Resumo As técnicas de cultura in vitro são reconhecidas como eficientes estratégias para a produção de plantas em grande escala, oferecendo também alternativas para a conservação vegetal. Neste trabalho foi estabelecida a micropropagação de Tarenaya rosea utilizando explantes de pecíolo e lâmina foliar cultivados em meio MS contendo 6-benziladenina (BA) e/ou 6-furfurilaminopurina (KIN). Foram avaliadas a taxa de regeneração de brotos obtidos diretamente a partir dos explantes foliares, após 30 dias de cultivo, e a taxa de proliferação após quatro subculturas realizadas a intervalos de 30 dias. A propagação ocorreu tanto por organogênese direta (OD) como indireta (OI). As maiores taxas de regeneração por OD (50% a 100%) foram alcançadas na presença de BA, enquanto que calos morfogênicos (OI) foram formados principalmente em BA+KIN. Explantes cultivados em meio com BA apresentaram a formação de pequenos nódulos enegrecidos na superfície e as análises histológicas revelaram a presença de tricomas glandulares contendo antocianina. O alongamento e o enraizamento dos brotos foram obtidos em meio MS sem suplementação com reguladores de crescimento. As plantas transferidas para condições ex vitro foram aclimatizadas com sucesso, alcançando taxas de 80% de sobrevivência. Os resultados demonstraram o expressivo potencial morfogenético dos explantes foliares de T. rosea, principalmente quando cultivados na presença de 4,4 µM de BA, constituindo nova fonte de material para estudos biotecnológicos e de conservação in vitro.

Abstract In vitro culture techniques are recognized as efficient strategies for large-scale plant production, as well as providing alternatives for plant conservation. In this study the micropropagation of Tarenaya rosea was established using petiole and foliar blade segments cultivated on MS medium with 6-benzyladenine (BA) and/or 6-furfurylaminopurine (KIN). The regeneration rate from explants was evaluated after 30-days in culture, as well as the proliferation rate from explant-derived shoots, reached after four subcultures performed at 30-days in culture. In vitro propagation occurred by both direct (DO) and indirect (IO) organogenesis. The highest regeneration rates by DO (50% to 100%) were reached on media containing only BA, while morphogenic calluses (IO) were mainly formed with BA+KIN. Explants on media with BA showed the presence of small black nodules on their surface, and histological analysis revealed the presence of trichomes with anthocyanin content. Elongation and rooting were reached on growth regulator-free MS. Acclimatization rates around 80% were achieved and the in vitro-regenerated plants were successfully maintained under field conditions. Results show significant morphogenetic potential of T. rosea from leaf explants, mainly when cultivated in the presence of 4.4 µM BA, providing a new alternative source of plant material for biotechnological and in vitro conservation studies.

RESUMO A cultura do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.) na região do Nordeste brasileiro é submetida a alta variabilidade edafoclimática, o que contribui para a ocorrência de forte interação genótipo versus ambiente (G x A). Nessa situação, faz-se necessário o uso de metodologias de adaptabilidade e estabilidade para o estudo da interação G x A antes da seleção e recomendação de cultivares. Dentre estas, a análise genótipo + G x E (GGE) biplot se destaca como uma das mais recomendadas e usadas atualmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a interação genótipo versus ambiente (G × A) de linhagens finais de algodoeiro por meio da metodologia GGE biplot, visando identificar genótipos adaptados e estáveis para as condições do semiárido nordestino. Foram conduzidos quatro ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso nas cidades de Apodi, RN, e Barbalha, CE, Brasil, nos anos de 2016 e 2017. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com 17 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de 17 genótipos de algodoeiro. As variáveis avaliadas foram: produtividade de algodão em caroço e produtividade de fibra. A análise identificou as linhagens CNPA BA 2011-4436, CNPA BA 2011-1197 e CNPA BA 2010-1174 como estáveis e com ampla adaptabilidade para a região avaliada.

