Resumo As comunidades de borboletas mais ricas do mundo são encontradas na Amazônia. Apesar disso, e da importância dos inventários de espécies para o conhecimento dos padrões de diversidade, existem poucas listas abrangentes de borboletas para localidades da Amazônia brasileira. Aqui, apresentamos uma lista atualizada das borboletas do Cristalino Lodge (Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brasil), no sul da Amazônia, baseada em espécimes coletados por pesquisadores e em registros fotográficos feitos por ecoturistas, observadores de borboletas e guias turísticos. Com 1010 espécies registradas, essa é atualmente a maior lista de borboletas publicada para uma localidade no Brasil e a primeira a atingir 1000 espécies, sendo mais de um terço dos registros provenientes da ciência cidadã. A região apresenta cerca de 29% das espécies de borboletas do Brasil e uma das maiores riquezas conhecidas no país, inferior apenas a áreas no oeste da Amazônia. Sua fauna é composta principalmente por espécies amplamente distribuídas na planície amazônica, com adição de algumas típicas do Cerrado. Possui um número relativamente baixo de espécies da tribo Ithomiini (Nymphalidae: Danainae), que é geralmente considerada uma boa indicadora da riqueza total de borboletas em florestas neotropicais, o que aponta para a necessidade de cautela ao se usar um grupo taxonômico como previsor da riqueza de comunidades inteiras. O presente trabalho destaca a importância da ciência cidadã e dos centros de ecoturismo para inventários e dados sobre distribuição de espécies em florestas tropicais diversas.

Abstract The richest butterfly communities in the world are found in the Amazon rainforest. Despite of this, and the importance of species inventories for the knowledge of diversity patterns, there are few comprehensive lists of butterflies for localities in the Brazilian Amazon. Here, we present an updated list of the butterflies of Cristalino Lodge (Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil), in southern Amazonia, based on specimens collected by researchers and photographic records taken by ecotourists, butterfly watchers, and tour guides. With 1010 species recorded, this is currently the largest list of butterflies published for a single locality in Brazil and the first to reach (and surpass) 1000 species, with more than one third of the records coming from citizen science. The region has about 29% of the butterfly species in Brazil and one of the greatest richnesses known in the country, inferior only to areas in the western Amazon. Its fauna is mainly composed of species widely distributed in lowland Amazonia, with the addition of some species typical of the Cerrado. It has a relatively low number of species of the tribe Ithomiini (Nymphalidae: Danainae), generally considered a good indicator of the total butterfly diversity in neotropical forests, which points to the need for caution when using a single taxonomic group as a surrogate of richness of entire communities. The present work highlights the importance of citizen science and ecotourism centers for inventories and data on species distribution in diverse tropical forests.

This paper presents a study on supply and demand side flexibility resources assessed for two South African power system expansion scenarios with high penetrations of variable renewable energy. The demand response opportunities associated with residential water heating as well as plug-in electric vehicles are included in order to demonstrate demand-side flexibility options. Supply-side options are based on existing and optimally deployed new-build generation technologies. The scenario based results indicate that the combination of cost reductions in wind, solar PV and stationary storage (batteries), results in economic deployment of batteries in South Africa. Battery storage complements flexibility provided by demand response and supply-side options. A notable outcome is the displacement of gas-fired turbines by batteries when assuming cost reductions for batteries in the future. Finally, despite the extensive deployment of battery storage, a significant 55 TWh of energy from solar PV and wind is curtailed. Therefore, effective sector-coupling could make extensive use of this curtailed energy in a number of ways to be identified as part of future research.

The effect of sotvent and extraction temperature on the initial antioxidani activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) of Muitle (Justicia spicigera) extracts and their decay upon storage at different pH values was studied. Extraction with aqueous solvents, at either 25 or 60 °C, produced fresh extracts (pH 7.4) with higher initial TPC and AA. Extracts were adjusted to different pH's displayed different TPC and AAA dec ay rates upon storage. TPC had fiest order decay kinetics, characterized by e relatively quick constant (k1) at relatively short storage times followed by a relatively slow constant (k2) at relatively large storage times. ABTS and DPPH assays estimated different AA in the extracts, attributed to compatibility differences between the bioactive species and the free radicals.

