ABSTRACT: Although the burrower bug (Cyrtomenus mirabilis) is considered a vitalsoil pest in peanut crops, Arachis hypogaea L., in South America, there is little information on its occurrence and damage characterization. This study aimed to evaluate the vertical distribution and fluctuation of the burrower bug in the soil and the damage this species causes in peanuts. Two peanut cultivars (IAC OL3 and IAC 503) were evaluated in three locations in the state of São Paulo: Pindorama, Ribeirão Preto and Votuporanga, in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 harvests. Trenches were dug 0.5 m long, 0.3 m wide and 0.3 m deep, along plant lines at four spots on each sampling date, and stratified in layers 10 cm deep. Plant samples (0.5 m) were collected and evaluated for number of pods and percentage of kernels with symptoms of insect damage. More than 85 % of the C. mirabilis population was found in depths of up to 10 cm, especially after plant fructification, and an increase in nymphs from 100 days after sowing (DAS) was seen when an increased number of maturing pods was observed. The occurrence of nymphs and adults of C. mirabilis and their damage to peanut kernels was similar in both cultivars (IAC OL3 and IAC 503), when these were harvested according to their developmental cycles.

ABSTRACT Conservation agriculture principles applied to peanut can reduce soil erosion and production costs when cultivated in rotation with sugarcane. Still, the problem with soil compaction is the leading cause of skepticism about the efficacy of this practice. This research aimed to study the effect of three soil management strategies compared with conventional for peanut cv. IAC-OL3, cultivated in rotation with sugarcane using the MEIOSI (method of intercropping occurring simultaneously) system for agronomic practices with additional analysis on changes in soil physics properties. The trial was conducted in 2019-2020 in Planalto municipality (São Paulo, Brazil) under a green-harvested sugarcane field, using a randomized complete block experimental design. The trial consisted of four soil management treatments (conventional tillage, minimum tillage with chisel, strip-tillage, and no-tillage) with five replications. Although no differences were verified in soil bulk density and porosity among treatments, the highest values of soil penetration resistance were observed in no-tillage treatment for all evaluations (before planting, at the beginning of flowering, and before and after harvesting) in comparison with conventional tillage. The difference in soil penetration resistance among the treatments diminished from planting to the end of the cycle. Furthermore, low soil disturbance and maximum covering with straw significantly increased the available water capacity and reduced the incidence and severity of groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) on peanut plants. Consequently, both minimum-tillage and no-tillage have increased the pod yield on average by 695 and 991 kg ha-1 more than strip-tillage and conventional tillage, respectively, without differences in terms of quality and pod losses.

Abstract ‘IAC Sempre Verde’ is a medium-seeded runner-type peanut highly resistant to late leaf spot and rust, the main diseases in peanut cultivation in Brazil. The newly released cultivar showed remarkable yield advantage over controls when diseases were not controlled and represents the first possibility for peanut cultivation under “Organic” management.

ABSTRACT Estimating stability and adaptability parameters of cultivars is a widely used study to access the genotype × environment interaction, in order to identify the best genotypes for each cultivation area. In this study, the adaptability and stability parameters were estimated in eight high-oleic lines and two peanut cultivars in 11 experiments in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2008 to 2013, based on the data of the plots mean productivity (Kg·ha–1), with the objective of recommending the most productive genotypes in peanut producing regions in the State of São Paulo. The design used for these experiments was the randomized complete blocks, with four replications. Lines L. 599 and L. 551 were the best genotypes regarding overall adaptability and stability in yield, considering the methods of Eberhart and Russell and of Lin and Binns modified by Carneiro. Results produced by both methods were convergent as for the classification of the lines, and the use of one of them would not be detrimental to the recommendation of productive lines associated to production adaptability and stability. The overall adaptability in addition to the stability in the productivity of the lines here evaluated showed outstanding performance in relation to the cultivars IAC Caiapó and Runner IAC 886.

