In about 50% of first trimester spontaneous abortion the cause remains undetermined after standard cytogenetic investigation. We evaluated the usefulness of array-CGH in diagnosing chromosome abnormalities in products of conception from first trimester spontaneous abortions. Cell culture was carried out in short- and long-term cultures of 54 specimens and cytogenetic analysis was successful in 49 of them. Cytogenetic abnormalities (numerical and structural) were detected in 22 (44.89%) specimens. Subsequent, array-CGH based on large insert clones spaced at ~1 Mb intervals over the whole genome was used in 17 cases with normal G-banding karyotype. This revealed chromosome aneuplodies in three additional cases, giving a final total of 51% cases in which an abnormal karyotype was detected. In keeping with other recently published works, this study shows that array-CGH detects abnormalities in a further ~10% of spontaneous abortion specimens considered to be normal using standard cytogenetic methods. As such, array-CGH technique may present a suitable complementary test to cytogenetic analysis in cases with a normal karyotype.

A leucemia promielocítica aguda (LPA) corresponde a 10% -15% das leucemias mielóides agudas (LMA). Este tipo de leucemia (LMA-M3 de acordo com a classificação FAB) está associado, em cerca de 90% dos casos, à translocação t(15;17)(q22;q21), que resulta na fusão dos genes PML e RARalfa. A análise citogenética tradicional tem sido utilizada para confirmar o diagnóstico morfológico da LPA. Embora a t(15;17) não seja detectada em outros tipos de leucemia, podem ocorrer resultados "falso-negativos", decorrentes da análise de células que não pertencem ao clone neoplásico, da dificuldade de visualização da translocação ou, até mesmo, da existência de rearranjos crípticos que mascaram a translocação. Por outro lado, foram descritas alterações cromossômicas alternativas em pacientes com LPA e, nesses casos, o tratamento com ATRA não é eficaz. No período de julho de 1993 a dezembro de 2002 foram encaminhados para análise citogenética 47 casos com suspeita e/ou diagnóstico clínico-morfológico de LPA. Trinta e quatro pacientes (72,3%) apresentaram a t(15;17), detectada pela citogenética tradicional e/ou molecular. Em seis destes pacientes foram observadas alterações cromossômicas adicionais ou rearranjos envolvendo um terceiro cromossomo. Em cinco (10%) pacientes com características de LPA, a técnica de FISH não revelou a fusão PML/RARalfa, dado importante para a orientação do diagnóstico e da conduta terapêutica desses pacientes. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a importância da análise citogenética tradicional e molecular no diagnóstico de pacientes com LPA.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) accounts for 10 to 15% of acute myeloid leukemias (AML). This type of leukemia (AML-M3 according to the FAB classification) is associated, in about 90% of the cases, with a t(15;17)(q22;q21) translocation, resulting in the fusion of the PML and RARalpha genes. Traditional cytogenetic analysis has been used to confirm the morphological diagnosis of ALP. Although the t(15;17) translocation is characteristic for this kind of leukemia, "false-negative" results may occur as a result of the analysis of cells which do not belong to the neoplastic clone, of the difficulty to visualize the translocation and even of the existence of cryptic rearrangements masking the translocation. Moreover, alternative chromosome alterations were described in patients with APL and in these cases treatment with ATRA is not effective. From July 1993 to December 2002, 47 cases suspected of or being diagnosed with APL by clinical-laboratorial methods were referred for cytogenetic analysis. Thirty-four patients (72.3%) had the t(15;17) translocation, detected by traditional and/or molecular cytogenetics. In six of these patients, additional chromosome alterations or rearrangements involving a third chromosome were observed. In five patients (10%) with APL characteristics, the FISH technique did not reveal the PML/RARalpha fusion, an important finding in the process of reaching a diagnosis and of establishing a therapeutic conduct for these patients. This work was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the importance of traditional and molecular cytogenetic analysis in the diagnosis of APL.

O Mieloma Mútiplo é uma doença de evolução heterogênea, na qual a maioria dos pacientes recai muito precocemente após o tratamento. Nesse contexto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é relatar diferentes estratégias de análise do mieloma por citometria de fluxo e sua importância na associação com citogenética no diagnóstico de doença residual. Entre 2.450 casos de doenças onco-hematológicas estudados, de setembro de 1993 a agosto de 2004, foram diagnosticados 50 (2,0%) Mieloma Múltiplo. Foram feitas análises morfológicas e, até o ano de 2000, as imunofenotipagens foram realizadas no citômetro de fluxo XL-MCL (Coulter) pela estratégia tamanho/complexidade, utilizando os anticorpos monoclonais CD19, CD20, CD38, CD45, CD56, HLA-DR, kappa e lambda de superfície e intracitoplasmáticas. A partir de 2001 passaram-se a utilizar painéis seqüenciais através do histograma CD138/Complexidade e anticorpos monoclonais CD19, CD38, CD56, CD117, kappa e lambda intracitoplasmáticas. Mais recentemente foram incluídos no painel os anticorpos CD45, HLA-DR e CD33. A análise do DNA foi realizada por citometria com auxílio do programa Multicycle em nove amostras, sendo que sete apresentaram população aneuplóide. O cariótipo com banda G foi realizado em 25 casos, e a pesquisa de deleção do 13q por FISH em 15. Alterações cromossômicas foram encontradas em 4 casos, sendo duas deleções de 13q confirmadas por FISH. A mudança na estratégia de gates associada à citogenética e ao estudo da cinética do ciclo do DNA permitem melhor identificação de células plasmáticas anômalas, avaliação do prognóstico e detecção de doença residual.

Multiple myeloma is a disease with variable natural history, but a clinical fact is that most of the transplanted patients relapse early after transplantation. Minimal residual disease should be one prognostic factor of transplanted patients that could judge if such patients are at risk for early relapse. We diagnosed 50 multiple myeloma cases from 2450 oncohematologic cancer diseases studied between September 1993 and August 2004 (2% of all cases). Until 2000 these cases were studied using a Coulter Flow Cytometer XL-MCL with monoclonal antibodies against CD19, CD38, CD45, CD56, intra-cytoplasmatic and surface kappa and lambda in a Forward Scatter x Side Scatter gate strategy. After 2001 we performed sequential studies using CD138 histogram complexity and monoclonal antibodies anti CD19, CD38, CD56, CD117, intra-cytoplasmatic kappa and lambda. More recently we included in the antibody pool anti-CD45, anti-HLA-DR and anti-CD33. DNA cytometric studies were performed with the Multicycle software in 9 cases, 7 of those with aneuploidy. G band karyotyping was made in 25 cases and the 13 q deletion was checked in 15 cases. Chromosomal alterations were found in 4 cases including two 13 q deletions, confirmed by FISH. Gate choice, cytogenetic studies and cycle kinetics of DNA are all data that permit better identification of anomalous plasma cells and therefore detection of minimal residual disease, that probably correlates with relapse prognosis.