Abstract This study evaluated the implementation and efficacy of the Hands Project - a prevention program for teen dating violence among middle and high school students, implemented during the pandemic. The Hands Project is a brief in-class intervention, targeting the attitudes, personal skills, and the role of bystanders in abusive dating situations with youth. A monitoring process was conducted with 11 classes, and a quasi-experimental evaluation was carried out with 61 students (intervention group n = 45; comparison group n = 16), with pre-test and post-test administration of the Attitudes Toward Dating Violence Scales (ATDV). Program responsiveness and implementation quality were high, and positive significant results were found for female physical violence, indicating a decrease in tolerance for the intervention group, when compared to the comparison group. Discussion reflects on the implications of this study for the implementation and evaluation of teen dating violence programs, and future research regarding this phenomenon.

Abstract Green nail syndrome, also known as Goldman-Fox syndrome, is a condition characterized by green discoloration of the nail plate, proximal paronychia and distal onycholysis. The diagnosis is usually clinical, based on the physical examination of the nail. Treatment begins with measures to keep the nails dry, avoiding wet environments, and pharmacological treatment using topical and/or oral antibiotic therapy. In refractory cases, surgical removal of the nail may be necessary. The authors describe the case of a 36-year-old woman presenting with green nail dyschromia following a traumatic injury. Based on the clinical findings, the patient was diagnosed with green nail syndrome and different treatment options were tried. This pathology remains a challenge to clinical practice.

Resumo A síndrome da unha verde, também designada por síndrome Goldman-Fox, é uma patologia que se caracteriza por descoloração verde da placa ungueal, paroníquia proximal e onicólise distal. O diagnóstico é geralmente clínico, através do exame físico da unha. O tratamento consiste em medidas gerais que visem a evicção do contacto das mãos com ambientes húmidos e tratamento farmacológico com recurso a antibioterapia tópica e/ou oral. Em casos refratários, a remoção cirúrgica da unha pode ser necessária. As autoras descrevem o caso de uma mulher de 36 anos com discromia verde da unha na sequência de evento traumático. Clinicamente era compatível com a síndrome da unha verde e foram instituídos sucessivos tratamentos nesse sentido, nem sempre bem-sucedidos. Esta entidade revela-se, assim, um desafio à prática clínica.

