocephalans caused an impact bigger than 200% on growth and affected the gross income directly, resulting in a difference higher than 1000% between IF and NIF farms. We conclude that this impact could be even greater if we consider both income decrease and raising production costs due to the parasite infection.

Abstract:INTRODUCTION:Despite the recommendations by interpretation of resistance ratios obtained in laboratory bioassays, little is known about the actual impact of these results in the effectiveness of vector control activities in the field. In this context, our objective was to determine the mean value of different resistance ratios obtained by laboratory bioassays performed as part of the chemical control strategies of Triatoma sordida in the field.METHODS:Field bioassays were developed in Monte Azul and Coração de Jesus (Southeast, Brazil). In each location, samples were formed with three domestic units treated with alpha-cypermethrin 20.0% (Alfatek (r) 200 SC). One day after spraying, 10 fifth-instar nymphs remained in contact with the surfaces treated (adobe with plaster, adobe without plaster, or wood) with insecticide in plastic cones for 72h. Three cones were exposed inside the intradomicile and the peridomicile. The insects in the control group were exposed to an insecticide-free piece of cardboard. Mortality was measured 72h after removal of the insects from the treated surfaces. The tests were realized in triplicate.RESULTS:Mortality was 100.0% in all locations, except for Monte Azul; Landinho (96.6%) and Coração de Jesus; Barriguda (96.6%).CONCLUSIONS:Although the resistant populations in laboratory tests proved to be susceptible in the field, this observation is not sufficient to suggest that the cut-off points used to justify the resistance ratio should be changed. In this sense, we recommend that laboratory and field bioassays are carried out with a greater number of Triatominae populations to allow more in-depth consideration of the subject.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a capacidade combinatória de 58 linhagens parentais de sorgo previamente selecionadas para tolerância ao Alumínio (Al). Cento e sessenta e cinco híbridos obtidos a partir do cruzamento destas linhagens foram avaliados em três níveis de saturação de Al. A saturação de Al reduziu a altura das plantas de sorgo, mas não alterou a data de florescimento dos híbridos. A Capacidade Geral de Combinação (CGC) das linhagens fêmeas foi significativa para todas as características. A CGC dos machos foi significativa somente para altura de plantas. A Capacidade Específica de Combinação (CEC) foi significativa somente para dias para florescimento. As linhagens com maior CGC para produção de grãos foram F7, F14, F17, F20, F21, F24, F29, F31, F41, F42, F48, F51, F54, e F55, sendo que F29, F48 e F51 também contribuíram para reduzir a data de florescimento dos híbridos. M2 foi a melhor linhagem-macho.

The purpose of this study was to estimate combining ability of 58 sorghum lines previously selected for Aluminum (Al) tolerance. One hundred sixty-five hybrids were evaluated at three levels of Al saturation (0%, 20% and 50%) at the same season. General Combining Ability (GCA) effects were significant for female lines for all three traits. GCA effects for male lines were significant only for plant height. Specific Combining Ability (SCA) effects were significant only for flowering time. The ratio GCA to SCA was greater than the unity, indicating the prevalence of additive effects for the control of Al tolerance. F7, F14, F17, F20, F21, F24, F29, F31, F41, F42, F48, F51, F54 and F55 lines contributed to increase yield, while F29, F48 and F51 also contributed to reduce flowering time. M2 was the best male line since it contributed to increase yield and plant height, and to reduce flowering time.

A Estratégia Saúde da Família é responsável por reorganizar o Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro por meio da Atenção Primária. O aumento substancial de programas e vagas para residência em Medicina de Família e Comunidade, ocorrido desde 2002, é uma das estratégias para suprir o crescente mercado de trabalho correspondente. Entretanto, menos da metade dessas vagas são ocupadas. A literatura brasileira apresenta poucas evidências sobre o motivo desta baixa procura. Alguns países que optaram pelo fortalecimento da Atenção Primária em seu sistema de saúde também experimentam uma crise aparente na escolha desta carreira pelos egressos médicos. Neste ensaio, revisamos algumas questões envolvidas nesta escolha, apontando sua complexidade e a necessidade de investigações sistematizadas sobre as motivações dos alunos de graduação em optarem ou não por esta especialidade médica, particularmente no Brasil.

The Family Health Strategy is responsible for supporting the reorganization of Brazil's Unified National Health System (SUS) through primary care. A substantial increase in available residency positions in family and community medicine is one of the main strategies for supplying the growing professional demand related to this health policy. However, few medical students have chosen the family health career in recent years, and more than half of the vacancies remain unoccupied. The Brazilian literature shows little evidence to explain this fact. Some countries with a strong background in primary health care have also experienced a crisis in the primary care career choice. The current article discusses several arguments involved in this issue, emphasizing its complexity and the need for more scientific data concerning undergraduate students' motivations in choosing this medical specialty as compared to others, particularly in Brazil.

Este trabalho relata a experiência, construída ao longo de dois anos, com o uso de estações de simulação da prática profissional no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do curso de graduação em Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Carlos. Seu referencial pedagógico está ancorado na concepção construtivista da aprendizagem e parte da premissa de que aprender não é reproduzir a realidade, mas ser capaz de elaborar uma representação pessoal sobre esta e seus conteúdos. Assim, a partir da vivência de situações simuladas, os estudantes são estimulados a ressignificar seus conhecimentos construindo novos saberes. Na Unidade Educacional Estações de Simulação da Prática Profissional, o estudante se defronta com pacientes simulados e tem a oportunidade de aprender fazendo, errando e aprendendo com os próprios erros. Ao refletir sobre o erro, constrói seu aprendizado por meio da identificação de lacunas de conhecimento e fundamenta cognitivamente suas capacidades. Professores acompanham o desenvolvimento dos estudantes, atuando ora como avaliadores, ora como facilitadores, ora como consultores. Esta estratégia pedagógica pode ser um instrumento poderoso para o desenvolvimento de competência na área clínica.

