ABSTRACT The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) causes large economic losses to cattle breeders and its control is hampered by problems of resistance to the main commercial synthetic acaricides and the risk of residues in animal products. Alternative controls are important for the sustainability of cattle breeding in tropical regions, principally for organic milk production. This study evaluated the efficacy of a homeopathic preparation to control natural tick infestations. The evaluations were conducted with 24 taurine dairy cows during 12 months. The homeopathic medicine (30 CH + Sulfur 30 CH) was administered in a proportion of 1:100 (v/w) in a formulation with sugar, added to 30 kg of mineral salt. This preparation was supplied along with concentrated feed (2 kg/animal/day). The control group received the same feed mixture without the medicine. The groups were kept in separate paddocks. Data were collected on body weight, packed cell volume and number of engorged female ticks on each animal. Temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were recorded. Engorged females were collected from each group for in vitro comparison of reproductive parameters, and semi-engorged ticks for morpho-histological analysis. The mean results of body weight, packed cell volume and tick number were not statistically different between the control and treated groups: 616.5 kg and 618.6 kg; 27.9% and 27.3%; and 12.19 and 13.58 ticks, respectively. In the in vitro analyses, the average weights of the ticks (0.18 and 0.17 g) and eggs (0.07 and 0.06 g), larval hatching rate (70.1 and 76.6%) and reproductive efficiency index (54.3 and 60.6%) of the control and treated groups, respectively, also were not statistically different. Furthermore, no alteration in the ovaries was detected by microscopic analysis. Therefore, the homeopathic medicine was ineffective to control R. (B.) microplus, although the inclusion of agro-ecological practices might enhance its effect of homeopathy in controlling tick infestations.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto das plantas de cobertura de inverno azevém (Lolium multiflorum) e azevém+cornichão (Lotus corniculatus), bem como da drenagem parcial do solo, nas emissões de CH4 e N2O em um Planossolo cultivado com arroz irrigado. Amostras de ar foram coletadas semanalmente com câmara estática fechada, parcialmente inserida no solo (0,05 m). Calcularam-se o potencial de aquecimento global parcial (PAGp=CH4×25+N2O×298) e o PAGp por unidade de produtividade de grãos (PAGpPG). A drenagem parcial foi estabelecida pela suspenção temporária da irrigação por períodos de 8 a 15 dias, durante três ocasiões ao longo do ciclo da cultura. O aporte de resíduos pelas plantas de cobertura intensificou os fluxos de CH4 do solo, que excederam em dez vezes a emissão acumulada do solo em pousio invernal. As emissões de N2O foram maiores com o consórcio azevém+cornichão, em comparação ao azevém e ao pousio. O cultivo de plantas de cobertura elevou o índice PAGpPG (0,35 kg de CO2eq por quilograma de arroz), comparativamente ao pousio (0,06 kg kg-1). Nos tratamentos com cobertura de inverno, as estratégias de mitigação devem focar principalmente no CH4, que foi responsável pela maior porção (80%) do PAGp. A drenagem parcial reduziu em até 50% o PAGp e apresenta grande potencial para mitigar as emissões de gases em sistemas de produção de arroz irrigado.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the winter cover crops ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and ryegrass+birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), as well as of partial soil drainage, on CH4 and N2O emissions in an Alfisol cultivated with paddy rice. Air samples were collected weekly using static closed chambers partially inserted in the soil (0.05 m). Partial global warming potential (pGWP= CH4×25+N2O×298) and yield-scaled pGWP were calculated. Partial soil drainage was established with temporal suspensions of the irrigations for periods of 8 to 15 days, during three occasions throughout the crop cycle. Biomass input by cover crop residues increased CH4 fluxes, which exceeded ten times the accumulated emissions of fallow soil. N2O emissions were higher in the ryegrass+birdsfoot trefoil treatment, compared with ryegrass and fallow. Cover crops increased yield-scaled pGWP (0.35 kg CO2eq per kilogram of rice) compared with fallow (0.06 kg kg-1). In the treatments with winter crops, mitigation strategies should focus mainly on CH4, which was responsible for the greater portion (80%) of pGWP. Partial drainage reduced pGWP up to 50% and has great potential for mitigating gas emissions in subtropical irrigated rice production systems.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glycolic propolis (PRO) and ginger (GIN) extracts, calcium hydroxide (CH), chlorhexidine (CLX) gel and their combinations as ICMs (ICMs) against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and endotoxins in root canals. Material and Methods After 28 days of contamination with microorganisms, the canals were instrumented and then divided according to the ICM: CH+saline; CLX, CH+CLX, PRO, PRO+CH; GIN; GIN+CH; saline. The antimicrobial activity and quantification of endotoxins by the chromogenic test of Limulus amebocyte lysate were evaluated after contamination and instrumentation at 14 days of ICM application and 7 days after ICM removal. Results and Conclusion After analysis of results and application of the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests at 5% significance level, it was concluded that all ICMs were able to eliminate the microorganisms in the root canals and reduce their amount of endotoxins; however, CH was more effective in neutralizing endotoxins and less effective against C. albicans and E. faecalis, requiring the use of medication combinations to obtain higher success.