Abstract The intent of research is to improve the lives of individuals and communities. Through qualitative research specifically, we can deepen our understanding of reality and investigate the nuances of how people experience and make meaning from it. Qualitative research, as a scientific approach, enables researchers to examine phenomena from the point of view of those who live it. Qualitative researchers seek to understand individuals’ experiences, perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that are constructed through social rules, cultural patterns shaped by the communities and societies in which they live. Although research objectives differ, qualitative research is defined by a systematic process of researchers' identifying and interrogating their positionality, subjectivities, and influential paradigms. In this introduction readers will note similar methodologies; however, these are presented in the context of multiple disciplines. This volume demonstrates the evolving interdisciplinarity of qualitative research methods that engages scholars in innovative conversation. This editorial offers a peek at the interdisciplinary potential of qualitative research. Such interdisciplinary prowess is found in Volume 16 of New Trends in Qualitative Research.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil nociceptivo e o uso de analgésicos em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de reparo do manguito rotador. Além disso, os limiares nociceptivos e a integridade do sistema inibidor descendente, o catastrofismo da dor e a prevalência de dor nociceptiva ou neuropática também foram analisados. Métodos Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade La Salle (1.325.433/2015). Quarenta pacientes (maiores de 18 anos) submetidos à cirurgia de reparo do manguito rotador (divididos entre aqueles com lesões pequenas e grandes) participaram do estudo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário Sociodemográfico, a Escala Funcional de Dor, a Escala Visual Análoga (EVA), o Teste Sensorial Quantitativo (QST) e a Tarefa de Modulação Condicionada da Dor (CPM). Resultados Os pacientes apresentaram diferenças significativas nos limiares de dor e QST de calor (teste t de amostras independentes) e qualidade do sono, humor e ansiedade (teste t pareado) nos grupos pré-operatórios. Houve uma correlação significativa entre CPM pré-operatória e EVA pós-operatória (correlação de Pearson). Observou-se que, no período pré-operatório, 38 pacientes utilizavam analgésico de forma contínua. Além disso, no período pós-operatório, o uso de opioides foi maior nos pacientes com lesões pequenas (13 pacientes) em comparação àqueles com lesões grandes (nove pacientes). Conclusão Os pacientes com lesão do manguito rotador não apresentaram alterações no sistema inibidor descendente, mas sim alterações nos limiares de dor, o que pode interferir no período pós-operatório e estar relacionado ao consumo de analgésicos.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the nociceptive profile and the intake of analgesic drugs of patients submitted to rotator cuff repair surgery. Also, to evaluate the nociceptive thresholds and the integrity of the descending inhibitory system, pain catastrophism and prevalence of nociceptive or neuropathic pain. Methods Approved by the Ethics Committee of La Salle University (1.325.433/2015). 40 patients (>18 years old) who underwent rotator cuff repair surgery (divided in small and large injuries) were recruited. The used instruments were: Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Functional Pain Scale, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Quantitative Sensory Test (QST) and Conditioned Pain Modulation Task (CPM). Results Patients had a significant difference in pain thresholds QST heat (independent samples t test) and quality of sleep, mood and anxiety (paired t test) in groups preoperative. There was a significant correlation between preoperative CPM and postoperative VAS (Pearson Correlation). It was observed that, in preoperative, 38 patients used analgesics continuously. Besides that, in postoperative, use of opioid drugs was higher in patients with small injury (13 patients) than in those with large injury (9 patients). Conclusion Therefore, patients with rotator cuff injuries did not present alterations in the descending inhibitory system, but showed alterations in pain thresholds, which may interfere in the postoperative period and still be related to the consumption of analgesics.

Resumo Estudos têm demonstrado consistentemente um aumento significativo no risco de defeitos cardíacos congênitos em filhos de mães diabéticas em comparação com os de gestações não diabéticas. Evidências apontam que todos os tipos de diabetes pré-gestacional têm capacidade de gerar malformações cardíacas mais acentuadas do que no diabetes gestacional e parece haver um risco aumentado para todos os fenótipos de cardiopatias congênitas na presença de diabetes materno. Atualmente, está em estudo a aplicação de algumas terapias na tentativa de diminuir os riscos inerentes à gravidez diabética; no entanto, ainda não foi possível comprovar totalmente a sua eficácia. A presente revisão visa compreender melhor os mecanismos que regem a associação entre diabetes pré-gestacional e cardiopatias congênitas e como o diabetes materno interfere no desenvolvimento cardíaco fetal, pois ainda há um longo caminho a percorrer na investigação deste processo complexo. prégestacional pré Atualmente diabética entanto eficácia fetal complexo

Abstract Studies have consistently shown a significant increase in the risk of congenital heart defects in the offspring of diabetic mothers compared with those of nondiabetic pregnancies. Evidence points that all types of pregestational diabetes have the capacity of generating cardiac malformations in a more accentuated manner than in gestational diabetes, and there seems to be an increased risk for all congenital heart defects phenotypes in the presence of maternal diabetes. Currently, the application of some therapies is under study in an attempt to reduce the risks inherent to diabetic pregnancies; however, it has not yet been possible to fully prove their effectiveness. The present review aims to better understand the mechanisms that govern the association between pregestational diabetes and congenital heart defects and how maternal diabetes interferes with fetal cardiac development, as there is still a long way to go in the investigation of this complex process. pregnancies Currently however effectiveness development process

Abstract Evidence suggests that the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction (OD) occurs in 50% of patients with COVID-19. Emerging data suggest a high rate of early and spontaneous recovery, but approximately 10% of patients showed no improvement at 4-6 weeks after recovery. Given the high prevalence of COVID-19, a considerable number of patients will experience this morbidity. Thus, the main goal of this review is to define a guideline protocol for patients recovered from COVID-19, who present with olfactory dysfunction. In those cases, it is important to start by classifying the severity of this change and rule out other possible underlying etiologies, which may require further investigation. The treatment with best results is olfactory training. Additionally, the use of nasal corticosteroid spray or omega-3 supplementation may be recommended. It should be noted that those conclusions are based upon clinical trials whose patients were infected by viruses other than SARS-CoV-2. This way, further study and validation regarding the treatment of this condition should be carried out as the pandemic progresses.