Abstract IAC OL 5 is a new peanut cultivar recommended to growers of peanut regions of the state of São Paulo as another option for planting during the intervals of sugarcane renewal. Its main traits are its runner growing habit, its moderate resistance to virus and foliar diseases, and the high oleic trait.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação de bactérias promotoras de crescimento sobre a formação de mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar, oriundas de gemas individualizadas, e quantificar o crescimento inicial dessas mudas, em associação à aplicação de nitrogênio, em solo de baixa fertilidade. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos: um em casa de vegetação, com duração de 50 dias, e o outro, em vasos no campo, com duração de 180 dias. Em ambos os experimentos, utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x3, no primeiro experimento - com ou sem inoculante, e com três quantidades de reserva nas gemas -, e 2x2x4, no segundo - com ou sem inoculante, com ou sem nitrogênio, avaliados em quatro épocas: aos 45, 90, 135 e 180 dias. O inoculante produziu efeito na fase inicial de crescimento das mudas pré-brotadas, com aumento na velocidade de brotação e no acúmulo da matéria seca de raízes e da parte aérea, independentemente da quantidade de reserva da gema. No segundo experimento, o inoculante promoveu ganhos no crescimento inicial da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, até os 180 dias após o transplantio, com aumento em altura, perfilhamento, diâmetro do colmo, produção da matéria seca de colmos e de palha e do comprimento radicular, independentemente da aplicação de nitrogênio. O inoculante tem efeito fisiológico positivo sobre o crescimento das plantas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria on the formation of sugarcane pre-sprouted seedlings, originated from individual buds, and to quantify the initial growth of these seedlings in association with nitrogen application, in a low fertility soil. Two experiments were carried out: one in greenhouse conditions, with a time span of 50 days, and the other in vases under field conditions, with a time span of 180 days. In both experiments, a randomized complete block design was used with a factorial arrangement of 2x3, in the first experiment - with or without inoculation, and with three quantities of bud reserve -, and of 2x2x4, in the second one - with or without inoculation, with or without nitrogen, evaluated in four times: at 45, 90, 135, and 180 days. The inoculant had effect on the initial growth of the pre-sprouted seedlings, increasing sprouting speed and dry matter accumulation on roots and shoots, regardless of the bud reserve amount. In the second experiment, the inoculant increased the initial growth of shoots and root system up to 180 days after transplantation, increasing height, tillering, stalk diameter, dry matter production of stalks and straw, and root length, regardless of nitrogen application. The inoculant has a positive physiological effect on plant growth.

The Instituto Agronômico de Campinas - IAC registered the carioca type common bean cultivar IAC Milênio. The cultivar has a mean yield of 2831 kg ha-1, high grain quality with tolerance to darkening, and resistance to Fusarium oxysporum and physiological races 81, 89, and 95 of the anthracnose pathogen (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum).

O sistema de plantio pode influenciar atributos físicos e químicos do solo, alterando o desenvolvimento das raízes das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do sistema plantio direto (PD) e o do preparo convencional (PC) e o uso de calcário (0 e 2,0 t ha-1) no sistema radicular da cana-de-açúcar. Este estudo foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, em experimento de longa duração, iniciado em 1998, após três ciclos de quatro anos com colheita sem queima da palha. Foram realizadas coletas de amostras de solo para avaliação de alguns atributos físicos (densidade, porosidade e resistência à penetração) e de fertilidade do solo. Para a coleta de raízes, foi utilizada sonda amostradora em quatro épocas definidas pelo balanço hídrico da região, sendo a amostragem realizada em seis pontos equidistantes à linha da soqueira, em camadas de 0,20 m até 1,0 m de profundidade. O PD e o uso de calcário resultaram em valores mais elevados dos atributos relacionados à aplicação do calcário, como V% e teores de Ca, apenas na camada superficial. Os valores de densidade e resistência foram mais elevados no PD e na entrelinha. Na linha de plantio, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. A cana-de-açúcar manteve, em média, cerca de 4,0 t ha-1 de raízes no solo na camada até 1,0 m de profundidade. Houve diferença significativa entre as camadas e as posições de amostragem e, embora as raízes da cana-de-açúcar se concentrem na superfície e próximo da soqueira, 25 a 30 % das raízes estão na entrelinha (0,6 m da soqueira) e 15 a 30 % estão abaixo de 0,60 m, indicando que as raízes da cana-de-açúcar exploram grande volume de solo. A variação na quantidade de raízes foi mais influenciada pela condição hídrica do solo do que pelas práticas de manejo. A maior quantidade de raiz foi determinada no máximo excedente hídrico; e a menor, na época de reposição hídrica do solo. As maiores variações na quantidade de raízes entre épocas foram observadas no PC e sem aplicação de calcário. Os tratamentos PD e com calcário mantiveram a massa radicular com menor variação ao longo das épocas de amostragem. As alterações físicas e químicas do solo por influência do PD e calcário não foram suficientes para alterar significativamente o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular da cana-de-açúcar.

