OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether a restrictive compared to a liberal fluid therapy will increase postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with severe preeclampsia. METHODS: A total of 46 patients (mean age, 32 years; standard deviation, 6.8 years) with severe preeclampsia were randomized to liberal (1500 ml of lactated Ringer’s, n=23) or restrictive (250 ml of lactated Ringer’s, n=23) intravenous fluid regimen during cesarean section. The primary outcome was the development of a postoperative renal dysfunction defined by AKI Network stage ≥1. Serum cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were evaluated at postoperative days 1 and 2. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02214186. RESULTS: The rate of postoperative AKI was 43.5% in the liberal fluid group and 43.5% in the restrictive fluid group (p=1.0). Intraoperative urine output was higher in the liberal (116 ml/h, IQR 69-191) than in the restrictive fluid group (80 ml/h, IQR 37-110, p<0.05). In both groups, serum cystatin C did not change from postoperative day 1 compared to the preoperative period and significantly decreased on postoperative day 2 compared to postoperative day 1 (p<0.05). In the restrictive fluid group, NGAL levels increased on postoperative day 1 compared to the preoperative period (p<0.05) and decreased on postoperative day 2 compared to postoperative day 1 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Among patients with severe preeclampsia, a restrictive fluid regimen during cesarean section was not associated with increased postoperative AKI.

RESUMO A saúde das sementes é um dos fatores mais importantes que afetam a qualidade das sementes de grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinum). O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar e identificar melhores métodos de incubação para a detecção de Ascochyta rabiei associada a sementes de grão-de-bico. Quatro protocolos foram comparados em sua sensibilidade para detectar A. rabiei: T1) Incubação em substrato de papel ou método do papel de filtro (“blotter test”) sem desinfecção superficial, T2) Botter test através da técnica de restrição de água, T3) Teste de placa com PDA e T4) Teste de placa com MEA. Quatro lotes de sementes de grão-de-bico independentes, naturalmente infectados com A. rabiei, foram amostrados na província de Córdoba e quatro na província de Buenos Aires, Argentina. No total, cada tratamento foi aplicado a um total de 400 sementes de cada localidade, para que os métodos sejam comparáveis. O T2 e T3 foram estatisticamente mais sensíveis para detectar sementes de Córdoba infectadas com A. rabiei. Apenas estes dois tratamentos foram repetidos com sementes da província de Buenos Aires, onde o T3 se mostrou mais sensível, por isso é recomendado para as rotinas de análise sanitária das sementes de grão-de-bico.

ABSTRACT Seed health is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds. The present study aimed to compare and identify the best incubation methods for detecting Ascochyta rabiei associated with chickpea seeds. Four protocols were compared for their sensitivity in detecting A. rabiei: T1) Incubation on paper substrate or filter paper method (blotter test) without surface disinfection, T2) Blotter test through the water restriction technique, T3) PDA plate test, and T4) MEA plate test. Four independent chickpea seed lots, naturally infected with A. rabiei, were sampled from Córdoba Province and other four were sampled from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Each treatment was applied to a total of 400 seeds from each locality for the methods to be comparable. T2 and T3 were statistically more sensitive in detecting A. rabiei-infected seeds from Córdoba. Only these two treatments were repeated for seeds from Buenos Aires Province, and T3 proved to be more sensitive; thus, it is recommended for routine sanitary analysis of chickpea seeds.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of intra-operative immediate hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesiology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil, from January to December 2010. We developed a specific questionnaire to be completed by anesthesiologists. This tool included questions about hypersensitivity reactions during anesthesia and provided treatments. We included patients with clinical signs compatible with immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Hhypersensitivity reactions were categorized according to severity (grades I-V). American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA 1-6) was analyzed and associated with the severity of hypersensitivity reactions. RESULTS: In 2010, 21,464 surgeries were performed under general anesthesia. Anesthesiologists answered questionnaires on 5,414 procedures (25.2%). Sixty cases of intra-operative hypersensitivity reactions were reported. The majority patients (45, 75%) had hypersensitivity reactions grade I reactions (incidence of 27.9:10,000). Fifteen patients (25%) had grade II, III or IV reactions (intra-operative anaphylaxis) (incidence of 7:10,000). No patients had grade V reactions. Thirty patients (50%) were classified as ASA 1. The frequency of cardiovascular shock was higher in patients classified as ASA 3 than in patients classified as ASA 1 or ASA 2. Epinephrine was administered in 20% of patients with grade III hypersensitivity reactions and in 50% of patients with grade II hypersensitivity reactions. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients had hypersensitivity reactions grade I reactions; however, the incidence of intra-operative anaphylaxis was higher than that previously reported in the literature. Patients with ASA 3 had more severe anaphylaxis; however, the use of epinephrine was not prescribed in all of these cases. Allergists and anesthesiologists should implement preventive measures to reduce the occurrence of anaphylaxis.