ABSTRACT Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop areas in the Northeast region of Brazil present high edaphoclimatic variability, which contributes to a strong genotype versus environment interaction (G × E). This situation requires the use of adaptability and stability methodologies to study G × E interaction before the selection and recommendation of cultivars. Among these methodologies, the genotype + G × E (GGE) biplot analysis has been currently used and highly recommended. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the G × E of cotton genotypes through GGE biplot analysis, focusing on the identification of adapted and stable genotypes for the Semiarid region of the Northeast of Brazil. Four crop value and use tests were conducted in the municipalities of Apodi, state of Rio Grande do Norte, and Barbalha, state of Ceará, Brazil, in 2016 and 2017. A randomized block experimental design, with 17 treatments and four repetitions, was used. The treatments consisted of 17 cotton genotypes. The variables evaluated were: cotton seed and fiber yields. According to the analysis, the genotypes CNPA BA 2011-4436, CNPA BA 2011-1197, and CNPA BA 2010-1174 were stable and presented high adaptability to the evaluated region.

Resumo P. grandiflora é uma das plantas ornamentais com abundante floração de coloração variada com formas distintas e pétalas simples, dobradas e/ou múltiplas. O objetivo do trabalho foi induzir a regeneração pela via organogênica e o florescimento in vitro de P. grandiflora. Segmentos nodais de plântulas germinadas in vitro foram utilizados como fonte de explante para a regeneração. Cinetina (KIN) e 6-Benzilaminopurina (BA) foram utilizadas para a indução de organogênese de novo. Os tratamentos suplementados com 1.0, 1.5 mg L−1 de BA induziram a formação de maior número de brotações adventícias com número médio de 7.0 (±1,55) e 5.4 (±0.83), respectivamente. As microestacas obtidas a partir de gemas regeneradas produziram botões florais. Os botões florais localizaram-se nas regiões axilar e terminal das microestacas e desenvolveram-se em aproximadamente 10 dias de cultivo até a antese. O maior número de botões florais foi observado na presença de 0.75 mg L−1 de ácido giberélico. Este estudo abre novas perspectivas para o estabelecimento de ferramentas biotecnológicas a serem aplicadas para essa importante espécie ornamental.

Abstract P. grandiflora is a known ornamental plant with abundant flowering. The flowers exhibit varied coloration with distinct forms and simple folded petals and/or multiple. The objective of this work was to induce regeneration via organogenesis and in vitro flowering of P. grandiflora. Nodal segments of seedlings germinated in vitro were used as explant source for regeneration. Kinetin (KIN) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) were used for the induction of organogenesis. The treatments supplemented with 1.0 and 1.5 mg L−1 BA induced the highest number of adventitious shoots with an average number of 7.0 (±1.55) e 5.4 (±0.83), respectively. The microcuttings obtained from regenerated shoots produced floral buds. The floral buds were located in the axillary and terminal regions of the microcuttings and developed in approximately 10 days of cultivation until the anthesis. The highest number of flower buds was observed in the presence of 0.75 mg L−1 of gibberellic acid. This study opens new perspectives for the establishment of biotechnological tools to be applied for this important ornamental species.

ABSTRACT The present study reports a shoot organogenesis-based system for in vitro regeneration of Passiflora miniata, an Amazonia passion fruit species. Root segments were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations (range 2-9 µM) of 6-benzyladenine (BA); thidiazuron (TDZ) or kinetin (KIN). Plant growth regulators were not added to the control treatment. Root explants have showed a high regenerative potential. After 30 days of in vitro culture, the root explants showed several shoots formed direct and indirectly. TDZ provided the best response in the differentiation adventitious shoots, mainly in the presence of 6.8 µM. The cytokinins BA and KIN responded producing a reduced number of shoots. After 120 days, rooted regenerated plants were transferred to a greenhouse for acclimatization. This regeneration system opens new perspectives for micropropagation and conservation of this wild Amazonic passion fruit species.

