RESUMO Este trabalho resgatou a passagem do médico sanitarista e professor universitário Antônio Sérgio da Silva Arouca pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), entre 1967 e 1975, mediante estudo de três documentos importantes conservados nessa instituição, a saber, seu Processo de Vida Funcional, a Revista Comemorativa dos 25 anos do Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, onde consta depoimento seu, e o Relatório Final da Comissão da Verdade e Memória “Octávio Ianni”. No Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social da Unicamp, encontrou ambiente propício para atuar conforme suas convicções. Integrou-se à disciplina de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas à Medicina, cujo conteúdo teórico dialogava com ações extramuros desenvolvidas pelos alunos em bairro pobre da cidade, com o intuito de lhes propiciar a oportunidade de reconhecer a importância e a influência dos fatores sociais sobre o estado de saúde dos indivíduos e das populações. Tal experiência, muito provavelmente, influenciou sobremaneira o jovem docente que, anos depois, produziria uma tese de extrema relevância para formulação e consolidação da saúde coletiva brasileira e presidiria a VIII Conferência Nacional de Saúde, que estabeleceu as bases do Sistema Único de Saúde.

ABSTRACT This work recovers the passage of the public health physician and university professor Antônio Sérgio da Silva Arouca through the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), between 1967 and 1975, through the study of three important documents kept in this institution, namely, his Functional Life File, the Commemorative Magazine of the 25th anniversary of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, where his statement is included, and the Final Report of the “Octávio Ianni” Truth and Memory Commission. At the UNICAMP’s Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, he found a favorable environment to act according to his convictions. He joined the discipline of Social Sciences Applied to Medicine, whose theoretical content dialogued with extramural actions developed by students in poor neighborhoods of the city, in order to give them the opportunity to recognize the importance and influence of social factors on the health status of individuals and populations. This experience probably had a great influence on the young professor who, years later, would produce a thesis of extreme relevance for the formulation and consolidation of Brazilian Public Health, and preside over the 8th National Health Conference, which established the bases for the Unified Health System.

ABSTRACT This work recovers the passage of the public health physician and university professor Antônio Sérgio da Silva Arouca through the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), between 1967 and 1975, through the study of three important documents kept in this institution, namely, his Functional Life File, the Commemorative Magazine of the 25th anniversary of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, where his statement is included, and the Final Report of the “Octávio Ianni” Truth and Memory Commission. At the UNICAMP’s Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, he found a favorable environment to act according to his convictions. He joined the discipline of Social Sciences Applied to Medicine, whose theoretical content dialogued with extramural actions developed by students in poor neighborhoods of the city, in order to give them the opportunity to recognize the importance and influence of social factors on the health status of individuals and populations. This experience probably had a great influence on the young professor who, years later, would produce a thesis of extreme relevance for the formulation and consolidation of Brazilian Public Health, and preside over the 8th National Health Conference, which established the bases for the Unified Health System.

