ABSTRACT We present a comprehensive review of the advent and impact of continuous flow chemistry with regard to the synthesis of natural products and drugs, important pharmaceutical products and definitely responsible for a revolution in modern healthcare. We detail the beginnings of modern drugs and the large scale batch mode of production, both chemical and microbiological. The introduction of modern continuous flow chemistry is then presented, both as a technological tool for enabling organic chemistry, and as a fundamental research endeavor. This part details the syntheses of bioactive natural products and commercial drugs.

We present the occurrence, structures, biological activities, biosynthesis, and syntheses of the sesquiterpene alkaloids.

It has been widely reported that the crude oil of Nigella sativa L., Ranunculaceae, seeds and its major chemical component thymoquinone present anticonvulsant activity. These facts led us to verify the pharmacological potential of five structurally related para-benzoquinones on the pentylenotetrazol-induced seizures model, and establish the structural characteristics that influence the anticonvulsant activity of thymoquinone. The unsubstituted para-benzoquinone was the compound that exhibited the highest potency, while 2-methyl-p-benzoquinone was inactive. It was found that the presence of alkyl groups attached to the ring influence the pharmacological activity of the para-benzoquinones. In addition, the number, position, and size of these groups change the anticonvulsant potency of the compounds.

A oxidação de mono-fenóis à para-benzoquinonas é assunto de interesse contínuo devido à existência de inúmeros produtos naturais contendo esta unidade estrutural. As para-benzoquinonas possuem reatividade química importante como agentes oxidantes e como dienófilos na reação de Diels-Alder. Usualmente nós preparamos as para-benzoquinonas pela reação de oxidação dos respectivos mono-fenóis com oxigênio molecular e catalisada por [CoII(salen)]. Porém, foi necessário estudar estas oxidações utilizando-se outros oxidantes. Nós apresentamos aqui nossos resultados sobre esta importante reação de oxidação com uma variedade de oxidantes, utilizando onze mono-fenóis como substratos. Os oxidantes utilizados foram cobalto, níquel, cobre e vanádio derivados com alguns ligantes do tipo salen. Também foram estudados peróxido de hidrogênio, OXONE®, dimetil dioxirano e ácido iodoxibenzóico.

The oxidation of mono-phenols to para-benzoquinones is of continuing interest due to the existence of numerous natural products containing this structural unit. The chemical reactivity of para-benzoquinones is also noteworthy, as oxidants and dienophiles in the Diels-Alder reaction. We have used for quite some time now, molecular oxygen and catalysis with [CoII(salen)] as the oxidation procedure, but felt the need for other oxidants and conditions to be of use with different phenol substrates. We now present our results on this important oxidation with a variety of oxidants, using eleven mono-phenols as substrates. The oxidants tested are cobalt, nickel, copper and vanadyl metals, with a selection of different salen type ligands. Completing this study we also investigated the use of hydrogen peroxide, OXONE®, dimethyl dioxirane and iodoxybenzoic acid.

(R)-(+)-6-isopropenil-3-metil-2-cicloeptenona foi sintetizada a partir de (R)-(-)-carvona, por redução e formação do éter-enólico-trialquilsilil, ciclopropanação com iodeto de metileno e dietil-zinco, seguida por oxidação de Saegusa com cloreto férrico e finalmente, desidroalogenação com base. O produto final, um quiron para a síntese de produtos naturais sesquiterpênicos do tipo guaiano, foi obtido em cinco etapas com 38% de rendimento global.

(R)-(+)-6-isopropenyl-3-methyl-2-cycloheptenone is synthesized from (R)-(-)-carvone by reduction and trialkylsilyl-enolether formation, cyclopropanation with methylene iodide and diethylzinc, followed by a Saegusa type oxidation with ferric chloride and finally dehydrochlorination with base. The title compound is obtained in five steps and 38% overall yield, being a useful chiron for guaiane sesquiterpene natural products.

A epoxidação (H2O2, NaOH) de uma cicloeptenona-acetonilada forneceu um sesquiterpeno nor-guaiano bis-hidroxilado, através de uma seqüência inesperada de reações. Análise espectroscópica deste produto permitiu propor uma estrutura incluindo os grupos substituintes, porém a determinação tri-dimensional completa foi realizada por uma análise de difração de raio-X.

The epoxidation (H2O2, NaOH) of an acetonyl-cycloheptenone derived from (R)-(-)-carvone gives a dihydroxy-nor-guaiane sesquiterpene by way of an interesting sequence of reactions promoted by the basic reaction conditions. Although the major product could be identified spectroscopically with respect to functional groups, its complete three dimensional structure was determined by X-ray mono-crystal diffraction studies.

A síntese de lactonas sesquiterpênicas do tipo guaiano é de interesse devido as atividades biológicas associadas às estruturas complexas deste grupo de produtos naturais. Planejou-se a sua síntese a partir de monoterpenos abundantes isolados de óleos essenciais brasileiros. Assim p-ment-l-eno foi transformado em 2-bromo-6-isopropil-3-metil-ciclohept-2-enona por adição de dibromocarbeno, expansão de anel com rearranjo usado AgNO3, e finalmente oxidação com clorocromato de piridinio. Redução quimioseletiva do bromo com zinco em ácido acético e alquilação termodinâmica em α,β-insaturada. Tratamento com ácido sulfúrico concentrado efetuou hidrólise e desidratação a um furano anelado a um ciclohepteno de estrutura de um oxa-guaiano.

The synthesis of guaiane type sesquiterpene lactones is important due to the biological activities associated with their complex structures. The synthetic plan starts with abundant monoterpenes isolated from Brazilian essential oils. Thus p-menth-l-ene was converted into 2-bromo-6-isopropyl-3-methyl-cyclohept-2-enone by cycloaddition with dibromocarbene, ring expansion using AgNO3 anf PCC oxidation. Chemoselective reduction with zinc/acetic acid and thermodinamic alkylation in α with 2,3- dichloropropene gave a 2-chloroallyl α,β-unsaturated ketone. Treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid effected hydrolysis and dehydration to a furan fused to a cycloheptene with an oxaguaiane structures.