Abstract Halitosis is defined as a foul odor emanated from the oral cavity, with great impact in quality of life and social restraints. Recently, the use of Breath Alert™ in research increased significantly. Halimeter™, another portable device, is often used in clinical practice. Nevertheless, not many studies have verified the accuracy and compared the results of both devices simultaneously. Objective: To verify the accuracy of Breath Alert™ and Halimeter™ in patients without chief complaint of halitosis, using the organoleptic test (OT) as "gold standard." The second aim was to verify whether their concomitant use could enhance the diagnostic accuracy of halitosis. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was performed. The quality of expired air of 34 subjects without chief complaint of halitosis was assessed. Two experienced examiners carried out the OT. Afterward, a third blinded examiner performed Halimeter™ (HT) and Breath Alert™ (BA) tests. Results: The OT identified halitosis in 21 subjects (62%). The area under the ROC curve (95% confidence interval) was 0.67 (0.48-0.85) and 0.54 (0.34-0.75) for HT and BA, respectively. The accuracy for HT and BA was 59% and 47%, respectively. The combined usage of HT and BA provided 11 positive results, being 9 subjects (43%) out of the total of 21 positive cases. Conclusions: Halimeter™ and Breath Alert™ were not able to diagnose halitosis in non-complainer subjects at the same level as the organoleptic examination, since their accuracy were low. Our results suggest that such portable devices are not reliable tools to assess halitosis and may neglect or misdiagnose a considerable number of patients in clinical practice.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of sagitta otolith microchemistry (Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca ratios) as habitat indicator of Anchoa tricolor between the estuary and the adjacent continental shelf. We analyzed 162 specimens of A. tricolor in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (Brazil), and salinity and rainfall data. The biological and environmental data were grouped into sectors (internal, intermediate, and external) and periods (early and late wet, and dry periods). The concentrations of Ca, Ba and Sr were determined using an ICP-OES. The Sr:Ca ratio indicated the existence of two groups, probably from different origins, that use the estuary at the same time, but occupying different sectors of the estuary. The Ba:Ca ratio did not differentiate the groups as to the use of estuary, but rather revealed low values, suggesting that this species does not use freshwater environments. However, this ratio showed a high variation in the wet period, indicating a greater availability of barium in the estuarine regions affected by the river discharge. Considering our results, it is possible to classify A. tricolor as an estuarine migrant species. Also, the Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios can be indicative of the habitat use in a subtropical estuary.

RESUMO As florestas plantadas ocupam mais de 6,5 milhões de ha no Brasil, nas quais as operações de colheita e baldeio são realizadas com maquinário cada vez mais robusto, o que aumenta o risco de compactação do solo. A compactação do solo pode ser evitada se a sua capacidade de suporte de carga não for excedida, o que torna importante a avaliação tanto da resistência mecânica do solo quanto o impacto de diferentes operações. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de suporte de carga de solos de textura grosseira (dois Hapludult e um Haplorthod) em dois horizontes (BA e B) do Nordeste do Brasil; além de avaliar o impacto das operações de colheita e baldeio de madeira realizadas com harvester e forwarder. Apesar de o Haplorthod ter apresentado a maior capacidade de suporte de carga no horizonte BA (para toda a faixa de umidade) e no horizonte B (para maiores umidades) ele foi a classe de solo que apresentou maior compactação. O tráfego com o harvester resultou em compactação tanto no horizonte BA quanto no B, mas o aumento da densidade do solo foi maior no último, chegando a 18,7% no Haplorthod. A intensidade de tráfego do forwarder e a presença de resíduos de plantas na superfície do solo afetaram significativamente a ocorrência de compactação do solo. No horizonte BA, o aumento da densidade do solo em decorrência da intensidade de tráfego do forwarder foi de 3 passadas ~ 6 passadas < 12 passadas ~ 16 passadas. O aumento de densidade do solo foi maior no Haplorthod, atingindo 32% após 16 passadas sobre o solo descoberto. Regressões lineares significativas foram obtidas a partir do número de passadas do forwarder e o aumento na densidade do solo.

ABSTRACT Planted forests occupy more than 6.5 million ha in Brazil, where harvest and logging operations are performed with increasingly heavier machinery, increasing the risk of soil compaction. Soil compaction can be avoided if soil load bearing capacity is not exceeded, what makes it important to assess both the soil strength and the impact of different operations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the load bearing capacity of some coarse textured soils (two Hapludult and one Haplorthod) in two soil horizons (BA and B), from northeastern Brazil; and to assess the impact of harvest and logging operations performed with harvester and forwarder. Although the Haplorthod presented higher load bearing capacity in both the BA horizon (for the whole moisture range) and the B horizon (for higher water contents), it suffered the greatest soil compaction. Traffic with the harvester resulted in soil compaction in both the BA and the B horizons, but the increase in bulk density was higher on the later, reaching 18.7% in the Haplorthod. The forwarder traffic intensity and the presence of plant residue cover significantly affected the occurrence of soil compaction. In the BA horizon, the increase in soil bulk density for different forwarder traffic intensities was 3 passes ~ 6 passes < 12 passes ~ 16 passes. The increase in bulk density was higher in the Haplorthod, reaching 32% after 16 forwarder passes over bare soil. Significant linear regressions were obtained from the number of forwarder passes and the increase in bulk density.