RESUMO Este trabalho resgatou a passagem do médico sanitarista e professor universitário Antônio Sérgio da Silva Arouca pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), entre 1967 e 1975, mediante estudo de três documentos importantes conservados nessa instituição, a saber, seu Processo de Vida Funcional, a Revista Comemorativa dos 25 anos do Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, onde consta depoimento seu, e o Relatório Final da Comissão da Verdade e Memória “Octávio Ianni”. No Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social da Unicamp, encontrou ambiente propício para atuar conforme suas convicções. Integrou-se à disciplina de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas à Medicina, cujo conteúdo teórico dialogava com ações extramuros desenvolvidas pelos alunos em bairro pobre da cidade, com o intuito de lhes propiciar a oportunidade de reconhecer a importância e a influência dos fatores sociais sobre o estado de saúde dos indivíduos e das populações. Tal experiência, muito provavelmente, influenciou sobremaneira o jovem docente que, anos depois, produziria uma tese de extrema relevância para formulação e consolidação da saúde coletiva brasileira e presidiria a VIII Conferência Nacional de Saúde, que estabeleceu as bases do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Resumen La gestión eficiente de conflictos entre los usos y actividades en el medio marino-costero es fundamental para el éxito de la Planificación Espacial Marina (PEM). Nuestro objetivo fue el de realizar un geo-análisis de usos y actividades presentes en la jurisdicción de las Capitanías de Puerto de Tumaco y Guapi en Colombia para identificar los posibles conflictos presentes. Utilizamos información geográfica de usos y actividades del medio marino-costero disponible en geo-portales nacionales, se consultó a 23 expertos interinstitucionales para realizar la ponderación de las matrices de conflictos, se realizó un análisis de las interacciones entre los usos y actividades apoyados de análisis espacial, se identificaron los principales conflictos en función de criterios específicos y se realizó la cartografía para la ubicación de los conflictos. Se generó una base de datos con 39 capas geográficas, se encontró la mayor densidad de usos y actividades en aguas interiores, la fauna marina obtuvo el 11,81 % del total de interacciones, se identificaron 73 conflictos potenciales, donde el 23.29% correspondió a un Índice de Conflicto alto y el 57.53 % de los conflictos ocurrieron entre usuario-ambiente. Con estos resultados aportamos a la gestión de los litorales colombianos dentro del contexto de la PEM.

Abstract The efficient management of conflicts between uses and activities in the marine-coastal environment is fundamental for the success of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). Our aim was to conduct a geo-analysis of uses and activities present in the jurisdiction of the harbor master of Tumaco and Guapi in Colombia to identify potential conflicts. We used geographic information on uses and activities of the marine-coastal environment available in national geo-portals, 23 interinstitutional experts were consulted to carry out the weighting of the conflict matrices, an analysis of the interactions between the uses and activities supported by spatial analysis was carried out, the main conflicts were identified according to specific criteria and the cartography for the location of the conflicts was carried out. A database with 39 geographic layers was generated, the highest density of uses and activities was found in inland waters, marine fauna obtained 11.81 % of the total interactions, 73 potential conflicts were identified, where 23.29 % corresponded to a high Conflict Index and 57.53 % of the conflicts occurred between user-environment. With these results, we contribute to the management of Colombian marine-coastal within the context of the MSP.

Resumen Escherichia coli es uno de los principales patógenos humanos causantes de diferentes infecciones de inicio hospitalario y comunitario. Se determinó que el 1,96% (32/1.632) de los aislamientos de E. coli recuperados entre enero de 2013 y marzo de 2015 en el Hospital Regional de Ushuaia, provincia de Tierra del Fuego, fueron resistentes a cefalosporinas de tercera generación (CTG). Estos aislamientos fueron resistentes a cefotaxima (91%) y/o a ceftazidima (28%). No se detectó resistencia a los carbapenemes. Veintiséis aislamientos fueron positivos para el gen blaCTX-M, agrupados como CTX-M-1/15 (54%), CTX-M-9/14 (25%), CTX-M-2 (17%) y CTX-M-1/15 más CTX-M-9/14 (4%). Cinco cepas resistentes a CTG dieron positivo para el gen blaCMY, mientras que un aislamiento presentó la BLEE TEM-19. Doce aislamientos se identificaron como clon hiperepidémico E. coli ST131 y uno como ST69. El análisis de las secuencias del genoma de siete aislamientos seleccionados de E. coli blaCTX-M-15 confirmó la circulación de los clones internacionales de alto riesgo ST131, ST617 y ST405 en la ciudad de Ushuaia.

Abstract Escherichia coli is one of the main human pathogens causing different hospital- and community-acquired infections. During the period from January 2013 to March 2015, 1.96% (32/1632) of E. coli isolates recovered at the Hospital Regional de Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego province, were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (TGCs). These isolates were resistant to cefotaxime (91%) and/or ceftazidime (28%). No resistance to carbapenems was detected. Twenty-six isolates were positive for blaCTX-M gene, grouped as CTX-M-1/15 (54%); CTX-M-9/14 (25%); CTX-M-2 (17%); and CTX-M-1/15 plus CTX-M-9/14 (4%). Five TGC-resistant strains were positive for blaCMY gene, while one strain harbored TEM-19 ESBL. Twelve isolates were identified as ST131 E. coli hyperepidemic clone, and one as ST69. Genome sequence analysis of seven blaCTX-M-15 E. coli selected isolates confirm the circulation of ST131, ST617 and ST405 international high-risk clones in the city of Ushuaia.