Resumo Estima-se que cerca de 50% dos doentes infetados pelo SARS-CoV-2 desenvolvam alguma alteração do olfato. A maioria recupera espontaneamente, contudo aproximadamente 10% permanece sem melhoria 4-6 semanas após a cura. Dada a elevada prevalência de COVID-19, um número significativo de doentes irá apresentar esta morbilidade. Assim, o objetivo principal desta revisão é definir um protocolo de orientação dos doentes recuperados da COVID-19 que se apresentem com alteração do olfato. Nestes casos deve-se começar por classificar a gravidade desta alteração e excluir outras possíveis etiologias subjacentes, que possam carecer de investigação adicional. O tratamento que apresenta melhores resultados é o treino olfativo. Adicionalmente poderá ser recomendado o uso de corticoide nasal em spray ou suplementação com ómega-3. De ressalvar que muito daquilo que se preconiza é baseado em ensaios realizados em doentes infetados por outros agentes que não o SARS-CoV-2, pelo que importa estar atento à produção científica neste campo.

ABSTRACT Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare complication of peritoneal dialysis which mortality can reach 50%. The usual treatment involves suspension of the technique, medical treatment, and surgical enterolysis. We report the case of a 36-year-old female who undergone continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis without complications for 10 years. She presented at the emergency department with abdominal pain and a diagnosis of peritonitis was assumed. The patient developed a systemic inflammatory response, and her abdominal computer tomography (CT) scan showed multiple parietal calcifications. After multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics, an undetermined febrile syndrome persisted, and parenteral nutrition was started. An EPS diagnosis was established and treatment with tamoxifen was proposed. Exploratory laparoscopy was decided, and the intraoperative findings were consistent with EPS. The patient was submitted to extensive enterolysis. A clinical improvement led to a discharge after 60 days of hospitalization. After more than 30 months with tamoxifen, she remains on hemodialysis and doing well. There are no randomized controlled trials to guide EPS management and the following procedures are more difficult to decide, who makes these reports important to the reflection. We describe a case of successful treatment of EPS, with a very severe presentation. The management with enterolysis and tamoxifen contributed decisively to this outcome.

Abstract Considering the vulnerability of young adults’ mental health, and the abrupt change to their routines as a result of the first lockdown decreed in Portugal due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in March of 2020, this study analyzed 1) the emotional state of a sample of university students during the first lockdown, 2) the coping strategies they reported during that period of time, 3) the mediating role of coping strategies in reported anxiety, depression and stress symptoms. Results show that, similarly to what has been found in other countries, women report higher levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Women also report resorting more frequently to not only negative coping strategies, but also positive ones (such as social support). Strategies of Retreat and Refusal mediate the relation between the participant’s sex and their emotional state. Results point to reflecting on interventions for the promotion of young university students’ well-being.

Resumo Considerando a vulnerabilidade da saúde mental dos jovens adultos, e a mudança abrupta das suas rotinas no primeiro confinamento decretado em Portugal, em março de 2020, devido à pandemia provocada pela COVID-19, este estudo analisou 1) o estado emocional de uma amostra de estudantes universitários durante o primeiro confinamento, 2) as estratégias de coping reportadas durante esse período, 3) o papel mediador das estratégias de coping no reporte de sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e stress. Os resultados indicam que, à semelhança de outros países, as mulheres reportam maiores níveis de ansiedade, depressão e stress. Também são estas que reportam não só o recurso a estratégias de coping negativo, mas também positivo (suporte social). O retraimento e a recusa medeiam a relação entre o sexo do participante e o estado emocional. Os resultados apontam para um conjunto de reflexões sobre intervenções de promoção de bem-estar em jovens universitários.