Yeasts are becoming a common cause of nosocomial fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections often develop into sepsis with high mortality rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate some of the numerous factors associated with the development of candidemia. Medical records were retrospectively analyzed of 98 Candida spp. patients. Results showed that the most prevalent risk factors for developing candidemia were: antibiotics and antifungal agents (93.9% and 79.6%, respectively); the use of central venous catheter (93.9%); mechanical ventilation (73.5%); and parenteral nutrition (60.2%). The main species of Candida found were: C. parapsilosis (37.76%), C. albicans (33.67%); and others (28.57%). C. glabrata showed the highest mortality rate (75%), followed by C. tropicalis (57.1%) and C. albicans (54.5%). The elevated mortality rate found in this study indicates that preventive measures against candidemia must be emphasized in hospitals.

Yeasts are becoming a common cause of nosocomial fungal infections that affect immunocompromised patients. Such infections can evolve into sepsis, whose mortality rate is high. This study aimed to evaluate the viability of Candida species identification by the automated system Vitek-Biomerieux (Durham, USA). Ninety-eight medical charts referencing the Candida spp. samples available for the study were retrospectively analyzed. The system Vitek-Biomerieux with Candida identification card is recommended for laboratory routine use and presents 80.6% agreement with the reference method. By separate analysis of species, 13.5% of C. parapsilosis samples differed from the reference method, while the Vitek system wrongly identified them as C. tropicalis, C. lusitaneae or as Candida albicans. C. glabrata presented a discrepancy of only one sample (25%), and was identified by Vitek as C. parapsilosis. C. guilliermondii also differed in only one sample (33.3%), being identified as Candida spp. All C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. lusitaneae samples were identified correctly.

Castor oil bean cement (COB) is a new material that has been used as an endodontic sealer, and is a candidate material for direct pulp capping. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of a new formulation of COB compared to calcium hydroxide cement (CH) and a control group without any material, in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The materials were prepared, packed into polyethylene tubes, and implanted in the rat dorsal subcutaneous tissue. Animals were sacrificed at the 7th and 50th days after implantation. A quantitative analysis of inflammatory cells was performed and data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's tests at 5% significance level. RESULTS: Comparing the mean number of inflammatory cells between the two experimental groups (COB and CH) and the control group, statistically significant difference (p=0.0001) was observed at 7 and 50 days. There were no significant differences (p=0.111) between tissue reaction to CH (382 inflammatory cells) and COB (330 inflammatory cells) after 7 days. After 50 days, significantly more inflammatory cells (p=0.02) were observed in the CH group (404 inflammatory cells) than in the COB group (177 inflammatory cells). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the COB cement induces less inflammatory response within long periods.