Summary Skin fistulas of odontogenic origin are abnormal channels originating from chronic dental infectious processes, which flow into the mucosal surface of the oral or skin cavity. The diagnosis is clinical and confirmed with panoramic radiography. Differential diagnoses are mainly actinomycosis, chronic cutaneous tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, and neoplasms. Treatment consists of surgical removal of the cause and the fistulous tract.

Resumen Las fístulas cutáneas de origen odontogénico son canales anómalos originados a partir de procesos infecciosos dentarios crónicos,que desembocan en la superficie de la mucosa de la cavidad oral o cutánea. El diagnóstico es clínico y se confirma con radiografía panorámica. Los diagnósticos diferenciales son principalmente actinomicosis, tuberculosis cutánea crónica, histoplasmosis y neoplasias. El tratamiento consiste en la extracción quirúrgica de la causa y del trayectofistuloso.

The mandible condylar process cartilage (CP) of Wistar rats is a secondary cartilage and acts as a mandibular growth site. This phenomenon depends on adequate proteins intake and hormone actions, including insulin.ObjectivesThe present study evaluated the morphological aspects and the expression of the insulin receptor (IR) in the cartilage of the condylar process (CP) of rats subjected to protein undernourishment.Material and MethodsThe nourished group received a 20% casein diet, while the undernourished group (U) received a 5% casein diet. The re-nourished groups, R and RR, were used to assess the effects of re-nutrition during puberty and adulthood, respectively. CPs were processed and stained with picro-sirius red, safranin-O and azocarmine. Scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were also performed.ResultsThe area of the CP cartilage and the number of cells in the chondroblastic layer decreased in the U group, as did the thickness of the CP layer in the joint and hypertrophic layer. Renourishment during the pubertal stage, but not during the adult phase, restored these parameters. The cell number was restored when re-nutrition occurred in the pubertal stage, but not in the adult phase. The extracellular matrix also decreased in the U group, but was restored by re-nutrition during the pubertal stage and further increased in the adult phase. IR expression was observed in all CPs, being higher in the chondroblastic and hypertrophic cartilage layers. The lowest expression was found in the U and RR groups.ConclusionsProtein malnutrition altered the cellularity, the area, and the fibrous cartilage complex, as well as the expression of the IRs.

New records of Leptohyphidae for Northeastern Brazil are provided. Previously, only Tricorythopsis bahiensis Dias, Salles & Ferreira had been recorded in this region, but we now record one species of Amanahyphes Salles & Molineri, one of Leptohyphes Eaton, three of Traverhyphes Molineri, three of Tricorythodes Ulmer, and seven of Tricorythopsis Traver. Two of these species are recorded for the first time in Brazil. As all of these species are reported, the Northeastern Brazil became the second most diverse geographic region in Brazil in Leptohyphidae.