Se estudió el efecto del solvente y la temperatura de extracción en la actividad antioxidante inicial (AA) y el contenido de fenoles totales (TPC) en extractos de Muitle (Justicia spicigera) y su pérdida durante el almacenamiento a diferentes valores de pH. La extracción con solventes acuosos, a 225 o 60°C, produjeron extractos frescos (pH 7.4) con mayor TPC y AA iniciales. Los extractos fueron ajustados a diferentes valores de pH mostrando diferentes TPC y tasas de perdida de AAA durante el almacenamiento. TPC mostró una cinética de pérdida de primer orden caracterizada por una constante relativamente rápida (k1) a tiempos relativamente cortos seguida de una constante relativamente lenta (k2) a tiempos de almacenamiento largos. Pruebas de ABTS y DPPH estimaron diferentes AA en los extractos, atribuido a las diferencias de compatibilidad entre las especies bioactivas y los radicales libres.

Sodium alginate, κ-carrageenan, mesquite gum and/or whey protein concentrate were used alone or blended for obtaining edible films, using sorbitol as plasticizer. Film mechanical properties were determined with a TA-XT2 texture analyzer. Films with greater breaking factor, tensile strength, tensile strength at break, and tensile energy at break were obtained when sodium alginate was used alone. Low Young's modulus values were obtained with blends of sodium alginate and κ-carrageenan (with the latter predominating in the blend) and mesquite gum-whey protein concentrate (with the former predominating in the blend). The latter blend exhibited highest elongation. Films containing pure sodium alginate or κ-carrageenan or blended with the other gums (with sodium alginate predominating) could be classified as hard, strong and resistant. Films where mesquite gum or whey protein concentrates were on their or where their blend predominated over that of sodium alginate and/or κ-carragenan were mostly soft and weak.

Se utilizó alginato de sodio, κ-carragenina, goma de mezquite y/o proteína concentrada de suero lácteo, solos o combinados para obtener películas comestibles, usando sorbitol como plastificante. Se determinaron las propiedades mecánicas de las películas por medio de un analizador de textura TA-TX2. Las películas con mayor factor de ruptura, esfuerzo tensil, esfuerzo tensil a la ruptura y energía tensil a la ruptura, fueron las elaboradas con solo alginato de sodio. Los menores valores del Módulo de Young, se obtuvieron con las mezclas de alginato de sodio y κ-carragenina (cuando esta última predominó en la mezcla) y con las mezclas de goma de mezquite y proteína concentrada de suero lácteo (cuando el primero predominó en la mezcla). La película de esta última mezcla fue también la que exhibió mayor elongación (%). Las películas elaboradas sólo con alginato de sodio o sólo con κ-carragenina o en mezcla con la otra goma (predominando el alginato de sodio), podrían clasificarse como duras, fuertes y resistentes. Las películas de goma de mezquite o de proteína concentrada de suero lácteo o las películas donde la mezcla de éstos predominaba sobre el contenido de alginato de sodio y/o κ-carragenina, fueron en su mayoría suaves y débiles.

A crude enzymatic extract from Aspergillus niger 10 with α-L-arabinofuranosidase activity (EC 3.2.1.55) was obtained and its effect on the hydrolysis of mesquite gum was determined and compared to that of a commercial α-L-arabinofuranosidase from A. niger. The growth parameters of A. niger 10 obtained were Xmax = 3.03 g L-1 and μmax = 0.07 h-1. The maximum enzymatic activity obtained was 65.93 U L-1. Optimum temperature and activation energy for the crude extract were 50°C and 46.15 KJ mol-1 and for the commercial enzyme 40 °C and 52.76 KJ mol-1, respectively. The apparent kinetic parameters Km and Vmax for the crude extract were 4.87 g L-1 and 0.15 μmol min-1 g-1, and for the commercial enzyme 76.45 g L-1 and 3.85 /mol min-1 g-1, respectively. Yields of L-arabinose recovery for the crude extract and the commercial enzyme were 17.04 % and 2.78 %, respectively, based on the reported average content of L-arabinose in mesquite gum.

Se obtuvo un extracto enzimático crudo a partir de Aspergillus niger 10 con actividad α-L-arabinofuranosidasa (EC 3.2.1.55) y fue comparado con una α-L-arabinofuranosidasa comercial sobre la hidrólisis enzimática de la goma de mezquite. Los parámetros de crecimiento obtenidos para A. niger 10 fueron: Xmax = 3.03 g L-1 y μmax = 0.07 h-1. La máxima actividad enzimática obtenida fue 65.93 U L-1. La temperatura óptima y energía de activación para el extracto crudo fueron de 50°C y 46.15 KJ mol-1, mientras que para la enzima comercial fueron de 40°C y 52.76 KJ mol-1. Los parámetros cinéticos de la hidrólisis Km-app y Vmax-app con el extracto crudo fueron de 4.87 g L- y 0.15 /mol min-1 g-1, y para la enzima comercial fueron de 76.45 g L-1 y 3.85 μmol min-1 g-1, respectivamente. Los rendimientos de L-arabinosa con el extracto crudo y la enzima comercial fueron de 17.04 % y 2.78 %, respectivamente, basados en lo reportado para el contenido promedio de L-arabinosa en la goma de mezquite.

