Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening infection characterised by the inflammation of the leptomeningeal membranes. The estimated annual prevalence of 8.7 million cases globally and the disease is caused by many different viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Although several genera of fungi are capable of causing infections in the central nervous system (CNS), the most significant number of registered cases have, as causal agents, yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. The relevance of cryptococcal meningitis has changed in the last decades, mainly due to the increase in the number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and medications that impair the immune responses. In this context, coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has also emerged as a risk factor for invasive fungal infections (IFI), including fungal meningitis (FM), due to severe COVID-19 disease is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, reduced CD4-interferon-gamma expression, CD4 and CD8 T cells. The gold standard technique for fungal identification is isolating fungi in the culture of the biological material, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, this methodology has as its main disadvantage the slow or null growth of some fungal species in culture, which makes it difficult to finalise the diagnosis. In conclusions, this article, in the first place, point that it is necessary to accurately identify the etiological agent in order to assist in the choice of the therapeutic regimen for the patients, including the implementation of actions that promote the reduction of the incidence, lethality, and fungal morbidity, which includes what is healthy in the CNS.

BACKGROUND The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants can infect common mice inducing significant pathological lung lesions and inflammatory responses. This substantially mimics coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) infection and pathogenesis in humans. OBJECTIVES To characterise the effects of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S1 receptor-binding domain (RBD) peptide in murine macrophage and microglial cells’ immune activation compared with classical PAMPs in vitro. METHODS Murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and BV2 microglial cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of the RBD peptide (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 µg/mL), Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Poly(I:C) and evaluated after two and 24 h for significant markers of macrophage activation. We determined the effects of RBD peptide on cell viability, cleaved caspase 3 expressions, and nuclear morphometry analysis. FINDINGS In RAW cells, RBD peptide was cytotoxic, but not for BV2 cells. RAW cells presented increased arginase activity and IL-10 production; however, BV2 cells expressed iNOS and IL-6 after RBD peptide exposure. In addition, RAW cells increased cleaved-caspase-3, apoptosis, and mitotic catastrophe after RBD peptide stimulation but not BV2 cells. CONCLUSION RBD peptide exposure has different effects depending on the cell line, exposure time, and concentration. This study brings new evidence about the immunogenic profile of RBD in macrophage and microglial cells, advancing the understanding of SARS-Cov2 immuno- and neuropathology.

BACKGROUND The knowledge about eicosanoid metabolism and lipid droplet (LD) formation in the Leishmania is very limited and new approaches are needed to identify which bioactive molecules are produced of them. OBJECTIVES Herein, we compared LDs and eicosanoids biogenesis in distinct Leishmania species which are etiologic agents of different clinical forms of leishmaniasis. METHODS For this, promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis, L. braziliensis and L. infantum were stimulated with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and LD and eicosanoid production was evaluated. We also compared mutations in structural models of human-like cyclooxygenase-2 (GP63) and prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS) proteins, as well as the levels of these enzymes in parasite cell extracts. FINDINGS PUFAs modulate the LD formation in L. braziliensis and L. infantum. Leishmania spp with equivalent tissue tropism had same protein mutations in GP63 and PGFS. No differences in GP63 production were observed among Leishmania spp, however PGFS production increased during the parasite differentiation. Stimulation with arachidonic acid resulted in elevated production of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids compared to prostaglandins. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest LD formation and eicosanoid production are distinctly modulated by PUFAS dependent of Leishmania species. In addition, eicosanoid-enzyme mutations are more similar between Leishmania species with same host tropism.

Abstract Introduction: to predict work related diseases is a challenge for organizations and the governmental authorities. By means of machine learning (ML) techniques it is possible to identify factors that determine the occurrence of an occupational disease, aiming at taking more effective actions to protect workers. Objective: to predict, by comparing ML techniques, the factors which highly influence the occurrence of occupational dermatitis. Methods: we developed a code in R language and a descriptive analysis of the data and identified the influence factors according to the ML technique that presented the best performance. The database was made available by the Occupational Dermatology Service of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and assembles information of the workers who experienced cutaneous alterations suggestive of occupational dermatitis between 2000-2014. Results: the techniques which presented the best performance were: neural network, random forest, support vector machine, and naive Bayes. Sex, schooling, and profession were the most adequate variables for the occupational dermatitis prediction models. Conclusion: ML techniques allowed to predict the factors that influence the workers’ safety and health, as well as the parameters that subsidize the procedures implementation, and the most effective policies to prevent occupational dermatitis.