In the central Chubut province, within the Somuncurá-Cañadón Asfalto basin, an outstanding accumulation of vertebrate fossils, including remains of giant titanosaurs, was discovered. Such dinosaur clade constitutes one of the largest found in the world. This contribution provides a preliminary stratigraphic and sedimentological study in order to specify the temporal and stratigraphic position of the vertebrate accumulation, as well as understanding the depositional systems in which the dinosaurs developed. The titanousar remains are contained in the upper section of the Cerro Castaño Member (Cerro Barcino Formation), close to the boundary with the overlying Las Plumas Member. The fossil-bearing rocks are composed of sandstones and tuffaceous sandstones, formerly deposited within floodplains of a volcaniclastic, meandering fluvial system.

En el sector central de la provincia de Chubut, dentro de la cuenca de Somuncurá- Cañadón Asfalto, se descubrió un importante yacimiento de vertebrados fósiles, que incluyen restos de los titanosaurios más grandes reportados, hasta el momento, en el mundo. En esta contribución se provee un estudio estratigráfico y sedimentológico preliminar con el objeto de precisar la ubicación temporal y estratigráfica del yacimiento, así como comprender los sistemas de acumulación en los que los dinosaurios se desarrollaron. El mismo se encuentra en la sección superior del Miembro Cerro Castaño (Formación Cerro Barcino), próximo al límite con el suprayacente Miembro Las Plumas. Las rocas portadoras son areniscas y areniscas tobáceas que representan facies de planicie de inundación de un sistema fluvial volcaniclástico meandroso.

Disease severity evaluation is an important decision support for adoption of strategies and tactics for disease control. The most commonly used method to assess disease severity is visual, but the problem is repeatability, due to subjectivity and imprecision of estimates. For Puccinia sorghi, a threshold of action of 1% severity was determined, so high precision is required in disease quantification. The aim of this study was to compare different assessment methods and analyze their association. Two diagrammatic scales were used to estimate severity, the Peterson and Amorim scales. Pustules were counted with the naked eye and with a 20x magnification hand lens. Software for disease quantification, Assess 2.0, was used to determine actual percentage area and lesion count. No significant differences were found between naked-eyed count and with magnifier. Lesion count with Assess 2.0 gave an imprecise result. Significant differences were found between diagrammatic scales. Compared with Assess 2.0, severity using Peterson was 2% higher, showing widely scattered differences (R²=0.48). Overestimation with visual scales was suggested, especially at low severity levels. Counting pustules was more objective, precise and reproducible. Thus, a calibration curve was constructed (R²=0.79), which will allow calculation of severity from counting pustules.

Entre maio e agosto de 2006, foram adquiridos 100 espécimes de peixe-porco, Aluterus monoceros em estabelecimentos de pescado nos municípios de Niterói e Rio de Janeiro. Os peixes foram medidos, necropsiados, filetados e seus órgãos analisados. Foram encontrados 16 peixes parasitados por larvas de nematoides anisaquídeos pertencentes às espécies Anisakis sp. e Contracaecum sp., com prevalência de 1 e 16%, intensidade média de 2 e 3,31 e abundância média de 0,02 e 0,53, respectivamente. Duas larvas de Anisakis sp. foram encontradas no mesentério de um peixe; e de Contracaecum sp. no fígado e mesentério, com amplitude de variação da intensidade de infecção de 1 a 9. Cinquenta e um peixes mostravam-se parasitados no fígado e mesentério por cestoides da ordem Trypanorhyncha. As espécies colhidas foram Floriceps saccatus e a Callitetrarhynchus speciosus, com a prevalência de 45 e 6%, intensidade média de 3,17 e 2,83, variando de 1 a 20 e 1 a 5, e abundância média de 1,43 e 0,06, respectivamente. Larvas de Anisakis sp. e essas duas espécies de Trypanorhyncha foram registradas pela primeira vez parasitando A. monoceros.