Abstract Background Development of drug-resistance mutations is the main cause of failure in antiretroviral therapy. In Brazil, there is scarce information on resistance pattern for patients failing antiretroviral therapy. Objectives To define the HIV mutational profile associated with drug resistance in Brazilian patients from 5 large cities, after first, second or further failures to antiretroviral therapy. Methods We reviewed genotyping results of 1520 patients failing therapy in five Brazilian cities. Frequency of mutations, mean number of active drugs, viral susceptibility to each antiretrovirals drug, and regional differences were assessed. Results Mean time of antiretrovirals use was 22.7 ± 41.1 months. Mean pre-genotyping viral load was 4.2 ± 0.8 log (2.1 ± 2.0 after switching antiretrovirals). Mean number of remaining active drugs was 9.4, 9.0, and 7.9 after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd failure, respectively. We detected regional variations in drug susceptibility: while BA and RS showed the highest (∼40%) resistance level to ATV/r, FPV/r and LPV/r, in the remaining cities it was around half of this rate. We detected 90% efavirenz/nevirapine resistance in SP, only 45% in RS, and levels between 25% and 30% in the other cities. Regarding NRTI, we found a similar pattern, with RJ presenting the highest, and CE the lowest susceptibility rates for all NRTI. Zidovudine resistance was detected in only 3% of patients in RJ, against 45–65% in the other cities. RJ and RS showed 3% resistance to tenofovir, while in CE it reached 55%. DRV/r (89–97%) and etravirine (61–85%) were the most active drugs, but again, with a wide variation across cities. Conclusions The resistance mutational profile of Brazilian patients failing antiretroviral therapy is quite variable, depending on the city where patients were tested. This variation likely reflects distinctive choice of antiretrovirals drugs to initiate therapy, adherence to specific drugs, or circulating HIV-1 strains. Overall, etravirine and DRV/r remain as the most active drugs.

Abstract The study aims to compare the efficiency of previously used liquid media for coffee, evaluating NAA concentrations in liquid medium and proline in semi-solid medium in the regeneration of somatic embryos and asses concentrations of BA and IAA in the maturation of embryos in temporary immersion bioreactors. For the regeneration of globular embryos from embryogenic aggregates and calli, we tested five concentrations (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg L-1) of NAA in liquid medium and five concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g L-1) of proline in semisolid medium. The multiplication of embryogenic aggregates was highest in culture medium MM, reaching a density 7.5 times greater than that of the initial density. NAA promoted a linear increase in embryo regeneration. The medium containing 2.0 mg L-1 BA and 0.0 mg L-1 IAA yielded the highest percentage of large cotyledonary embryos.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em adolescentes do sexo feminino de acordo com a idade cronológica (IC), idade óssea (IO) e desenvolvimento das mamas (M) e suas correlações com biomarcadores de remodelação óssea em plasma (BO). MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo transversal prospectivo feito em 101 adolescentes saudáveis do sexo feminino com idade entre 10 e 20 anos. As variáveis estudadas foram: peso, altura, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), IC, IO, M, ingestão de cálcio, DMO e BO. A osteocalcina (OC), fosfatase alcalina óssea (BAP) e o telopeptídeo C terminal (S-CTx) foram os biomarcadores de remodelação óssea avaliados. A DMO foi obtida por absorciometria de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA). RESULTADOS: A DMO de coluna lombar, fêmur proximal e corpo total aumentou com a idade, e as respectivas médias observadas foram: IC1 = 0,631, 0.692, 0,798 g/cm2; IC2, 0,698, 0,763, 0,840 g/cm2; IC3, 0,865, 0,889, 0,972 g/cm2; IC4, 0,902, 0,922, 1,013 g/cm2; e IC5, 0,944, 0,929, 1,35 g/cm2. Observou-se diferença significativa entre 13 e 14 anos (IC3) ou quando as meninas estavam em M3 (0,709, 0,832, 0,867 g/cm2). Os valores dos BO apresentaram elevação entre 10 e 12 anos e quando as adolescentes estavam em M2-M3 (p < 0,001). Os valores das medianas dos BO diminuíram com o avançar da IO e M. CONCLUSÕES: Os BOs mostraram paralelismo com o pico de velocidade de crescimento e demonstraram correlação negativa com a DMO no sítios avaliados. O aumento da DMO e dos BOs foi observado em M3.

