ABSTRACT An investigation was conducted in Quevedo, Los Ríos Province, to characterize the cocoa paste of twelve treatments of National Type cocoa. The objective was to assess its suitability for the industry and preserve its identity linked to the "sabor arriba" flavor. The chemical evaluation took place in the Bromatology laboratories of UTEQ and Santa Catalina INIAP. A Completely Randomized Experimental Design was used with twelve treatments and four replications, totaling 48 samples. The Tukey test (P≤0.05) was employed to identify differences in treatment means; no statistical differences were found in temperature or pH of the cocoa mass. However, for the fat content variable, statistical differences among treatments were observed. Treatments CCN-51 (41.91) and EET-103 (39.13) showed higher fat percentages, while T10 L46H75 (23.73) displayed the lowest percentage. Regarding total polyphenols (mg/g), treatments L40H49 (86.00), L15H31 (85.25), and L17H30 (81.42) recorded the highest values. In the theobromine/caffeine variable, treatment L12H27 obtained the lowest value (3.49%), possibly due to a high caffeine content and low protein content.

RESUMEN En Quevedo, Provincia de Los Ríos, se lleva a cabo una investigación para caracterizar la pasta de cacao de doce tratamientos de cacao Tipo Nacional. El objetivo es evaluar su idoneidad para la industria y preservar su identidad ligada al "sabor arriba". La evaluación química se realizó en los laboratorios de Bromatología de la UTEQ y Santa Catalina INIAP. Se utilizó un Diseño Experimental Completamente al Azar con doce tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, totalizando 48 muestras. La prueba de Tukey (P ≤0.05) se empleó para identificar diferencias entre medias de tratamientos; no se hallaron diferencias estadísticas en temperatura, ni pH de la masa de cacao. Sin embargo, para la variable de grasa, se observaron diferencias estadísticas entre tratamientos. Los tratamientos CCN-51 (41.91) y EET-103 (39.13) presentaron mayores porcentajes de grasa, mientras que el T10 L46H75 (23.73) mostró el menor porcentaje. En relación con los polifenoles totales (mg/g), los tratamientos L40H49 (86.00), L15H31 (85.25) y L17H30 (81.42) registraron los valores más altos. En la variable teobromina/cafeína, el tratamiento L12H27 obtuvo el valor más bajo (3.49%), posiblemente debido a un alto contenido de cafeína y bajo contenido de proteína.

Abstract The pandemic and the geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine are events that have caused economic instability in Peru. Reason that was investigated on the analysis of the biological and chemical characteristics of cabbage fed with compost based on sugarcane residues. The objective was to analyze the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of cabbage from the adequate dose of compost based on sugarcane residues and distance between plants. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach, for which the Completely Random Block Design with a 4x 2 factorial arrangement was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 8 treatments that were the combination: F1 with 0, F2 with 8, T3 with 10 and F4 with 12 t/ha and spacing (D1) with 0.30 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows and (D2) with 0.35 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows. The physical characteristics of cabbage were evaluated and processed by analysis of variance, nutrient concentrations in leaves and stomatal density were analyzed. The results determined that T7 stood out in plant height with 41.88 cm, yield with 26.76 tn/ha and T6 in root length with 20.22 cm. In chemical analysis of leaves T1 stood out in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and T4 in calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In T7 stomata density with 977 stomata/mm2. It concludes that at an adequate dose and greater distance that T7 stands out in the concentration of nutrients that are within normal values and high density of stomata; Therefore, these characteristics influenced the optimal biochemical reactions, which obtained good development and yield that differed at 51.39% and 32.17% with respect to the controls T1 and T5.

Resumo A pandemia e o conflito geopolítico entre a Rússia e a Ucrânia são eventos que têm causado instabilidade econômica no Peru. Motivo que foi investigado na análise das características biológicas e químicas do repolho alimentado com composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar. O objetivo foi analisar as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do repolho a partir da dose adequada de composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar e distância entre plantas. Baseia-se na metodologia aplicada com uma abordagem experimental, para a qual foi utilizado o Delineamento de Blocos Completamente Aleatório com arranjo fatorial 4 x 2, que consistia em 3 blocos e 8 tratamentos que eram a combinação: F1 com 0, F2 com 8, T3 com 10 e F4 com 12 toneladas/ha e espaçamento (D1) com 0,30 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas e (D2) com 0,35 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas. As características físicas do repolho foram avaliadas e processadas por análise de variância, as concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e a densidade estomática foram analisadas. Os resultados determinaram que T7 se destacou em altura de planta com 41,88 cm, produtividade com 26,76 tn/ha e T6 em comprimento de raiz com 20,22 cm. Na análise química das folhas T1 se destacou em nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e T4 em cálcio, magnésio e enxofre. Em densidade de estômatos T7 com 977 estômatos/mm2. Conclui que em dose adequada e maior distância que T7 se destaca na concentração de nutrientes que estão dentro dos valores normais e alta densidade de estômatos; Portanto, essas características influenciaram nas reações bioquímicas ótimas, que obtiveram bom desenvolvimento e rendimentos que diferiram em 51,39% e 32,17% em relação aos controles T1 e T5.