Resumo O artigo trata da elaboração, análise e aplicação do Modelo Epistemológico de Referência (MER) para o conceito de função que foi aplicado na disciplina de Funções I da licenciatura em Matemática da Educação do Campo. Para a sua elaboração foram utilizadas algumas informações preliminares sobre o conceito de função, tais como: uma breve evolução histórica do conceito; algumas dificuldades no processo de ensino e aprendizagem; a sua organização nos documentos curriculares brasileiros; e uma análise praxeológica de um livro didático utilizado na disciplina pesquisada. Como base teórica da elaboração do nosso MER utilizamos: a proposta de Lucas aplicada ao cálculo diferencial elementar; a modelação matemática de Chevallard e Gascón; e os níveis de modelação funcional de Ruiz-Munzón. Com essa organização, propomos um esquema de um MER para o conceito de função, que fundamentou a aplicação do Percurso de Estudo e Pesquisa (PEP), aplicado pelo professor da disciplina de Funções I para seus alunos no período de seis sessões. Durante o processo de aplicação, foi observado o desenvolvimento do PEP fundamentado pelo MER, que se apresenta como possibilidade para o ensino de função, destacando o processo de transição de um domínio discreto para o contínuo, como também, o estudo de famílias de funções. Os resultados encontrados indicam que as técnicas não tomam um papel de destaque em relação à compreensão dos conceitos, ocasionando uma mudança da postura do professor para proporcionar o ensino e aprendizagem do conceito de função.

Abstract This article deals with the elaboration, analysis, and application of the reference epistemological model (REM) for the function concept, that was applied in the Functions I discipline of the Field Education Mathematics degree. For model elaboration, we used preliminary information about the function concept, as: a brief historical evolution of the concept; some difficulties in the teaching and learning processes; its organization in the Brazilian curriculum documents; and a praxeological analysis of a textbook used in the researched subject. As a theoretical basis for the elaboration of our REM, we used: a proposal by Lucas applied to the concept of elementary differential calculus; the mathematical modelling notion of Chevallard and Gascón and the functional modelling levels proposed by Ruiz-Munzón. With this organization, we proposed a schema of a REM for the function concept, that fundamented the application of Study and Research Path (SRP), which was applied by the teacher of the Functions I discipline to his students over a period of six sessions. During the application process, we were able to observe the development of the SRP fundamented by REM, which presents itself as a possibility for teaching the function concept. We highlight the transition process from discrete to continuous domain, as well as the study of families of functions. The results showed that the techniques do not take a prominent role in relation to the understanding of concepts, causing a change in the teacher’s perspective on how to teach and facilitate learning of the function concept.

RESUMO Introdução: Um acesso vascular em bom funcionamento é vital para pacientes em hemodiálise regular. A bandagem do acesso é indicada na síndrome de roubo associada a alto fluxo. Permite a redução do fluxo de acesso enquanto mantém a perfusão distal do membro. No entanto, este procedimento tem algumas limitações, pois pode causar hemorragia, infecção, formação de aneurisma, trombose de acesso em casos de excesso de bandagem (overbanding) ou, de outra forma, redução insuficiente do fluxo vascular. Outras técnicas cirúrgicas para obter o mesmo benefício seriam úteis. Métodos: Foi realizada uma técnica de bandagem modificada sem colocação endovascular do balão de angioplastia, que é uma alternativa viável às outras técnicas. Esta cirurgia foi realizada em pacientes em diálise crônica com síndrome de roubo. Os fluxos de acesso pré e pós-operatório foram medidos e a resolução dos sintomas foi registrada. A taxa de permeabilidade primária foi definida como a sobrevivência do acesso livre de intervenção desde o tempo operatório. Resultados: Verificamos que essa técnica permitiu redução do fluxo de acesso em todos os nossos seis pacientes, com resolução total dos sintomas em todos os pacientes. A taxa de patência primária em 12 meses foi de 100%. Nenhuma complicação maior foi observada durante nosso acompanhamento. Conclusões: Esta técnica permite a correção de fístulas arteriovenosas de alto fluxo de forma eficiente e segura, podendo ser uma alternativa viável a outros procedimentos de bandagem.