Resumen Contexto: Existe una creciente necesidad de monitorear y predecir variables críticas en procesos productivos; por tanto, a partir del enfoque de control estadístico, se ha asumido desde el uso de cartas de control para mediciones individuales. Así, en este artículo se presentan los resultados del diseño de una red neuronal recurrente long short term memory (LSTM) para predecir el valor promedio de la variable temperatura en mediciones individuales, y así evaluar la capacidad de la red para obtener valores similares a los cálculos del promedio móvil ponderado EWMA para mediciones individuales. Método: Se obtuvieron 1768 registros de mediciones individuales de temperatura realizadas por un sensor, en el conjunto de datos denominado gas sensors for home activity monitoring data set. Los datos de temperatura se representaron en una carta de control de promedios móviles ponderados exponenciales EWMA, con el fin de obtener los valores de la media del proceso y de identificar que este estuviera dentro del control estadístico. Posteriormente, se entrenó una red neuronal LSTM a una muestra de entrenamiento de 1184 datos con algoritmo backpropagation que permitiera obtener valores similares a EWMA, los cuales se validaron en una muestra de prueba de 584 datos de temperatura. Resultados: Se obtuvo el diseño de una red neuronal con una unidad en la puerta de entrada, cuatro en la puerta de olvido y una en la puerta de salida entrenada con el algoritmo Backpropagation, la cual permitió calcular valores muy cercanos a los representados en la carta de control EWMA, con un MSE de 1.1405e-04. Conclusiones: Las redes neuronales LSTM son una buena alternativa para el cálculo de valores EWMA, cuando se requiera hacer control estadístico de un proceso que genera gran cantidad de datos obtenidos de mediciones y no se cuente con un software para procesarlos. Financiación: Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadores

ABSTRACT Context: There is a growing need to monitor and predict critical variables in production processes, from the statistical process control approach it has been assumed from the use of control charts for individual measurements, for that reason this article presents the results of the design of a long short term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network to predict the average value of the variable temperature in individual measurements and thus evaluate the ability of the network to obtain values similar to the EWMA weighted moving average calculations for individual measurements. Being this Methodology: 1768 records of individual temperature measurements made by a sensor were obtained, in the data set called: Gas sensors for home activity monitoring data set. Temperature data was plotted on an EWMA exponential weighted moving average control chart to obtain process mean values and identify that the process was within statistical control. Subsequently, an LSTM neural network was trained on a training sample of 1184 data with a Backpropagation algorithm that allowed obtaining values similar to EWMA, which were validated in a test sample of 584 temperature data. Results: The design of a neural network with a unit in the input gate, 4 units in the forgetting gate and 1 unit in the output gate was obtained, trained with the Backpropagation algorithm, it allowed to calculate values very close to those represented in the control chart. EWMA, with an MSE of 1.1405e-04. Conclusions: LSTM neural networks are a good alternative for calculating EWMA values, when statistical control of a process that generates a large amount of data obtained from measurements is required and there is no software to process them. Financing: Fundación universitaria Los Libertadores