This article reports on a two-year experience with Professional Practice Simulations (PPS) as a teaching/learning process in the undergraduate medical course at the Federal University in Sao Carlos, Brazil. This medical school's pedagogical approach is based on the constructivist conception of learning and the premise that learning is not reproducing reality, but being capable of elaborating a personal representation of reality and its contents. From this perspective, after experiencing simulated situations, students are encouraged to re-signify their previous scope of information, building new significant knowledge. In this educational unit (PPS), students interact with simulated patients and have the opportunity to learn by doing and analyzing their mistakes. While students reflect on their errors, they can identify the gaps in their knowledge and cognitively substantiate their skills. Teachers interact with students as evaluators, facilitators, or consultants. This pedagogical strategy can be a powerful tool for developing clinical skills.

Analyzing social, behavior and morbidity data of serum-positive individuals to the test anti-HIV in a Brazilian town city, they were detected: diffusion of the virus of the human immunedeficiency by via heterosexual, in epidemic profile similar to the HIV/AIDS appearance time in the world economically underdeveloped; change of sexual behavior from people when they notice they were involved with HIV; importance of the access to the attendance in the reduction of the morbidity of infected people with HIV and for the transmissibility of this disease in the community. The affected population was between 20 and 49 years and lower socioeconomic level, where the illicit use of drugs was not a risk event, the use of alcoholic drink was an important prominence. The morbidity owed HIV was from low seriousness to moderate one and the answer to the treatment was excellent, with just few collateral effects. Pregnant women had access to the treatment when they were still in good health conditions, but with levels of significant viral load for the vertical HIV transmission

Se detectó al realizar el análisis de los datos sobre la conducta social y morbilidad de los individuos encontrados seropositivos en una prueba de VIH realizada en una pequeña ciudad brasileña lo siguiente: diseminación del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana por la vía heterosexual; perfil de la epidemia similar al del momento de la aparición del VIH/SIDA en el mundo subdesarrollado; cambio de la conducta sexual en las personas cuando se dieron cuenta de que tenían el VIH; la importancia del acceso a la atención de salud en la reducción de la morbilidad de los individuos afectados con el VIH y de la transmisibilidad de esta enfermedad en el seno de la comunidad. La edad de la población afectada osciló entre los 20 y los 49 años y presentó un bajo nivel socioeconómico donde el uso de drogas ilícitas no constituyó un factor de riesgo, si bien el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas fue predominante. La morbilidad por VIH fue de menos crítica a moderada y la respuesta al tratamiento fue excelente, registrándose pocos efectos colaterales. Las embarazadas tuvieron acceso al tratamiento cuando todavía disfrutaban de un buen estado de salud, pero con niveles significativos de carga viral para la transmisión vertical del VIH

The synthesis and NMR analysis of seven new 4-(aryl)amino-5-carboethoxy-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4- b]pyridines (7-13) are described. The synthetic approach used involved the preparation of intermediates 5-aminopyrazol (4), the enamine derivative (5) and the 4-chloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (6). Compounds (7-13) were obtained by treatment of 6 with the desired aniline. The structures of new heterocyclic compounds and their precursors intermediates were assigned on the basis of spectral analysis including 1D and 2D NMR experiments [¹H; 13C{¹H} and DEPT; ¹H x ¹H - COSY; ¹H x13C - COSY, nJ CH, n = 1, 2 or 3 (HETECOR and COLOC)].

Body fluid ionic content of fishes varies with ambient. Variations in the plasmatic ionic concentration have also been related with sex or maturation cycle, once that reproduction modifies metabolic processes. In fishes, the gallbladder is an important osmoregulatory organ. So, the present work has been focused on the relation of plasmatic and biliar electrolytes with sex and maturation cycle, of the teleost fish Prochilodus scrofa at the resting and mature stages of gonadal cycle. The animals (28 males and 30 females) were collected at Cachoeira de Emas (Pirassununga, São Paulo) and they were fasted for three days before the experiments. Deteminations of Na+, K+, Mg++, and Ca++ were made by spectophotometry and Cl- by microtitulation. Comparisons of ionic content between sex and maturation cycle were assessed using analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keuls test. In this work it was seen that in males and females at resting and mature stages, there are no difference at ionic plasmatic content. K+ contents were higher in the bile of mature males than in resting ones. Mg++ biliar contents were higher in resting males than in resting and mature males. Na+, Ca++ e Cl- contents have no difference. Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ contents were higher in the bile than in the plasma. Cl- content was higher in plasma than in bile. Variations related with proteic synthesis, and another metabolic processes during cycle, may be the reason of variations in the biliar ionic content.

Os 102 aparelhos digestivos analisados foram provenientes de espécimes capturados no Pantanal de Mato Grosso, nos municípios do Poconé e Barão de Melgaço. O estudo da vegetação aquática, ciliar e de áreas inundáveis foi conduzido nas áreas onde os espécimes de "pacu" foram capturados. Foram considerados também dados biométricos do "pacu", tais como: comprimento total do esôfago, do intestino e do estômago.

This study is part of the "pacu" (Colossoma mitrei Berg 1895) project of biotecnology. The studies were conducted in areas of Pantanal, municipalities of Poconé and Barão de Melgaço (Mato Grosso, Brasil). In conjunction with the vegetation study, the stomach contents od 102 espécimes of "pacu" were analized. The results indicate that Colossoma mitrei's custom feeding is herbivorous.