The cultivation system can influence physical and chemical soil properties by changing the root development of crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) and of liming (0 and 2.0 t ha-1) on the root system of sugarcane. The study was conducted on an Oxisol in a long-term experiment initiated in 1998, after three sugarcane cycles of four years without burning the cane trash at harvest. The soil was sampled to evaluate some physical properties (density, porosity and penetration resistance) and soil fertility. Roots were sampled with a probe, in four seasons defined by the regional soil water balance, at six sampling points equidistant from the crop rows, in 0.20 m layers down to a depth of 1.0 m. As a result, no-tillage with liming resulted in highest values of the liming-related properties, such as base saturation and calcium concentrations in the surface layer only. Soil density and soil resistance were highest under no-tillage and between the rows. In the crop row there was no difference among treatments. On average, about 4.0 Mg ha-1 of sugarcane roots remained in the soil layer to a depth of 1.0 m. The differences among layers and sampling positions were significant, and although the sugarcane roots were concentrated at the surface and near the crop rows, 25-30 % of the roots were in the interrows (0.6 m away from the row) and 15-30 % below 0.60 m, indicating that sugarcane roots explore a large soil volume. The variation in the root biomass was more influenced by crop growth and soil water status than by management practices. The root biomass was largest at the maximum water surplus and lowest at the time of soil water recharge. The largest variations in the root biomass between seasons were observed in the conventional system without liming. In the no-tillage treatments with liming the root mass varied little with sampling times. The changes in physical and chemical soil properties under the influence of no-tillage and limestone were not sufficient to significantly affect the development of the sugarcane root system.

IAC OL 3 and IAC OL 4 peanut cultivars are new releases of Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Campinas, SP. These cultivars were developed to attend the demand of the Brazilian peanut business for high oleic runner cultivars, whose cycle can be better adjusted to the areas of sugarcane renewal than other runner cultivars.

The maintenance of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) straw on a soil surface increases the soil carbon (C) stocks, but at lower rates than expected. This fact is probably associated with the soil management adopted during sugarcane replanting. This study aimed to assess the impact on soil C stocks and the humification index of soil organic matter (SOM) of adopting no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) for sugarcane replanting. A greater C content and stock was observed in the NT area, but only in the 0-5 cm soil layer (p < 0.05). Greater soil C stock (0-60 cm) was found in soil under NT, when compared to CT and the baseline. While C stock of 116 Mg ha-1 was found in the baseline area, in areas under CT and NT systems the values ranged from 120 to 127 Mg ha-1. Carbon retention rates of 0.67 and 1.63 Mg C ha-1 year-1 were obtained in areas under CT and NT, respectively. Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy showed that CT makes the soil surface (0-20 cm) more homogeneous than the NT system due to the effect of soil disturbance, and that the SOM humification index (H LIF) is larger in CT compared to NT conditions. In contrast, NT had a gradient of increasing H LIF, showing that the entry of labile organic material such as straw is also responsible for the accumulation of C in this system. The maintenance of straw on the soil surface and the adoption of NT during sugarcane planting are strategies that can increase soil C sequestration in the Brazilian sugarcane sector.