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate associations among race/color, gender, and intrinsic capacity (IC) (total and by domains) in middle-aged and older adults from a Brazilian cohort. As a secondary objective, we investigate these associations across Brazilian regions. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted with baseline data from the 2015–2016 Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). IC was investigated via cognitive (verbal fluency), physical (gait velocity/handgrip), and psychosocial (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression) domains. Moreover, IC sensory domain was evaluated via self-reported sensory disease diagnoses (vision and/or hearing impairment) and race/color was identified via self-reported criteria. RESULTS We evaluated a total of 9,070 participants (aged ≥ 50 years). Black and Brown participants were 80% and 41% more likely to show a worse IC cognitive domain than white controls, respectively (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.42–2.28, p < 0.001 and OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.21–1.65, p < 0.001). Moreover, Black and Brown women had almost a threefold greater chance of showing a worse IC than white men (OR = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.89–4.47, p < 0.001 and OR = 2.51, 95%CI: 2.09 - 3.02, p < 0.001) and a 62% (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.02–2.57) and 32% (OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.10–1.57) greater risk of falling below our IC score cutoff point than white women. We found the greatest differences in the Brazilian South, whereas its North showed the lowest associations among race/color, gender, and IC. CONCLUSION IC racial and gender disparities reinforce the need for public health policies to guarantee equality during aging. Promoting greater access to good health care requires understanding how racism and sexism can contribute to health inequities and their consequences in different Brazilian regions.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate handgrip strength and dynapenia prevalence among older adults stratified by Brazilian macroregions. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the overlap between dynapenia and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability, depression, and executive dysfunction on a national basis and by each Brazilian macroregion. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). A multistage cluster sample design was used, with a representative population-based study of non-institutionalized community-dwelling Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years from 70 municipalities across all five macroregions of the country. The outcome variable was dynapenia. Covariables were IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. The Brazilian macroregions were used for stratification. In addition, the following additional variables were included: age group, gender, education level, macroregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), self-reported health, multimorbidity, and falls. RESULTS A total of 8,849 (94%) of the sample provided complete information for the handgrip strength assessment and were included in this analysis. Dynapenia prevalence was higher in North and Northeast regions (28.5% and 35.1%, respectively). We identified statistically significant differences between different macroregions for dynapenia, IADL disability, and verbal fluency, with worse values in the North and Northeast regions. In the North and Northeast macroregions, nearly half of the subjects that presented executive dysfunction and IADL disability also had dynapenia. There was a more significant overlap in the prevalence of all four conditions in the North and Northeast regions (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), whereas the overlap was smaller in the South (2.3%). There was also a smaller overlap in the prevalence of dynapenia and depression in the South (5.8%) compared with other macroregions. CONCLUSIONS Macroregions in Brazil exhibit marked differences in the prevalence of dynapenia and in its overlap with IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction.

ABSTRACT: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that can infect buffaloes and other mammalians, and it’s caused by Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Leptospira spp. The infection occurs through contact with urine or a contaminated environment with the mucous membranes of the animals, and the disease has two phases: leptospiremia and leptospiruria. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of leptospirosis in buffaloes in the state of Paraná, Brazil, as well as the main serovars present in this area. A total of 276 blood samples were collected from buffaloes from 18 properties located in different cities and mesoregions of Paraná state. A microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was performed to detect the presence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies and to identify its serovars. The prevalence was 77.17% (213/276) of buffaloes seropositive for at least one serovar. The most frequent serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae, followed by the Pomona serovar and serovar Hardjo. This study seems to be the first to determine the frequency of buffaloes with leptospirosis in the state of Paraná. Prevention and control measures are important to control the disease in herds.