OBJECTIVE: To study bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescent females according to five groups of chronological age (CA), bone age (BA), and breast development stage (B), and to correlate these parameters with plasma bone biomarkers (BB). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study performed in 101 healthy adolescent females between 10 and 20 years old. The study variables were: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), CA, B, BA, calcium intake, BMD, and BB. Osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and C-terminal telopeptide (S-CTx) were evaluated for BB. BMD was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: BMD in lumbar spine, proximal femur, and total body increased with age, and the respective observed averages were: in CA1 (10 years old), 0.631, 0.692, 0.798 g/cm2; in CA2 (11 to 12 years old), 0.698, 0.763, 0.840 g/cm2; in CA3 (13 to 14 years old), 0.865, 0.889, 0.972 g/cm2; in CA4 (15 to 16 years old), 0.902, 0.922, 1.013 g/cm2; and in CA5 (17 to 19 years old), 0.944, 0.929, 1.35 g/cm2. These results showed significant differences between 13 and 14 years of age (CA3) or when girls reached the B3 stage (0.709, 0.832, 0.867 g/cm2). The highest median concentrations of BB were between 10 and 12 years of age when adolescents were in the B2-B3 (p < 0.001). Median BB concentrations decreased in advanced BA and B. CONCLUSIONS: BB concentrations were positively correlated with the peak height velocity and negatively correlated with BMD in the study sites. Increased BMD and BB concentrations were observed in B3.

OBJETIVO: Identificar preditores clínicos associados à recuperação do crescimento no primeiro ano de tratamento com somatropina (rhGH) em um grupo de crianças nascidas pequenas para a idade gestacional (PIG). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 39 crianças que estavam em terapia com rhGH por pelo menos um ano (0,33 mg/kg/semana). As variáveis analisadas foram idade cronológica (IC), idade óssea (IO), altura-alvo e escores de desvios-padrão (Z-escore) do peso e comprimento ao nascer, altura, peso e velocidade de crescimento pré e pós-rhGH. RESULTADOS: A terapia com rhGH foi associada a incremento significativo de 0,67 Z-escore (p < 0,01) na estatura nesse primeiro ano. IO e Z-escore de peso ao nascimento foram reconhecidos como preditores dessa resposta, com diferença significativa na variação do Z-escore de estatura entre pré-púberes e púberes (p = 0,016). CONCLUSÃO: Esses dados mostram ganho estatural significativo com dose fixa de rhGH, observando-se melhores resultados quando a terapia foi iniciada na fase pré-puberal.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical predictors associated with catch-up growth in the first year of treatment with somatropin (rhGH) in a group of children born small for gestational age (SGA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty nine children who have been on rhGH therapy for at least one year (0.33 mg/kg/week) were evaluated. The clinical parameters analyzed were chronological age (CA), bone age (BA), target height and standard deviations scores (SDS) of birth weight and length, height, weight and growth rate. RESULTS: rhGH therapy was associated with a first year height increment of 0.67 SDS (p < 0.01). BA and birth weight SDS were predictive of growth response, with statistical difference in height SDS variation between prepubertal and pubertal subgroups (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: These data show a significant growth response with a fixed rhGH dose, those children who started rhGH in prepubertal ages presented the best outcomes.

Vários fatores tornam a infecção do trato urinário (ITU) uma relevante complicação do período gestacional, agravando tanto o prognóstico materno quanto o prognóstico perinatal. Durante muitos anos, a gravidez foi vista como fator predisponente a todas as formas de ITU. Hoje, sabe-se que ela, como evento isolado, não é responsável por maior incidência de ITU; as mudanças anatômicas e fisiológicas impostas ao trato urinário pela gravidez predispõem à transformação de mulheres bacteriúricas assintomáticas (BA) em gestantes com ITU sintomáticas. A BA acomete entre 2 e 10% de todas as gestantes, das quais aproximadamente 30% desenvolverão pielonefrite, se não tratadas adequadamente. No entanto, observa-se incompreensível resistência dos pré-natalistas à identificação da BA neste período. Seu diagnóstico é microbiológico e baseia-se em duas uroculturas apresentando mais que 10(5) colônias/mL de urina, identificando-se o mesmo germe. Seu tratamento é facilitado, visto que pode ser baseado no antibiograma, não havendo fundamentação científica de que o pré-estabelecimento de esquemas terapêuticos seja uma medida adequada. Para o tratamento da pielonefrite, não é possível aguardar o resultado da cultura e o conhecimento prévio do perfil de resistência dos antibacterianos disponíveis para uso em gestantes seria a melhor medida. Outra variável importante é utilizar um antibiótico bactericida, endovenoso na fase aguda da infecção e com possibilidades de ser administrado via oral após a melhora clínica da paciente, em seu domicílio. Em nosso meio, a droga que melhor atende a todas estas demandas é a cefuroxima, utilizada por um período de 10-14 dias. As cefalosporinas de terceira geração não existem na forma oral, carreando o inconveniente de tratamento parenteral em sua totalidade. Em decorrência dos efeitos colaterais, considera-se inadequado o uso de aminoglicosídeos em gestantes. Apesar das inconsistentes insinuações de contra-indicações das quinolonas monofluoradas, havendo indicação, acredita-se que a norfloxacina possa ser uma boa opção à cefuroxima. Para os casos em que a profilaxia da ITU está indicada, preferem-se os quimioterápicos, entre eles a nitrofurantoína, com o cuidado de evitar seu uso no final da gravidez pelo risco de kernicterus no neonato.