A ferrugem polissora, causada por Puccinia polysora Underw. é uma das doenças mais destrutivas da cultura do milho, ocorrendo em importantes áreas de produção desta cultura no Brasil. A principal forma de controle desta doença é o uso de cultivares resistentes, havendo no mercado um grande número de cultivares com diferentes graus de resistência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de cultivares comerciais de milho quanto à resistência à ferrugem polissora, em diferentes localidades no Estado de São Paulo, correlacionando com a produtividade. Foram avaliados 50 híbridos simples e triplos (HST) e 22 híbridos duplos e variedades de milho (HDV) em uso pelos agricultores no ano agrícola 2005/2006 quanto à sua reação à ferrugem polissora em seis locais nas regiões oeste e centro-norte do Estado de São Paulo. Nos experimentos com HST, as cultivares mais resistentes e que tiveram as maiores produtividades foram: 30F80, 30F90, 30K73, AG 7000, DAS 2B710, DKB 191, DKB 466 e Impacto. Dentre os HDV, destacaram-se como as mais resistentes e apresentando as maiores produtividades: 30S40 e AG 2040. A redução de produtividade em função da severidade da ferrugem polissora, avaliada no estádio de grãos pastosos, variou de 3,5% para cultivares com aproximadamente 2,5% de área foliar afetada a 20,3% para cultivares com, em média, 39% de área foliar afetada, em relação às cultivares com maior resistência à doença (1,4% de área foliar afetada).

Southern rust, caused by Puccinia polysora Underw., has become one of the most destructive diseases affecting maize, occurring in important areas of production of this crop in Brazil. Using resistant cultivars is the most efficient means to control this disease, and there are a large number of cultivars with different resistance degrees in the market. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reaction of commercial maize cultivars for resistance to southern rust in different localities of São Paulo State, correlated to yield. A total of 50 simple and triple hybrids (HST) and 22 double hybrids and varieties of maize (HDV) in use by farmers were evaluated in 2005/2006 for their reaction to southern rust in six locations in western and north-central regions of São Paulo State. In the experiments with HST, the most resistant cultivars with the highest yields were: 30F80, 30F90, 30K73, AG 7000, DAS 2B710, DKB 191, DKB 466 and Impacto. Among HDV, the most resistant ones presenting the highest yields were: 30S40 and AG 2040. Yield losses due to the severity of southern rust, assessed in the stage of pastry grain, ranged from 3.5%, for cultivars with approximately 2.5% of leaf area affected by the disease, to 20.3% for cultivars with 39% of the leaf area affected, compared to cultivars of higher resistance to the disease (1.4% affected leaf area).

Foram realizados 16 experimentos em campo, no ano agrícola de 2001/02, nas principais regiões produtoras de algodão do Estado de São Paulo, objetivando avaliar o comportamento de 12 genótipos de algodoeiro em relação à produtividade, à qualidade da fibra e à resistência a seis doenças da cultura. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, cada uma delas representada por duas linhas de 5 metros de comprimento. Diferenças substanciais foram observadas entre os genótipos com respeito à produtividade, quer de algodão em caroço, quer de fibra. Apesar de se mostrar destacada em alguns genótipos, a porcentagem de fibra não constituiu fator predominante na produção de fibra por área. Entre as 12 cultivares estudadas, somente "CNPA ITA 90" e "BRS IPÊ" apresentaram bom índice de resistência à ramularia. Por outro lado, a "IAC 24" apresentou bom índice para murcha de Fusarium, nematóides e ramulose, as três doenças mais destrutíveis. A maioria das cultivares e linhagens estudadas revelou suscetibilidade a uma ou mais das doenças estudadas, não apresentando genótipo com resistência múltipla a todas as doenças consideradas.

In the 2001/02 growing season 16 field experiments were conducted in the main cotton producing regions of the state of São Paulo to evaluate the performance of 12 cotton genotypes for yield, fiber quality and resistance to six diseases of the crop. A randomized complete block design with four replications, which were represented by two five-meter-long rows now used. Substantial differences between genotypes were observed for both cotton seed and fiber. Although outstanding in some genotypes, the fiber percentage was not a determining factor of fiber yield per area. Among the 12 genotypes studied, only 'CNPA ITA 90' and 'BRS IPÊ' presented good index of resistance to the ramularia. On the other hand, 'IAC 24' presented good index for Fusarium, nematodes and ramulose, the three more destructible diseases.Most of the evalueted cultivars and lines were susceptible to one or more diseases; none of them showed multiple resistance to all diseases.