Resumo Introdução: realizar a predição de doenças relacionadas ao trabalho é um desafio às organizações e ao poder público. Com as técnicas de aprendizado de máquina (AM), é possível identificar fatores determinantes para a ocorrência de uma doença ocupacional, visando direcionar ações mais efetivas à proteção dos trabalhadores. Objetivo: predizer, a partir da comparação de técnicas de AM, os fatores com maior influência para a ocorrência de dermatite ocupacional. Métodos: desenvolveu-se um código em linguagem R e uma análise descritiva dos dados e identificaram-se os fatores de influência de acordo com a técnica de AM que demonstrou melhor desempenho. O banco de dados foi disponibilizado pelo Serviço de Dermatologia Ocupacional da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz e contém informações de trabalhadores que apresentaram alterações cutâneas sugestivas de dermatite ocupacional no período de 2000-2014. Resultados: as técnicas com melhor desempenho foram: neural network, random forest, support vector machine e naive Bayes. As variáveis sexo, escolaridade e profissão foram as mais adequadas para os modelos de previsão de dermatite ocupacional. Conclusão: as técnicas de AM possibilitam predizer os fatores que influenciam a segurança e a saúde dos trabalhadores, os parâmetros que subsidiam a implantação de procedimentos e as políticas mais efetivas para prevenir a dermatite ocupacional.

Resumo Buscou-se identificar fatores que interferem na suspeita do câncer de mama (CM) pela atenção primária à saúde (APS) que impulsionam o encaminhamento para a atenção especializada (AE) nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Foram entrevistadas 664 mulheres (353 paulistanas e 311 campineiras) diagnosticadas com CM, encaminhadas para AE pela APS. Utilizou-se a análise de regressão logística multinível para a identificação das associações entre a suspeita do CM pela APS, variáveis socioeconômicas e atenção ao câncer. Mostraram associação significativa: nível superior de escolaridade (RC = 0,59; IC 95% = 0,35-0,98); pagamento de consulta médica para atendimento relacionado ao câncer (RC = 0,59; IC 95% = 0,36-0,96), continuou atendimento na APS após início do tratamento na AE (RC = 0,62; IC 95% = 0,41-0,95); mama examinada na APS (ECM) antes do encaminhamento para a AE (RC = 1,61; IC 95% = 1,10-2,34) e primeira mamografia solicitada na APS (RC = 2,81; IC 95% = 1,95-4,00). A solicitação da mamografia e o ECM são ações que têm sido incorporadas na APS para a detecção precoce do CM nos municípios. Continuar o atendimento na APS e melhores condições socioeconômicas, como ter nível superior de escolaridade e capacidade de pagar por atendimento, reduzem a chance da suspeita.

Abstract We aimed to identify factors that interfere in breast cancer (BC) suspected cases detected in Primary Health Care (PHC) that drive the referral to Specialized Care (SC) São Paulo and Campinas, Brazil. We interviewed 664 women (353 from São Paulo and 311 from Campinas) diagnosed with BC, referred to SC from PHC. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to the identification of associations between BC suspected cases by PHC and the socioeconomic and cancer care variables. The following showed a significant association: higher schooling level (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.35-0.98); medical visit payment for cancer-related care (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.36-0.96), continued attendance at PHC after beginning treatment at SC (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.41-0.95); breast examined in PHC before referral to SC (OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.10-2.34) and first mammography requested in PHC (ECM) (OR = 2.81; 95% CI = 1.95-4.00). The request for mammography and the clinical breast examination is incorporated into the PHC for the early detection of BC in the cities. Continuing the care at the PHC and better socioeconomic conditions, such as having a higher education level and capacity to pay for care, can reduce the likelihood of suspected cases.