RESUMO: Leptospirose é uma zoonose que infecta búfalos e outros mamíferos e é causada por bactérias Gram-negativas do gênero Leptospira spp. A infecção ocorre por meio do contato com a urina ou ambiente contaminado com as membranas mucosas dos animais e a doença possui duas fases: leptospiremia e leptospirúria. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência da leptospirose em bubalinos provenientes do estado do Paraná, assim como determinar os principais sorovares presentes no estado. Um total de 276 amostras de sangue foram coletados de búfalos provenientes de 18 propriedades localizadas em 14 municípios de diferentes mesorregiões do estado do Paraná. O teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) foi realizado para detecção da presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. e identificação dos respectivos sorovares. A prevalência de búfalos soropositivos para ao menos um sorovar foi de 77,17% (213/276). O sorovar mais frequente identificado nestes búfalos foi o Icterohaemorrhagiae, seguido pelos sorovares Pomona e Hardjo. Este é o primeiro estudo a determinar a frequência de búfalos com leptospirose no estado do Paraná. Medidas de controle e prevenção são importantes para o controle do agente nos rebanhos.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate associations among race/color, gender, and intrinsic capacity (IC) (total and by domains) in middle-aged and older adults from a Brazilian cohort. As a secondary objective, we investigate these associations across Brazilian regions. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted with baseline data from the 2015–2016 Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). IC was investigated via cognitive (verbal fluency), physical (gait velocity/handgrip), and psychosocial (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression) domains. Moreover, IC sensory domain was evaluated via self-reported sensory disease diagnoses (vision and/or hearing impairment) and race/color was identified via self-reported criteria. RESULTS We evaluated a total of 9,070 participants (aged ≥ 50 years). Black and Brown participants were 80% and 41% more likely to show a worse IC cognitive domain than white controls, respectively (OR = 1.80, 95%CI: 1.42–2.28, p < 0.001 and OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.21–1.65, p < 0.001). Moreover, Black and Brown women had almost a threefold greater chance of showing a worse IC than white men (OR = 2.91, 95%CI: 1.89–4.47, p < 0.001 and OR = 2.51, 95%CI: 2.09 - 3.02, p < 0.001) and a 62% (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.02–2.57) and 32% (OR = 1.32, 95%CI: 1.10–1.57) greater risk of falling below our IC score cutoff point than white women. We found the greatest differences in the Brazilian South, whereas its North showed the lowest associations among race/color, gender, and IC. CONCLUSION IC racial and gender disparities reinforce the need for public health policies to guarantee equality during aging. Promoting greater access to good health care requires understanding how racism and sexism can contribute to health inequities and their consequences in different Brazilian regions.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate handgrip strength and dynapenia prevalence among older adults stratified by Brazilian macroregions. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the overlap between dynapenia and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability, depression, and executive dysfunction on a national basis and by each Brazilian macroregion. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). A multistage cluster sample design was used, with a representative population-based study of non-institutionalized community-dwelling Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years from 70 municipalities across all five macroregions of the country. The outcome variable was dynapenia. Covariables were IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. The Brazilian macroregions were used for stratification. In addition, the following additional variables were included: age group, gender, education level, macroregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), self-reported health, multimorbidity, and falls. RESULTS A total of 8,849 (94%) of the sample provided complete information for the handgrip strength assessment and were included in this analysis. Dynapenia prevalence was higher in North and Northeast regions (28.5% and 35.1%, respectively). We identified statistically significant differences between different macroregions for dynapenia, IADL disability, and verbal fluency, with worse values in the North and Northeast regions. In the North and Northeast macroregions, nearly half of the subjects that presented executive dysfunction and IADL disability also had dynapenia. There was a more significant overlap in the prevalence of all four conditions in the North and Northeast regions (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), whereas the overlap was smaller in the South (2.3%). There was also a smaller overlap in the prevalence of dynapenia and depression in the South (5.8%) compared with other macroregions. CONCLUSIONS Macroregions in Brazil exhibit marked differences in the prevalence of dynapenia and in its overlap with IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction.

Resumen En la etapa inicial de la formación estudiantil, surgen dificultades durante el desarrollo de elementos requeridos para el desempeño académico, intelectual y emocional, especialmente falencias relacionadas con la adquisición de la escritura. Este estudio, de enfoque mixto, diseño secuencial exploratorio, modalidad derivativa y alcance descriptivo, identificó los problemas evidenciados por estudiantes de grado segundo de primaria de una institución educativa de carácter público de Colombia, en su proceso de adquisición de la escritura, y su relación con las estrategias pedagógicas utilizadas por los docentes. La investigación partió del análisis cualitativo de variables observadas y estudiadas, para después dar paso a un estudio cuantitativo. Los resultados indican que existe la necesidad de fomentar el desarrollo motriz, de tal manera que se puedan evitar problemas como trazos fuertes, trazos débiles, grafías inconsistentes y ausencia de grafías en las palabras. Además, muestran que las estrategias pedagógicas utilizadas por los docentes lograron avances significativos en la escritura del estudiantado como poca cantidad de omisión, inversión y distorsión de grafías en los escritos de los estudiantes.