RESUMO Porcos tibetanos são caracterizados por diferenças fenotípicas significativas em relação aos porcos de planície. Nosso estudo anterior demonstrou que os genes CRYAB e CTGF eram expressos diferentemente nos tecidos do coração entre os porcos tibetanos (raça das terras altas) e Yorkshire (raça das terras baixas), indicando que eles poderiam participar da adaptação à hipoxia. CRYAB (ɑB-crystallin) e CTGF (fator de crescimento do tecido conjuntivo) também foram relatados como estando associados ao desenvolvimento pulmonar. Entretanto, os padrões de expressão do CRYAB e CTGF nos tecidos pulmonares em diferentes altitudes e sua caracterização genética não são bem compreendidos. Neste estudo, o qRT-PCR e a mancha ocidental de tecido pulmonar revelou níveis de expressão de CRYAB mais elevados em porcos tibetanos e Yorkshire de altitude e média altitude do que em seus pares de planície. Com um aumento na altitude, o nível de expressão do CTGF aumentou nos porcos tibetanos, enquanto diminuiu nos porcos Yorkshire. Além disso, foram identificados dois novos polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo na região flanqueadora de CRYAB (g.39644482C>T e g.39644132T>C) e CTGF (g.31671748A>G e g.31671773T>G). O polimorfismo pode contribuir parcialmente com as diferenças nos níveis de expressão entre grupos a uma mesma altitude. Estas descobertas proporcionam novos conhecimentos sobre as adaptações de hipoxia a alta altitude dos porcos tibetanos.

ABSTRACT Tibetan pigs are characterized by significant phenotypic differences relative to lowland pigs. Our previous study demonstrated that the genes CRYAB and CTGF were differentially expressed in heart tissues between Tibetan (highland breed) and Yorkshire (lowland breed) pigs, indicating that they might participate in hypoxia adaptation. CRYAB (ɑB-crystallin) and CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) have also been reported to be associated with lung development. However, the expression patterns of CRYAB and CTGF in lung tissues at different altitudes and their genetic characterization are not well understood. In this study, qRT-PCR and western blot of lung tissue revealed higher CRYAB expression levels in highland and middle-highland Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs than in their lowland counterparts. With an increase in altitude, the expression level of CTGF increased in Tibetan pigs, whereas it decreased in Yorkshire pigs. Furthermore, two novel single-nucleotide polymorphism were identified in the 5′ flanking region of CRYAB (g.39644482C>T and g.39644132T>C) and CTGF (g.31671748A>G and g.31671773T>G). The polymorphism may partially contribute to the differences in expression levels between groups at the same altitude. These findings provide novel insights into the high-altitude hypoxia adaptations of Tibetan pigs.

Abstract The research was aimed at determining the effect of Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) on the regeneration capacity of Girardia festae (Dugesiidae), for which 5 concentrations (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of aqueous extract of the plant were prepared from a proportion of 4g/L. A completely randomized block experimental design was developed, where 7 types of fragments took the role of blocks and were obtained by 3 different cuts (upper and lower; cephalic, middle and caudal; right and left). After being exposed to concentrations of Plantago major L., the time in hours of complete regeneration of the specimens was evaluated. Optical microscopy allowed the reading of regeneration times, determining that treatments 4 and 5 (75% and 100% of Plantago major L. respectively) significantly promoted the regeneration process in Girardia festae; likewise, it was observed that the upper fragment reached regeneration to a complete individual in less time (131.6 hours). The variance analysis showed the presence of significant differences between the treatments and the mean comparison test established the existence of different homogeneous groups.