Resumo Buscou-se identificar fatores que interferem na suspeita do câncer de mama (CM) pela atenção primária à saúde (APS) que impulsionam o encaminhamento para a atenção especializada (AE) nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Foram entrevistadas 664 mulheres (353 paulistanas e 311 campineiras) diagnosticadas com CM, encaminhadas para AE pela APS. Utilizou-se a análise de regressão logística multinível para a identificação das associações entre a suspeita do CM pela APS, variáveis socioeconômicas e atenção ao câncer. Mostraram associação significativa: nível superior de escolaridade (RC = 0,59; IC 95% = 0,35-0,98); pagamento de consulta médica para atendimento relacionado ao câncer (RC = 0,59; IC 95% = 0,36-0,96), continuou atendimento na APS após início do tratamento na AE (RC = 0,62; IC 95% = 0,41-0,95); mama examinada na APS (ECM) antes do encaminhamento para a AE (RC = 1,61; IC 95% = 1,10-2,34) e primeira mamografia solicitada na APS (RC = 2,81; IC 95% = 1,95-4,00). A solicitação da mamografia e o ECM são ações que têm sido incorporadas na APS para a detecção precoce do CM nos municípios. Continuar o atendimento na APS e melhores condições socioeconômicas, como ter nível superior de escolaridade e capacidade de pagar por atendimento, reduzem a chance da suspeita.

Abstract We aimed to identify factors that interfere in breast cancer (BC) suspected cases detected in Primary Health Care (PHC) that drive the referral to Specialized Care (SC) São Paulo and Campinas, Brazil. We interviewed 664 women (353 from São Paulo and 311 from Campinas) diagnosed with BC, referred to SC from PHC. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to the identification of associations between BC suspected cases by PHC and the socioeconomic and cancer care variables. The following showed a significant association: higher schooling level (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.35-0.98); medical visit payment for cancer-related care (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.36-0.96), continued attendance at PHC after beginning treatment at SC (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.41-0.95); breast examined in PHC before referral to SC (OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.10-2.34) and first mammography requested in PHC (ECM) (OR = 2.81; 95% CI = 1.95-4.00). The request for mammography and the clinical breast examination is incorporated into the PHC for the early detection of BC in the cities. Continuing the care at the PHC and better socioeconomic conditions, such as having a higher education level and capacity to pay for care, can reduce the likelihood of suspected cases.

BACKGROUND Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease, still endemic in many countries that may lead to neurological, ophthalmic, and motor sequelae if not treated early. Access to timely diagnosis and multidrug therapy (MDT) remains a crucial element in the World Health Organization’s strategy to eliminate the disease as a public health problem. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aims to evaluate the accuracy of rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for diagnosis of leprosy. METHODS Searches were carried out in electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CRD, Cochrane Library and LILACS) in April 2021 for patients with suspicion or confirmatory diagnostic of leprosy, classified in multibacillary (MB) or paucibacillary (PB) cases, performing rapid POC serological tests compared to clinical evaluation, smear microscopy and immunohistochemistry analysis. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool (QUADAS-2). A meta-analysis was undertaken to generate pooled estimates of diagnostic parameters, presenting sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) values. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO, CRD # 42014009658. FINDINGS From 893 potentially relevant references, 12 articles were included reporting 16 diagnostic tests accuracy studies with 5395 individuals enrolled. Meta-analysis of NDO-LID and PGL-I tests data in MB patients showed sensitivity and specificity [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 0.83 (0.71-0.91), 0.91 (0.72-0.97); and 0.92 (0.86-0.96), 0.93 (0.78-0.98); respectively, with high heterogeneity among the studies. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results can inform policymakers regarding the possibility of implementing accurate, rapid POC tests for leprosy in public health services, especially within primary health care.