Resumo Na fase inicial da instrução, surgem dificuldades durante o desenvolvimento dos elementos necessários para o desempenho acadêmico, intelectual e emocional, especialmente deficiências relacionadas com a aquisição da escrita. Este estudo, com uma abordagem mista, desenho exploratório sequencial, modalidade derivada e escopo descritivo, identificou os problemas evidenciados pelos alunos da segunda série do ensino fundamental em uma instituição pública de ensino na Colômbia, em seu processo de aquisição de escrita, e sua relação com as estratégias pedagógicas utilizadas pelos professores. A pesquisa começou com uma análise qualitativa das variáveis observadas e estudadas, e depois deu lugar a um estudo quantitativo. Os resultados indicam que há necessidade de incentivar o desenvolvimento motor para evitar problemas como traços fortes, traços fracos, ortografia inconsistente e falta de ortografia nas palavras. Além disso, elas mostram que as estratégias pedagógicas utilizadas pelos professores alcançaram progressos significativos na escrita dos alunos, tais como pouca omissão, inversão e distorção da ortografia nos escritos dos alunos.

Résumé Pendant l'éducation initiale, il y a souvent des difficultés lors du développement des éléments nécessaires aux performances scolaires, intellectuelles et émotionnelles, notamment des lacunes liées à l'acquisition de l'écriture. Cette étude, avec une approche mixte, un design exploratoire séquentiel, sur une modalité dérivée et une portée descriptive, a identifié les problèmes manifestés par des élèves de la deuxième année de lenseignement primaire au cours de leur processus d'acquisition de l'écriture, et leur relation avec les stratégies pédagogiques utilisées par les enseignants. La recherche commence avec une analyse qualitative des variables observées et étudiées, et ensuite elle a laissé place à une étude quantitative. Les résultats indiquent qu'il est nécessaire d'encourager le développement moteur afin d'éviter des problèmes tels que les traits trop forts, les traits trop faibles, l'orthographe incohérente et l'orthographe manquante dans les mots. De plus, ils montrent que les stratégies pédagogiques utilisées par les enseignants ont permis d'obtenir des progrès significatifs dans l'écriture des élèves, tels que peu d'omission, d'inversion et de déformation de l'orthographe dans les écrits des élèves.

Abstract In the early stage of students' instruction, difficulties arise during the development of skills required for academic, intellectual and emotional performance. These are related particulary to the acquisition of writing. This study, with a mixed approach, exploratory sequential design, derivative modality and descriptive scope, identified the problems evidenced by second grade students of a public educational institution in Colombia, in their process of acquiring writing, and their relationship with the pedagogical strategies used by teachers. The research started with a qualitative analysis of observed and studied variables, and then gave way to a quantitative study. The results indicate that there is a need to promote motor development, so that problems, which have generated difficulty in writing, such as strong strokes, weak strokes, inconsistent spellings and absence of graphs in words. In addition, they show that the pedagogical strategies used by the teachers achieved significant advances such as a small amount of omission, inversion and distortion of spellings in the students' writings.

Abstract The use of synthetic chemical compounds to preserve foods or treat diseases of bacterial origin is limited because they can cause health damage. Therefore, the food and livestock industries seek natural strategies to preserve foods and preserve the health of animals intended for human consumption. In this sense, some extracts of plant from Sonora, Mexico could be an alternative due to the great diversity of plants and the fact that some of them are traditionally used to treat diseases. On the other hand, there are few studies that support the biological activity of ethanolic extracts of Gnaphalium oxyphyllum (E1) and Euphorbia maculata (E2). In this study, phytochemical content was determined by spectrophotometry, antimicrobial activity was determined by agar diffusion and antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP. The results showed that the E1 and E2 extracts had total phenols, total flavonoids, flavones and flavonols, total flavanones and dihydroflavonols, as well as total tannins, total chlorogenic acid and total polysaccharides. In addition, both extracts showed higher antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 when 1 mg ml-1 was used (P<0.05). In addition, they presented antioxidant activity by the methods of ABTS, DPPH and FRAP. Therefore, the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of these plants represents a natural alternative to control some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the livestock industry, as well as for food preservation.