Several factors cause urinary tract infection (UTI) to be a relevant complication of the gestational period, aggravating both the maternal and perinatal prognosis. For many years, pregnancy has been considered to be a factor predisposing to all forms of UTI. Today, it is known that pregnancy, as an isolated event, is not responsible for a higher incidence of UTI, but that the anatomical and physiological changes imposed on the urinary tract by pregnancy predispose women with asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) to become pregnant women with symptomatic UTI. AB affects 2 to 10% of all pregnant women and approximately 30% of these will develop pyelonephritis if not properly treated. However, a difficult to understand resistance against the identification of AB during this period is observed among prenatalists. The diagnosis of UTI is microbiological and it is based on two urine cultures presenting more than 10(5) colonies/mL urine of the same germ. Treatment is facilitated by the fact that it is based on an antibiogram, with no scientific foundation for the notion that a pre-established therapeutic scheme is an adequate measure. For the treatment of pyelonephritis, it is not possible to wait for the result of culture and previous knowledge of the resistance profile of the antibacterial agents available for the treatment of pregnant women would be the best measure. Another important variable is the use of an intravenous bactericidal antibiotic during the acute phase, with the possibility of oral administration at home after clinical improvement of the patient. At our hospital, the drug that best satisfies all of these requirements is cefuroxime, administered for 10-14 days. Third-generation cephalosporins do not exist in the oral form, all of them involving the inconvenience of parenteral administration. In view of their side effects, aminoglycosides are considered to be inadequate for administration to pregnant women. The inconsistent insinuation of contraindication of monofluorinated quinolones, if there is an indication, norfloxacin is believed to be a good alternative to cefuroxime. In cases in which UTI prophylaxis is indicated, chemotherapeutic agents are preferred, among them nitrofurantoin, with care taken to avoid its use at the end of pregnancy due to the risk of kernicterus for the neonate.

É descrito o primeiro caso de detecção do genótipo 4 do vírus da hepatite C (VHC) em Salvador, BA. Foram utilizados os testes de RT-PCR para detecção do VHC-RNA, e o LIPA para genotipagem. O genótipo 4 responde mal ao tratamento, sendo portanto importante a busca ativa dos contactantes.

The first detected case of genotype 4 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Salvador, Bahia, is described. RT-PCR tests were used to detect HCV-RNA, and LIPA was used for genotyping. Genotype 4 responds poorly to treatment, and it is therefore important to actively search for people who have been in contact with it.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia de seleção do porte em bananeira mediante o emprego de giberelina. Foi desenvolvido em condições controladas de casa de vegetação da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, localizada em Cruz das Almas - BA (12° 48' 38" de latitude sul e 39° 06'26" de longitude oeste de Greenwich), no período de setembro de 2002 a janeiro de 2003. Para a comparação de diferentes portes de plantas das cultivares Prata-Anã e Prata-Gigante, foram testadas diferentes doses de ácido giberélico (0; 3,0; 14,0; 29,0; 59,0 e 145 µmol L-1), avaliando-se aos 30 e 60 dias após o plantio, altura da planta e altura da primeira folha. Avaliaram-se também o diâmetro do caule, massas fresca e seca da parte aérea e da raiz, e altura da segunda folha, aos 60 dias após o plantio. A concentração que provocou o maior efeito nos caracteres considerados foi de 84 µmol L-1, sendo que, na variável altura da planta, aos 60 dias foi a de 90,26 µmol L-1. Para todas as variáveis estudadas, observou-se um ponto de máximo em torno da dose de 90 µmol L-1 de giberelina. A concentração de 94,13 µmol L-1 de ácido giberélico (GA3) foi a mais eficiente na identificação precoce do porte de genótipos de Prata-Anã e Prata-Gigante. O momento adequado para efetuar a separação dos genótipos de diferentes portes é aos 60 dias após o plantio, e a variável que deve ser observada no instante da seleção, é a altura da segunda folha.