BACKGROUND Distinct N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) slow acetylators genotypes have been associated with a higher risk to develop anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH). However, studies have not pointed the relevance of different acetylation phenotypes presented by homozygotes and compound heterozygotes slow acetylators on a clinical basis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the association between NAT2 genotypes and the risk of developing DIH in Brazilian patients undergoing tuberculosis treatment, focusing on the discrimination of homozygotes and compound heterozygotes slow acetylators. METHODS/FINDINGS The frequency of NAT2 genotypes was analysed by DNA sequencing in 162 patients undergoing tuberculosis therapy. The mutation analyses revealed 15 variants, plus two new NAT2 mutations, that computational simulations predicted to cause structural perturbations in the protein. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed that carriers of NAT2*5/*5 slow acetylator genotype presented a higher risk of developing anti-tuberculosis DIH, on a clinical basis, when compared to the compound heterozygotes presenting NAT2*5 and any other slow acetylator haplotype [aOR 4.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-16.82, p = 0.01]. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that patients with TB diagnosis who present the NAT2*5B/*5B genotype should be properly identified and more carefully monitored until treatment outcome in order to prevent the occurrence of anti-tuberculosis DIH.

Abstract: The purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate all the existing literature on the efficacy of treatments used to relieve the signs and symptoms associated with teething. A systematic search up to February 2021, without restrictions on language or date of publication, was carried out in MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, BBO, OpenGrey, Google Scholar, Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, clinicaltrials.gov, and the references of the included studies. Clinical studies that evaluated the effect of any intervention to alleviate the signs and symptoms associated with teething in babies and children were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROB-2 and ROBINS-I tools. The characteristics and results of the individual studies were extracted and synthesized narratively. The GRADE approach was followed to rate the certainty of the evidence. Three randomized and two non-randomized clinical trials were included. The outcomes of these five articles were classified as high or serious risk of bias. Three studies using homeopathy reported improvement in appetite disorders, gum discomfort, and excess salivation. One study showed a new gel with hyaluronic acid was more effective than an anesthetic gel in improving signs and symptoms such as pain, gingival redness, and poor sleep quality. Another study applied non-pharmacological treatments, which were more effective, especially against excess salivation. Although the present systematic review suggests some therapies could have a favorable effect on signs and symptoms related to teething, definitive conclusions on their efficacy cannot be drawn because of the very low certainty of the evidence. The existing literature on the subject is scarce and heterogeneous and has methodological flaws; therefore, further high-quality investigations are necessary.

BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea associated with antibiotic use. The disease’s symptoms are caused by enterotoxins, but other surface adhesion factors also play a role in the pathogenesis. These adhesins will bind to components of extracellular matrix. OBJECTIVE There is a lack of knowledge on MSCRAMM, this work set-out to determine the adhesive properties of several C. difficile ribotypes (027, 133, 135, 014, 012) towards laminin-1 (LMN-1). METHODS A binding experiment revealed that different ribotypes have distinct adhesion capabilities. To identify this adhesin, an affinity chromatography column containing LMN-1 was prepared and total protein extracts were analysed using mass spectrometry. FINDINGS Strains from ribotypes 012 and 027 had the best adhesion when incubated with glucose supplementations (0.2%, 0.5%, and 1%), while RT135 had a poor adherence. The criteria were not met by RT014 and RT133. In the absence of glucose, there was no adhesion for any ribotype, implying that glucose is required and plays a significant role in adhesion. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These findings show that in the presence of glucose, each C. difficile ribotype interacts differently with LMN-1, and the adhesin responsible for recognition could be SlpA protein.