Resumen El uso de compuestos químicos sintéticos para conservar alimentos o tratar enfermedades de origen bacteriano está limitado debido a que pueden ocasionar daños en la salud. Por ello, las industrias alimentaria y pecuaria buscan estrategias naturales para conservar alimentos y mantener la salud de los animales destinados a consumo humano. En este sentido, algunos extractos de plantas provenientes de Sonora, México podrían ser una alternativa debido a la gran diversidad de plantas y que algunas de ellas se utilizan tradicionalmente para tratar enfermedades. Por otro lado, son pocos los estudios que sustentan la actividad biológica de los extractos etanólicos de Gnaphalium oxyphyllum (E1) y Euphorbia maculata (E2). En este estudio, el contenido de fitoquímicos se determinó por espectrofotometría, la actividad antimicrobiana se determinó por difusión en agar y la actividad antioxidante se evaluó por ABTS, DPPH y FRAP. Los resultados mostraron que los extractos E1 y E2 presentaron fenoles totales, flavonoides totales, flavonas y flavonoles, flavanonas y dihidroflavonoles totales, así como, taninos totales, ácido clorogénico total y polisacáridos totales. Además, ambos extractos mostraron mayor actividad antimicrobiana contra Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 y Salmonella entérica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 cuando se utilizó 1 mg ml-1 (P<0.05). Además, presentaron actividad antioxidante por los métodos de ABTS, DPPH y FRAP. Por lo anterior, el potencial antimicrobiano y antioxidante de estas plantas representa una alternativa natural para controlar algunas bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas en la industria pecuaria, así como para la conservación de alimentos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a disease caused by various mutations with a variable incidence depending on its heterozygous or homozygous form. However, few cases are diagnosed and not all health personnel know about the disease. Material and Methods: An online survey based on Google Forms was conducted to measure the level of knowledge of health personnel about FH in the Dominican Republic. A questionnaire prepared by the authors based on the DUCTH criteria for hypercholesterolemia was used. Results: The predominance of health personnel who filled out the questionnaire was nutritionists; knowledge about the appropriate cut-off values for the diagnosis of FH was reported in 30% of the sample. Conclusions: It is imperative to increase knowledge of the health personnel on FH to reduce premature cardiovascular death.

RESUMEN Introducción. La hipercolesterolemia familiar (HcF) es una patología causada por diversas mutaciones con una incidencia variable dependiendo de su forma heterocigota u homocigota. Sin embargo, pocos casos son diagnosticados y no todo el personal de salud conoce sobre la enfermedad. Materiales y Método. Se realizóuna encuesta en línea basada en Google Forms para medir el nivel de conocimiento del personal de salud sobre la HcF en la República Dominicana. Se utilizó un cuestionario confeccionado por los autores basado en los criterios DUCTH de hipercolesterolemia. Resultados. El predominio del personal de salud que llenó el cuestionario fue de nutriólogos; el conocimiento sobre los valores de corte adecuado para el diagnóstico de HcF fue reportado en 30% de la muestra. Conclusiones. Es imperativo incrementar el conocimiento del personal de salud sobre HcF con el objetivo de disminuir la muerte cardiovascular prematura.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiovascular health comprises a set of variables that interact with each other (between non-modifiable factors and modifiable factors) to modify the risk of suffering a cardiovascular event (CVD). Material and Methods: An online survey based on Google Forms was conducted to measure cardiovascular health in the adult population in the Dominican Republic. A questionnaire prepared by the authors based on the DUCTH criteria for hypercholesterolemia was used. Results: The sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were heterogeneous, 60% of the participants had a pathological family history, 55% were physical inactive, observing 70% had no or minimum intake of yogurt, same behavior was observed in 44% of the sample related to milk intake, yet 94% had a frequent intake of meat. Conclusion: The cardiovascular health of Dominicans has a lower quality associated with a higher consumption of meat and tobacco and a lower amount of exercise; This behavior may have been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic or the characteristics of the region.