This work aimed to develop a methodology for the selection of plants with different heights using gibberellin. The study was carried out under greenhouse conditions at Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, located at Cruz das Almas - BA (12º 48' 38" South latitude and 39º 06' 26" longitude West), during the period of September 2002 through January 2003. For the comparison of different heights of Prata Dwarf and Prata Gigante cultivars, different concentrations of gibberellic acid (0; 3.0; 14.0; 29.0; 59.0; and 145.0 µmol L-1) were used in order to evaluate plant height and height of first leaf at 30 and 60 days after planting. Also the stem diameter, fresh and dry matter of the root and above ground plant parts and height of the second leaves, were evaluated at 60 days after planting. The concentration that demonstrated the greatest effect in the characteristics evaluated was 84 µmol L-1; whereas for plant height at 60 days was 90.26 µmol L-1. In general, a maximum peak around 90 µmol L-1 of gibberellin dosage was observed for the variables in study. The concentration of 94.13 µmol L-1 of gibberellic acid (GA3 ) was the most efficient in the early identification of height of the Prata Dwarf and Prata Gigante. The adequate time to separate the genotypes with different heights is at 60 days after planting and the variable that must be observed at the time of the selection is the height of the second leaf.

A introdução de uma espécie exótica visando ao controle biológico levanta dúvidas em relação à sua eficiência e ao possível impacto que possa causar sobre espécies nativas. Avaliação prévia do complexo de parasitóides nativos no ecossistema é importante pois, uma vez realizada a liberação de um inimigo natural exótico, inicia-se um processo de colonização contínuo e sem retorno à condição original. Levantamentos de espécies de parasitóides nativos de moscas-das-frutas foram realizados na região do Recôncavo Baiano, município de Conceição do Almeida, BA, antes e após a liberação do parasitóide exótico Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), com o objetivo de constatar a sua recaptura e estabelecimento. O levantamento prévio revelou as seguintes espécies nativas: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius spp., Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck) e Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes). Após a liberação de D. longicaudata as espécies nativas obtidas no levantamento prévio foram mantidas. Observou-se ainda que, apesar de haver competição interespecífica na exploração do mesmo sítio de oviposição, não houve perda da biodiversidade após a liberação do parasitóide exótico. No entanto, observou-se alteração na freqüência das espécies nativas quando comparada com o período que antecedeu a liberação de D. longicaudata. Com relação ao estabelecimento definitivo do parasitóide exótico, cerca de 17 meses após a suspensão das liberações, foram recuperados espécimes em frutos de carambola, goiaba e umbu-cajá. Durante a safra dos anos de 2004 e 2005 foram realizadas novas coletas de frutos com a finalidade de confirmar o estabelecimento efetivo de D. longicaudata, não sendo obtido nessas amostras espécimes do parasitóide exótico.

The introduction of exotic species aiming at the biological control of established pests rises concern on its efficiency and also on its impact on native species. Pre-release evaluation of the parasitoid complex is important because the releases initiate a continuous and irreversible colonization process. Surveys of native fruit fly parasitoids were conducted in the region of the Recôncavo Baiano, in Conceição do Almeida, BA, Brazil. Surveys were undertaken before and after the release of the exotic braconid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead). Pre-release survey showed that the following species were present in the study area: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius spp., Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck) and Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes). Following D. longicaudata releases, the same species were obtained. Despite of interspecific competition for oviposition sites, no biodiversity losses were observed. Notwithstanding, an alteration in the relative frequencies of native species was observed. The exotic parasitoid was recovered from infested fruits of carambola, guava and Spondia sp. 17 months after the releases ceased. Nevertheless, in 2004 and 2005, no individuals of D. longicaudata were recovered from infested fruit samples collected in the same locality of release.