ABSTRACT Background: An outbreak of acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children was recently reported worldwide. We aimed to describe the burden of hospitalizations due to hepatitis of unknown etiology in children/adolescents in Brazilian public hospitals. Methods: We retrieved a database of all hospitalizations in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) from January/2019 to February/2022 using the “microdatasus” R package. Hepatitis of unknown etiology was defined by the following International Classification of Diseases [ICD-10] codes: B19, B19.0, B19.9, K72.0, K72.9, K75, K75.9, R94.5, or R93.2. The incidence rates (95% confidence interval, IC) per 1,000 all-cause hospitalizations in different age strata [< 6 years; 6–11 years and 12–17 years] were estimated. Results: A total of 94,198 hospitalizations due to hepatic or infectious diseases with potential liver injury were analyzed. Of them, 1,535 children/adolescents [48.2% male sex, 41.6% aged < 6 years] were hospitalized with hepatitis with unknown etiology. The top ICD-10 codes were B19.9 [unspecified viral hepatitis without hepatic coma; 39.9% (n = 612)], K72.9 [hepatic failure, unspecified; 29.8% (n = 457)], and K72.0 [hepatic failure, not elsewhere classified; 14.5% (n = 223)]. A total of 8.5% (n = 131) of individuals required liver transplantation and 7.0% (n = 107) died during the hospital-stay. In 2021, the incidence rates (95% CI) of hospitalizations for hepatitis with unknown etiology were 7.80 (7.63–7.98), 17.96 (17.46–18.48) and 13.28 (12.95–13.62) per 1,000 all-cause hospitalizations in subjects aged < 6 years, 6–11 years and 12–17 years-old, respectively. Similarly, the incidence rates of hospitalization due to hepatitis with unknown etiology per 1,000 all-cause hospitalizations (CI95%) in January-February/2022 were 7.52 (7.11–7.94), 16.82 (15.68–18.03), and 13.96 (13.10–14.85) for children/adolescents with age < 6 years, 6–11 years, and 12–17 years, respectively. Conclusions: A non-negligible number of hospitalizations due to hepatitis with unknown etiology in children/adolescents was observed in the last years in Brazil. Up to 15% of those cases needed liver transplantation or died.

Abstract The poblano chili pepper crop sown in soil in the Alto Atoyac in Puebla has been affected by the presence of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and nematodes, generating losses in yield and reduction of the sowing area. The production under greenhouse and hydroponics is an alternative solution to this problem, since it allows the development of crops in a controlled environment using inert substrates, ensuring a greater percentage of production. The objective was to evaluate the growth, yield and fruit quality of two local varieties of poblano chili pepper (Tlacotepec and Tlalancaleca) and a commercial variety (San Luis), supplied nutritionally by three concentrations of the Steiner nutrient solution under greenhouse and hydroponics in order to know their agronomic and productive behavior. A 3x3 factorial treatment design in a completely randomized experimental design was considered. The variables evaluated were: plant height, stem thickness, number of leaves, number of bifurcations, number of flowers, yield and fruit quality. The results showed that the San Luis variety reached the highest yield and fruit quality. As for the three concentrations of nutrient solution, there was no significant effect on the yield and the agronomic behavior of creole varieties in the substrate, greenhouse and hydroponics system may be an option for the production of poblano chili pepper in the Alto Atoyac region

Resumen El cultivo de chile poblano sembrado en suelo en el Alto Atoyac en Puebla se ha visto afectado por la presencia de enfermedades causadas por hongos, bacterias y nematodos, generando pérdidas en el rendimiento y reducción de la superficie de siembra. La producción bajo invernadero e hidroponía constituye una alternativa de solución a esta problemática, pues permite el desarrollo de cultivos en un ambiente controlado utilizando sustratos inertes, asegurando en mayor porcentaje la producción. El objetivo fue evaluar el crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad de fruto de dos variedades locales de chile poblano (Tlacotepec y Tlalancaleca) y una variedad comercial (San Luis), abastecidas nutrimentalmente mediante tres concentraciones de la solución nutritiva Steiner bajo invernadero e hidroponía con la finalidad de conocer su comportamiento agronómico y productivo. Se consideró un diseño de tratamientos factorial 3 x 3 en un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, grosor de tallo, número de hojas, número de bifurcaciones, número de flores, rendimiento y calidad de fruto. Los resultados mostraron que la variedad San Luis alcanzó el mayor rendimiento y calidad de fruto. En cuanto a las tres concentraciones de solución nutritiva, no se presentó efecto significativo en el rendimiento y el comportamiento agronómico de las variedades criollas en el sistema de sustrato, invernadero e hidroponía puede ser una opción para la producción de chile poblano en la región del Alto Atoyac.