One hundred specimens of unicorn leatherjacket, Aluterus monoceros purchased from markets of municipalities of Niterói and Rio de Janeiro from May to August 2006. The fishes were measured, necropsied, fileted and analysed their organs. Sixteen fishes were parasitized by nematode Anisakidae: Anisakis spp. and Contracaecum sp. with respectively, 1 and 16% of prevalence, 2 and 3.31 of mean intensity, and 0.02 and 0.53 of mean abundance. Two larvae of Anisakis sp. were found in mesentery of one fish and Contracaecum sp. was found in liver and mesentery with 1 to 9 specimens of range of infection. Fifty-one fishes were parasitized on the liver and mesentery by metacestodes of Trypanorhyncha. The collected species were Floriceps saccatus and Callitetrarhynchus speciosus with respectively, 45 and 6% of prevalence, 3.17 and 2.83 of mean intensity, and 1.43 and 0.06 of mean abundance, the range of infection by F. saccatus was 1 to 20 and by C. speciosus was 1 to 5. Anisakis sp. and these two species of Trypanothyncha were reported in A. monoceros for the first time.

Four seed health methods (Blotter test, potato glucose agar, bean agar and malt agar) were evaluated for detection of Microdochium oryzae in rice seed, cultivar Fortuna, from Corrientes, Argentina. Data of seed incidence were submitted to analysis at the 5 % significance level. The highest incidence of M. oryzae in seeds were detected on bean agar. Thus, this method should be recommend for detection and studies of transmission and control of M. oryzae in rice seeds.

En ensayos conducidos en laboratorio, fueron evaluados cuatro métodos (Papel de filtro, Agar papa glucosado, Agar poroto y Agar extracto de malta), considerándose su eficiencia y sensibilidad para detectar Microdochium oryzae en semillas de arroz, variedad Fortuna. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos al análisis de varianza y las medias comparadas por con el test de Tukey. Entre los métodos probados, las mayores incidencias de M oryzae fueron detectadas en las semillas sembradas en medio conteniendo agar poroto. En ensayos de relevamiento sanitarios, cuantificación de la transmisión y de control, se debería usar preferencialmente este medio.

The aim of this study was to identify the species Anisakidae, of interest to public health, parasitizing the cusk-eel, Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903 purchased in markets ofNiteroi and Rio de Janeiro counties, Brazil, emphasizing their parasite indexes, sites of infection and higienic-sanitary importance. Seventy-four specimens ofG brasiliensis were necropsiedfrom October 2002 to September 2003. Twenty fish specimens (27%>) were parasitized by live larvae of Anisakidae. The collected species were represented by Anisakis physeteris, Anisakis simplex, Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova decipiens, Pseudoterranova sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Raphidascaris sp., Contracaecum sp. and Terranova sp. The species Anisakis sp. and A. simplex presented the higher prevalences, both with 13,5% whereas A. physeteris presented the lower prevalence 1,35%. The other species, Pseudoterranova sp., P. decipiens, Hysterothylacium sp., Raphidascaris sp., Contracaecum sp. and Terranova sp. presented prevalences of 10,8%, 5,4%, 2,7%, 4,1%, 1,4% and 1,4%, respectively. The sites of infection were, the mesentery, stomach and intestinal seroses, intestine, ovary and musculature.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as especies de Anisakidae parasitando congro-rosa, Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903 comercializados nos mercados dos municipios de Niterói e Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de interesse em saúde pública, enfatizando seus índices parasitarios, sitios de infecção e importância higiénico-sanitária. Setenta e quatro espécimes de G. brasiliensis foram necropsiados de outubro de 2002 a setembro de 2003. Vinte peixes (27%) estavam parasitados por larvas vivas de nematóides Anisakidae: Anisakis physeteris, Anisakis simplex, Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova decipiens, Pseudoterranova sp.,Hysterothylacium sp., Raphidascaris sp., Contracaecum sp. e Terranova sp. As especies Anisakis sp. e A. simplex foram as especies que apresentaram maior prevalência, ambos com 13,5% e A. physeteris a menor prevalência 1,35%. As demais especies, Pseudoterranova sp., P decipiens, Hysterothylacium sp., Raphidascaris sp., Contracaecum sp. e Terranova sp. apresentaram as seguintes prevalências 10,8%, 5,4%, 2,7%, 4,1%, 1,4% e 1,4%, respectivamente. Os sitios de infecção foram o mesentério, serosa do estómago e intestinal, instestino, ovario e musculatura.