ABSTRACT Background: A well-functioning vascular access is vital to patients on regular hemodialysis. Banding the access is indicated in high-flow-associated steal syndrome. It allows for the reduction of access flow while maintaining distal limb perfusion. Nonetheless, this procedure has some limitations as it can cause hemorrhage, infection, aneurysm formation, thrombosis of access in cases of overbanding, or otherwise insufficient reduction of vascular flow. Other surgical techniques to achieve the same benefit would be useful. Methods: We performed a modified banding technique without endovascular placement of the angioplasty balloon, which is a viable alternative to other techniques. This surgery was performed in patients on chronic dialysis with steal syndrome. Pre- and post-operative access flows were measured and resolution of symptoms was recorded. Primary patency rate was defined as the intervention-free access survival from the operative time. Results: We verified that this technique allowed for access flow reduction in all our six patients, with total resolution of symptoms in all patients. Primary patency rate at 12 months was 100%. No major complications were noted during our follow-up. Conclusions: This technique allows for correction of high-flow arteriovenous fistulas in an efficient and safe way, and can be a viable alternative to other banding procedures.

RESUMO A realização de estudos em diferentes regiões do país pode auxiliar no entendimento dos fatores associados à incapacidade funcional do idoso, considerando que este é um importante indicador de saúde e pode contribuir para intervenções nessa população, com o objetivo de reduzir o risco de dependência futura, complicação ou estabelecimento de doenças e morbidades crônicas. Esse estudo objetivou verificar os fatores associados à incapacidade funcional de idosas participantes de programa de atividade física de Manaus-AM. Estudo transversal foi conduzido em 416 mulheres idosas que responderam um questionário contendo informações sobre a incapacidade funcional (IF) (variável dependente) e variáveis independentes: idade, estado civil, renda mensal, escolaridade, aposentadoria, uso de medicação, índice de massa corporal, sintomas depressivos, doenças autorreferidas e percepção de saúde. A prevalência geral de IF foi de 25,7%, a qual esteve associada à idade ≥80 (OR=2.34, IC95%=1.11-4,94), ensino fundamental incompleto (OR=3,22, IC95%=1,24-8,35) e fundamental completo (OR=3,24, IC95%=1,40-7,50), sobrepeso (OR=2,77, IC95%=1,69-4,54), presença de sintomas depressivos (OR=4.40, IC95%=1.48-13.07), artrose (OR=3.31, IC95%=1.80-5.73), artrite reumatoide (OR=2.84, IC95%=1.57-5.15) e percepção de saúde negativa (OR=3.04, IC95%=1.19-7.78). Conclui-se que a IF esteve associada a fatores modificáveis de saúde (escolaridade, sobrepeso e sintomas depressivos) e não modificáveis (idade, artrite e artrose).

ABSTRACT Conducting studies in different regions of the country can help to understand which factors are associated with the functional disability of the elderly, considering that this is an important health indicator and may contribute to interventions in this population, aiming to reduce the risk of future dependence, complication or establishment of chronic diseases and morbidities. This study aimed to verify the factors associated with the functional disability of elderly women participating in a physical activity program in Manaus/AM. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 416 elderly women who answered a questionnaire with information on functional disability (dependent variable) and independent variables: age, marital status, monthly income, schooling, retirement, medication use, body mass index, depression symptoms, self-reported illness, and health perception. The overall prevalence of functional disability was 25.7%, which was associated with age ≥80 (OR=2.34, IC95%=1.11-4,94), incomplete primary school (OR=3.22, IC95%=1.24-8.35) and complete primary (OR=3.24, IC95%=1.40-7.50), overweight (OR=2.77, IC95%=1.69-4.54), presence of depression symptoms (OR=4.40, IC95%=1.48-13.07), arthrosis (OR=3.31, IC95%=1.80-5.73), rheumatoid arthritis (OR=2.84, IC95%=1.57-5.15) and negative health perception (OR=3.04, IC95%=1.19-7.78). It was concluded that functional disability was associated with modifiable health factors (scholling, overweight, depression syntoms) ans non modifiable (age, arthritis and arthrosis).