PET/CT é uma modalidade de imagem usada para avaliação de pacientes oncológicos. Embora seja extremamente sensível para identificar sinais de malignidade, o F18FDG não é ainda muito específico. Nós buscamos mostrar uma breve revisão de alguns dos processos mais comuns que um médico nuclear pode encontrar na prática clínica diária que poderia resultar em um diagnóstico falso positivo com a F18FDG PET/CT. Uma melhor compreensão das limitações dessa tecnologia é necessária para que a interpretação pelo médico não possibiite diagnósticos imprecisos, que potencialmente podem limitar os tratamentos dos pacientes.

PET/CT is a common imaging modality used in the evaluation of oncology patients. While being extremely sensitive to identifying sights of malignancy F18FDG is very non-specific. We attempted to provide a brief review of some of the more common processes that a nuclear radiology physician may encounter in daily clinical practice that could result in a false positive diagnosis with F18FDG PET/CT. A fundamental understanding of the limitations of this technology by the interpreting physician is necessary to avoid making inaccurate diagnosis and potentially limiting important treatments for our patients.

In this work we analyzed the depth-distribution, at noon and midnight, of three zooplankton populations which are common inhabitants of lakes from central Chile and coexist in lake El Plateado. The species were Tumeodiaptomus diabolicus, Diaphanosoma chilense and Bosmina longirostris. Also, we analyzed the association between the depth-specific abundances of the groups and the depth-specific temperature and oxygen values during the sampling period. Our results show that: (1) the three population exhibited diel vertical migration during part of the year; (2) T. diabolicus and D. chilense exhibited the normal pattern of vertical migration, and B. longirostris presented both the normal and the reverse pattern; (3) for all species and most dates, zooplankters experience significant decreases in oxygen exposure as a consequence of downward migration. Temperature costs are less important but present in T. diabolicus and D. chilense during part of the year

En este trabajo analizamos la distribución en profundidad, a mediodía y medianoche, de tres poblaciones de zooplancton que son habitantes comunes de los lagos de Chile central, y que coexisten en el lago El Plateado. Las especies fueron Tumeodiaptomus diabolicus, Diaphanosoma chilense y Bosmina longirostris. También analizamos la asociación entre las abundancias profundidad-específicas de los grupos y los valores profundidad-específicos de temperatura y oxígeno durante el periodo de muestreo. Nuestros resultados muestran que: (1) las tres poblaciones exhibieron migración vertical durante una parte del año; (2) T. diabolicus y D. chilense exhibieron el patrón normal de migración, y B. longirostris presentó tanto el patrón normal como el inverso; (3) para todas las especies y en la mayoría de las fechas, el zooplancton presentó reducciones significativas en su exposición al oxígeno como consecuencia de la migración descendente. Los costos térmicos son menos importantes pero existentes en T. diabolicus y D. chilense durante parte del año

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor and other as yet unidentified factor(s) which together mediate the killing of intraerythrocytic malaria parasites are transiently elevated in sera during paroxysms in human Plasmodium vivax infections in non-immunes. These factors which included TNF and parasite killing factor(s) are associated with the clinical disease in malaria to the extent that their transient presence in infection sera coincided with paroxysms, the most pronounced clinical disturbances of P. vivax malaria and secondly because their levels were markedly lower in paroxysm sera of semi-immune patients who were resident of an endemic area. Further, a close parallel was obtained between serum TFN levels and changes in body temperature that occur during a P. vivax paroxysm in non-immune patients, suggesting a causative role for TNF in the fever in malaria. P. vivax rarely if ever cause complicated clinical syndromes. Nevertheles serum TFN levels reached in acutely ill P. vivax patients were as high as in patients suffering from cerebral complications of P. falciparum malaria as reported in studies from the Gambia. Cytokine profiles and other changes accompanying clinical disease in P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria are compared in this paper with a view to discussing the potential role of cytokines in the causation of disease in malaria.