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Therefore, the amount of SOM is important for soil management for sustainable agriculture. The objective of this work was to evaluate the amount of SOM in oxisols by different methods and compare them, using principal component analysis, regarding their limitations. The methods used in this work were Walkley-Black, elemental analysis, total organic carbon (TOC) and thermogravimetry. According to our results, TOC and elemental analysis were the most satisfactory methods for carbon quantification, due to their better accuracy and reproducibility.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de sistemas conservacionistas de manejo do solo sobre características agronômicas de cultivares de amendoim com hábitos de crescimento contrastantes, foram instalados sete ensaios de campo; seis em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (Ribeirão Preto, SP) e um em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (Pindorama, SP), todos em renovação de canaviais colhidos sem queima prévia. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos principais foram os sistemas de manejo - convencional, cultivo mínimo e plantio direto - e os secundários, as cultivares IAC-Tatu ST e IAC-Caiapó. Não há diferença estatística para produção de vagens e grãos e número de estruturas reprodutivas, entre manejos conservacionistas e convencional, porém pode haver redução no estande final de plantas. Em três dos sete ensaios houve interação significativa entre cultivar e sistema de manejo. A cultivar IAC-Caiapó é menos responsiva às diferenças de manejo do solo. O plantio direto pode proporcionar aumento de 6,5 a 9% no índice de rendimento de grãos e apresentar maior conteúdo de água no solo em período de seca.

Field studies were conducted from 2000 to 2005 to evaluate the effects of conservation tillage on agronomic characteristics of two peanut cultivars, cultivated in rotation with sugarcane harvested without burning. Tillage systems included reduced tillage, no-tillage, and conventional tillage, which were arranged in a split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications in two different types of soil, Oxisol and Ultisol, located in Ribeirão Preto and Pindorama cities, SP, Brazil. Tillage treatments were main plots while subplots were peanut genotypes (IAC-Tatu ST and IAC-Caiapó). Results of seven experiments showed no statistic difference on pod yield, kernel yield, number of pods and pegs, between the conservation tillage systems and the conventional tillage, but a decrease on stand of plants can occur. Three out of seven experiments showed a significant interaction between the cultivar and tillage system. The response of different tillage systems for cv. IAC-Caiapó was lower than for cv. IAC-Tatu ST. No-tillage system can show increase (between 6.5 and 9%) on mature kernel rate as well as good or better soil moisture during a dry period.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido nos anos agrícolas de 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99 e 1999/00, em experimentos de campo nas localidades de Ribeirão Preto, Tietê, Guaíra, Campinas e Ilha Solteira, no Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso com doze tratamentos arranjados em um esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 2, visando estudar densidade de plantas (6 ; 10 e 14 plantas por metro); doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (40 e 60 kg.ha-1 de N) e modos de aplicação de regulador vegetal, com aplicação única, no início do florescimento ou parcelada em 4 vezes, desde o desbaste. O sistema de aplicação parcelada propiciou altura média de planta inferior e massa média de capulhos superior àquele obtido com a aplicação única do regulador. A aplicação da maior dose de N implicou obtenção dos maiores valores de N foliar e produtividade de algodão em caroço, bem como menor porcentagem de fibra. O aumento da densidade de plantas de 6 para 10 e 14 plantas por metro, ocasionou redução da porcentagem de fibra e da massa de capulhos.

The present work was developed during the growing seasons of 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99 and 1999/00 at Ribeirão Preto, Tietê, Guaíra, Campinas and Ilha Solteira, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was the completely casualized blocks, using the factorial arrangement with twelve treatments (3 x 2 x 2) and four replications. The objective of this work was to study plant density (6; 10 and 14 plants/m); nitrogen levels at broadcasting (40 and 60 kg.ha-1 of N/ha) and types of growth regulator application (single application at flowering or splitting in four times, since the thinning). The split application conduced to lower height of plants and greater weight of bolls when compared to the single application of the growth regulator. The application of the highest level of N, increased the leaves nitrogen content in and cotton yield, and reduced the lint percentage. increasing plant density from 6 to 10 and 14 plants/m, reduced lint porcentage and bolls weight.