Resumo Introdução: A incapacidade de manter uma boa estabilidade pélvica tem sido atribuída à coordenação muscular ineficiente e ao descondicionamento dos músculos estabilizadores. Apesar disso, pouco se sabe sobre a função dos músculos pélvicos nos movimentos de anteversão e retroversão. Objetivo: Comparar a atividade neuromuscular do tensor da fáscia lata, glúteo médio, porções inferior e superior do glúteo máximo e multífidos durante a anteversão e retroversão pélvica. Métodos: A atividade neuromuscular de 17 adultos jovens saudáveis (25,3 ± 4,6 anos) foi avaliada durante cinco repetições dos movimentos de anteversão e retroversão pélvica. Utilizou-se o sistema Vicon-Nexus (10 câmeras) para a análise cinemática da pelve no plano sagital (anteversão e retroversão), e o eletromiógrafo TeleMyo DTS Desk Receiver e o software MyoMuscle v. 3.8 para mensurar a atividade neuromuscular. Testes t pareados foram conduzidos para comparar a atividade muscular entre os movimentos de anteversão e retroversão pélvica, utilizando-se o software Statistica v.8 com nível de significância de p < 0,05. Resultados: Quando comparados os movimentos, maior atividade muscular foi observada para o glúteo máximo inferior durante a retroversão e maior atividade para os multífidos durante a anteversão pélvica. A porção superior do glúteo máximo apresentou ativação relevante em ambos os movimentos. Conclusão: Houve atividade mais pronunciada da porção inferior do glúteo máximo na retroversão enquanto o glúteo máximo superior apresentou nível relevante de ativação em ambos os movimentos; os multífidos se mostraram mais ativos na retroversão.

Abstract Introduction: The inability to maintain good pelvic stability has been attributed to inefficient muscle coordination and deconditioning of the stabilizing muscles. Despite this, little is known about the role of the pelvic muscles in anteversion and retroversion movements. Objective: To compare the neuromuscular activity of the tensor fascia lata, gluteus medius, upper and lower portions of the gluteus maximus, and multifidus in pelvic anteversion and retroversion. Methods: The neuromuscular activity of 17 healthy young adults (aged 25.3 ± 4.6 years) was assessed during five repetitions of the pelvic anteversion and retroversion movements. The Vicon-Nexus system (10 cameras) was used for the kinematic analysis of the pelvis in the sagittal plane (anteversion and retroversion), and the TeleMyo DTS Desk Receiver electromyograph and the Myomuscle v. 3.8 software to measure neuromuscular activity. The paired samples t-test was used to compare muscle activity between pelvic anteversion and retroversion movements using the Statistica v.8 software with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The comparison of the movements showed greater muscle activity in the inferior gluteus maximus in retroversion and greater activity in the multifidus in pelvic anteversion. The upper portion of the gluteus maximus showed relevant activation in both movements. Conclusion: There was more pronounced activity of the lower portion of the gluteus maximus in retroversion, while the upper gluteus maximus showed relevant activation level in both movements. The multifidi were more active in retroversion.