Detection, symptoms and symptomless transmission of Drechslera avenae (teleomorph Pyrenophora avenae) from seed were investigated. The present study reported that the D. avenae is frequently found in oat (Avena sativa) seed in Argentina. The prevalence of the seed lot infected was 54%. The incidence of seeds infected by D. avenae in the various seed lots from different regions ranged from 0 to 52% (overall mean of 7%). Besides conidia on conidiophore and immature pseudothecia, D. avenae produced small, spherical to pear-shape picnidia containing tiny conidia, on the seed surface. The pathogen was efficiently transmitted at a rate of 55% from seed to coleoptile tips in symptomless seedlings and at 12.5% to plumules. The importance of the infected seed and its epidemiological role are discussed.

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivos detectar y cuantificar a Drechslera avenae en muestras de semillas y evaluar su transmisión hacia los coleoptiles y plúmulas de la avena (Avena sativa). Un total de trece muestras resultaron infectadas por D. avenae, representando un 54% de prevalencia. Los valores máximos y mínimos de infección obtenidos fueron 0 y 52% con un promedio de 7%. Sobre las semillas, D. avenae produjo además de conidióforos, conidios y pseudotecios inmaduros, picnidios pequeños, esféricos y con forma de pera conteniendo conidios diminutos. El patógeno fue detectado en los coleoptiles, sin síntomas en las plúmulas con una eficiencia de transmisión del 55%. La tasa de transmisión sintomática fue del 12,5%. Se discuten la importancia de la semilla infectada y su papel epidemiológico.

Net blotch is the most important barley (Hordeum vulgare) disease in Argentina. The seed chemical treatment is an important measure to avoid the introduction and dispersion of D. teres. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to evaluate in vitro the fungicide iprodione in different dosages and its mixtures with triticonazole and thiram and to compare them to the most common fungicides used (tebuconazole and flutriafol), and 2) to study under field conditions, the best treatment achieved in vitro. Seed treatment studies indicated that the fungicides used in Argentina such as tebuconazole and flutriafol were less effective against D. teres than iprodione (50 g i.a.), iprodione + triticonazole, and iprodione + thiram. The number of focuses of primary infection, incidence, severity, and agronomic yield in paired plots with iprodione + triticonazole and without fungicide were measured in field. Differences in the valued of these variables were significant among parcels indicating the importance of seed infection in the epidemiology of the disease. It concludes that the mixture of iprodione + triticonazole was effective against D. teres both in vitro and un the field significantly decreasing the incidence of net blotch epidemic.

La mancha en red de la cebada (Hordeum vulgare) es la enfermedad más importante de este cultivo en la Argentina. El tratamiento químico de semillas es una medida importante de control para impedir la introducción y dispersión de Drechslera teres. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron 1) evaluar la fungitoxicidad específica in vitro de diferentes dosis del fungicida iprodione y sus mezclas con thiram y triticonazole y compararlos con los fungicidas más utilizados (flutriafol y tebuconazole), y 2) valorar a campo, el mejor tratamiento obtenido in vitro. Los resultados mostraron que los fungicidas actualmente en uso en Argentina fueron menos eficientes en el control de D. teres que el iprodione sólo (50 g i.a.) o en mezcla con triticonazole y thiram. En parcelas apareadas con iprodione + triticonazole versus testigo se evaluaron el número de focos de infección primaria, incidencia, severidad y el rendimiento agronómico. Las diferencias entre tratamientos fueron significativas indicando la importancia epidemiológica de la semilla infectada. Se concluye que la mezcla de iprodione + triticonazole fue eficiente en el control de D. teres en semilla, in vitro y a campo, permitiendo disminuir significativamente la epidemia de la mancha en red.