RESUMEN Introducción: La salud cardiovascular comprende un conjunto de variables que interactúan entre sí (entre factores no modificables y factores modificables) para modificar el riesgo de padecer un evento cardiovascular (EVC). Material y Métodos: Se realizóuna encuesta en línea basada en Google Forms para medir la salud cardiovascular en la población adulta en la República Dominicana. Se utilizó un cuestionario confeccionado por los autores basado en los criterios DUCTH de hipercolesterolemia. Resultados: Las características sociodemográficas de los participantes fueron heterogéneas, 60% de los participantes tenía antecedente familiar patológico, 55% reportó inactividad física, las prácticas dietéticas de nuestra muestra no fueron apropiadas, observando que 70% no ingería o ingería pocas veces yogur, patrón observado en el 44% con respecto a la ingesta de leche, sin embargo, el 94% ingería con frecuencia carne. Conclusión: La salud cardiovascular de los dominicanos posee una menor calidad asociada a un mayor consumo de carnes y tabaco y menor cantidad de ejercicio; dicho comportamiento puede haber estado influido por la pandemia del COVID-19 o las características de la región.

Abstract Uribismo’s rise to power to the most important governmental spheres in 2002 marked not only an interruption to the Colombian traditional bipartisanship, but also led to new forms of political speech and opinion, employed by elected candidates from 2002 on. This work intends to analyze and compare both the campaign speeches and political opinion used by Alvaro Uribe Velez in 2002, by Juan Manuel Santos in 2010 and by the current president Iván Duque in 2018. This comparison will allow to explain how Colombia has witnessed the appropriation and legitimization of a right-wing speech by a part of the citizenship.

Resumen El ascenso del uribismo a las esferas gubernamentales más altas en el 2002 marcó no sólo una ruptura en la tradicional política bipartidista colombiana, sino que además institucionalizó una nueva forma de discurso e imagen política, de la cual han hecho uso los candidatos que han ganado la presidencia desde 2002 en adelante. El presente trabajo se propone, entonces, analizar y comparar los discursos de campaña e imagen política, utilizados por Álvaro Uribe Vélez en 2002, por Juan Manuel Santos en 2010 y por el actual presidente Iván Duque en 2018. Para poder realizar el ejercicio comparativo, se tomarán como fuentes de análisis los programas políticos empleados las campañas. De estos documentos se abordarán únicamente las propuestas relacionadas con la política de seguridad, en tanto que la continuidad de la misma ha sido la idea más explotada por los candidatos en las elecciones posteriores a 2002. A su vez, se seleccionarán los spots televisivos que aborden la misma dimensión y de esta forma identificar la repetición de conceptos, y finalmente la selección de algunos afiches publicitarios en los que sea clara la estrecha relación del candidato con Uribe. Este análisis permitirá dar cuenta de cómo el país ha asistido a la apropiación y legitimación de un discurso y una imagen política inaugurados en 2002.

Resumo A ascensão do Uribismo às mais altas esferas governamentais em 2002 marcou não apenas uma quebra na política bipartidária tradicional da Colômbia, mas também institucionalizou uma nova forma de discurso e imagem política, que os candidatos que ganharam fizeram uso de a presidência de 2002 em diante. O presente trabalho é proposto para analisar e comparar os discursos da campanha e a imagem política, utilizados por Álvaro Uribe Vélez em 2002, por Juan Manuel Santos em 2010 e pelo atual presidente Iván Duque (2018). Essa comparação nos permitirá explicar como o país ajudou na apropriação e legitimação de um discurso correto pelos cidadãos.