RESUMEN El suelo constituye uno de los recursos más importantes para la vida en el planeta. En ese sentido, este trabajo plantea un análisis discriminante y factorial de los parámetros químicos en diferentes suelos. Se realizó el análisis de 11 parámetros fisicoquímicos en muestras de suelos provenientes de dos comunidades: Yamora y Viacha, ambas localidades ubicadas en el Departamento de La Paz (Bolivia) y con características diferentes de suelos en base a su clasificación de suelos para uso en la agricultura. Se ha encontrado que la función discriminante está representada por cinco parámetros: Contenido de Nitrógeno, Fósforo, Na+, K+ y Mg2+. El análisis factorial muestra que los componentes principales son funciones de dos grupos de parámetros, uno con correlación positiva y otro con correlación negativa. Estas funciones permiten caracterizar los suelos y su fertilidad química.

ABSTRACT The soil is one of the most important resources for life on the planet. In that sense, this study proposes a discriminant and factorial analysis of the chemical parameters in different soils. The assessment of eleven physicochemical parameters was carried out in soil samples from two communities: Yamora and Viacha, both located in La Paz (Bolivia), and both with different soils characteristics, as a basis for the classification of soils for its use in agriculture. It was found that the discriminant function is represented by five parameters: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Na+, K+ and Mg2+ contents. The factorial analysis shows that the main components are functions of two groups of parameters, one with a positive correlation and the other with a negative correlation. These functions allow the characterization of the soils and their chemical fertility.

Abstract The coffee borer beetle Hypothenemus hampei is one of the most important pest insects worldwide that cause damage to coffee berries. The objective was to evaluate vinegars and plant extracts mixed with ethanol to be used as attractants for the capture of coffee borer beetles. The following mixtures were used for the first time: ethanol-basil, ethanol-rue, ethanol-rosemary, ethanol-white vinegar, and ethanol-apple vinegar, in a proportion of 1:1 and as a control, the methanol-ethanol mixture 3:1 using handmade traps in a completely randomized design with five repetitions per treatment. Based on the statistical analyses, we observed that ethanol-apple vinegar and ethanol-white vinegar resulted in the highest capture of specimens, with a mean of 136.36 and 98.24, respectively, compared to the other mixtures. In conclusion, the most efficient attractants in this study could be used as a sustainable strategy for the capture of coffee borer beetles.

Resumen La broca del café Hypothenemus hampei, es uno de los insectos plaga más importantes a nivel mundial que dañan al fruto del café. El objetivo fue evaluar vinagres y extractos de plantas mezclados con etanol para ser utilizados como atrayentes para la captura del insecto. Se utilizaron por primera vez las mezclas: etanol-albahaca, etanol-ruda, etanol-romero, etanol- vinagre blanco y etanol-vinagre de manzana, en una proporción 1:1 y como testigo metanol-etanol 3:1, utilizando trampas artesanales, en un diseño completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones por cada tratamiento. Con base en los análisis estadísticos, se observó que el etanol-vinagre de manzana y etanol-vinagre blanco, presentaron la mayor captura de especímenes 136,36 y 98,24 en promedio con respecto a las otras mezclas. Se concluye que los mejores atrayentes utilizados en esta investigación pueden servir como una estrategia sustentable para la captura de la broca del café.

In the space of four decades, Brazil has faced two serious pandemics: human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The country’s response to HIV/AIDS was coordinated by several stakeholders and recognised the importance of scientific evidence in guiding decision-making, and a network offering monitoring and antiretroviral treatment was provided through coordinated efforts by the country’s universal health system. Conversely, the lack of a centrally coordinated strategy and misalignment between government ministries regarding the COVID-19 pandemic response, together with the denial of scientific evidence, promotion of ineffective treatments and insufficient vaccination efforts, have all led to the uncontrolled spread of infection, the near-total collapse of the health system and excess deaths.