ABSTRACT Antiresorptive therapy is the main form of prevention of osteoporotic or fragility fractures. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a relatively rare but severe adverse reaction to antiresorptive and antiangiogenic drugs. Physicians and dentists caring for patients taking these drugs and requiring invasive procedures face a difficult decision because of the potential risk of MRONJ. The aim of this study was to discuss the risk factors for the development of MRONJ and prevention of this complication in patients with osteoporosis taking antiresorptive drugs and requiring invasive dental treatment. For this goal, a task force with representatives from three professional associations was appointed to review the pertinent literature and discuss systemic and local risk factors, prevention of MRONJ in patients with osteoporosis, and management of established MRONJ. Although scarce evidence links the use of antiresorptive agents in the context of osteoporosis to the development of MRONJ, these agents are considered a risk factor for this complication. Despite the rare reports of MRONJ in patients with osteoporosis, the severity of symptoms and impact of MRONJ in the patients' quality of life make it imperative for health care professionals to consider this complication when planning invasive dental procedures.

Rituximab (RTX) is a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that has been associated with delayed pulmonary toxicity. In patients receiving RTX, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, although rare, should be considered in the appropriate clinical and radiographic setting. The authors present a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with a single dose of RTX treatment in a kidney transplanted patient with acute antibody-mediated rejection.

Abstract Background: Orchidaceae represents around 7.1-8.52 % of the angiosperms known in the planet. In Mexico, orchids are the third family more diverse, and Oaxaca is the state with the highest richness in the country. Orchids are widely distributed in tropical environments, but they are also distributed in temperate forests, where they have been scarcely studied. Questions: What is the diversity of orchid species at the locality of Santa Catarina Lachatao? Which subfamilies and growth forms are distributed at that locality? Do the community of orchids flowers differentially between seasons? Studied species: Species of the Orchidaceae family. Study site and dates: Santa Catarina Lachatao, Oaxaca, 2017-2018. Methods: Orchids were collected monthly throughout a year. Collected specimens were identified. Richness, abundance and diversity index were estimated for the whole flowering community, and per subfamily and growth form. These parameters were compared between seasons. Results: The community of orchids was composed by 4,933 flowering individuals from 74 species from the subfamilies Epidendroideae and Orchidoideae. Orchids with terrestrial, epiphyte, and rupicolous growth forms were collected. Total diversity index and species composition varied between seasons. Seasonal variation in abundance, diversity and species composition per subfamily and per growth form was also detected. Conclusions: Orchid diversity at the locality is high (9.68 % of the richness recorded for Oaxaca), and varies between seasons. The high species richness, the endemisms and endangered species found, call to take prompt actions to protect and manage the forest to assure its conservation and the diversity within it.

Resumen Antecedentes: La familia Orchidaceae representa el 7.1-8.52 % de las angiospermas del planeta. En México, ésta es la tercera familia más diversa, y Oaxaca registra la mayor riqueza. Orchidaceae se distribuye ampliamente en ambientes cálidos, pero también en bosques templados, donde han sido menos estudiada. Preguntas: ¿Cuál es la diversidad de especies de orquídeas en Santa Catarina Lachatao? ¿Qué subfamilias y formas de vida se distribuyen en la localidad? ¿La floración de la comunidad de orquídeas es distinta entre estaciones? Especies de estudio: Especies de la familia Orchidaceae. Sitio y años de estudio: Santa Catarina Lachatao, Oaxaca, 2017-2018. Métodos: Se colectaron e identificaron las orquídeas en floración durante un año. La riqueza, abundancia e índice de diversidad de orquídeas en floración fueron estimados para la comunidad completa, así como por subfamilia y forma de vida. Se compararon estos parámetros entre estaciones. Resultados: Se registraron 4,933 individuos en floración de 74 especies de las subfamilias Epidendroideae y Orchidoideae. Se colectaron orquídeas con forma de vida terrestre, epífita y rupícola. La diversidad y la composición de especies de toda la comunidad difirieron entre estaciones. La abundancia, la diversidad y la composición de especies por subfamilia y por forma de crecimiento también variaron entre estaciones. Conclusiones: La diversidad de orquídeas de la localidad es alta (9.68 % de la reportada para Oaxaca) y variable entre estaciones. La alta riqueza específica, el número de endemismos y de especies amenazadas encontradas urgen a tomar acciones para proteger el bosque y la biodiversidad que lo compone.