Resumen La investigación estuvo orientada a determinar el efecto de Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) sobre la capacidad de regeneración de Girardia festae (Dugesiidae), para lo cual se prepararon 5 concentraciones (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% y 100%) del extracto acuoso del vegetal a partir de una proporción de 4g/L. Se desarrolló un diseño experimental en bloques completamente aleatorizado, donde 7 tipos de fragmentos obtenidos por 3 cortes diferentes (superior e inferior; cefálico, medio y caudal; derecho e izquierdo) tomaron el papel de bloques. Luego de ser expuestos a las concentraciones de Plantago major L. se procedió a evaluar el tiempo en horas de la regeneración completa de los ejemplares. La microscopía óptica permitió la lectura de los tiempos de regeneración, determinándose que los tratamientos 4 y 5 (75% y 100% de Plantago major L. respectivamente) promovieron de manera significativa el proceso de regeneración en Girardia festae; asimismo, se observó que el fragmento superior alcanzó la regeneración a individuo completo en menor tiempo (131.6 horas). El análisis de varianza demostró la presencia de diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos y el test de comparación de medias estableció la existencia de diferentes grupos homogéneos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Carmustine is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of myeloma, lymphomas and other cancers. Cardiotoxicity due to carmustine is a rare adverse reaction that must be identified early to prevent fatal outcomes. Report case: We present an unusual case of acute cardiac toxicity related to the intravenous administration of carmustine. After stopping the carmustine, patient received symptomatic treatment and, finally was fully recovered. The case was reported as adverse drug reaction and we performed a pharmacovigilance causality assessment between carmustine and cardiotoxicity, resulting in probable (final score = 7). Conclusions: This case might be considered as a signal in pharmacovigilance. Clinicians should be aware of the potential risk of cardiotoxicity in patients exposed to carmustine. It is recommended to implement active pharmacovigilance to chemotherapy.

RESUMEN Introduccion: La carmustina es un agente antineoplásico alquilante utilizado en el tratamiento de mielomas, linfomas y otros tipos de cáncer. La cardiotoxicidad por carmustina es una reacción adversa muy rara, por lo que debe ser identificada oportunamente para prevenir desenlaces fatales. Reporte de caso: Se presenta un caso inusual de una paciente con cardiotoxicidad aguda grave reversible posterior a la administración endovenosa de carmustina. Al suspender la exposición a este producto e iniciar tratamiento sintomatológico, la paciente se recupera satisfactoriamente sin nueva manifestación cardiaca. El caso fue notificado como reacción adversa medicamentosa y al evaluarse la causalidad entre la cardiotoxicidad y la carmustina, resultó probable (puntaje final =7). Conclusiones: El presente caso puede ser considerado una señal en farmacovigilancia, por lo que, los clínicos deben ser conscientes del riesgo potencial de cardiotoxicidad en pacientes expuestos a carmustina. Se recomienda realizar farmacovigilancia activa a los fármacos oncológicos.

ABSTRACT Cabbage is one of the most popular vegetables that is rich in sugars contributing to flavor and consumer acceptance; however, little information is available on the effect of genotypes and growing conditions on sugar accumulation. We assessed the seasonal variation in agronomic characteristics and free sugar content in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) grown under open field conditions. Seventy-five cabbage genotypes were grown in the spring and autumn 2019, and their morphological characteristics and sugar concentrations were evaluated. Six cabbage types produced predominantly round-shaped heads (64 genotypes). Bright green and green were the dominant colors depending on the outer and inner leaves of the cabbage head. The most variable quantitative trait was head weight in both spring (36.9%) and autumn (49.2%). Glucose was the predominant sugar in most genotypes in both seasons. Mean glucose content in spring and autumn was 209.3 and 214.9 mg g-1 with 14.8% and 14.6% variation, respectively. Most genotypes produced higher fructose concentrations in fall than in spring. Sucrose levels showed the highest variation in both spring (36.0%) and autumn (60.5%), followed by fructose and glucose levels. Most agronomic parameters exhibited nonsignificant or negative correlations with sugar content, except the correlation of head height and width with glucose content. Fructose and glucose were positively correlated with total sugar content, while there was nonsignificant correlation with sucrose. Genotypes 160330 and 183701 produced comparably high and stable total sugar content in both seasons and can therefore be used as commercial breeding materials. We revealed a significant effect of genotype and season on cabbage agronomic characteristics and sugar content.

Vineyard row orientation plays a critical role in determining cluster microclimate. This study aimed to figure out how cluster positions determined by vineyard row orientation affect grape flavonoids and aroma profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon and Italian Riesling grapes. Three cluster positions (two canopy sides and the inner canopy) of NS and EW oriented row Cabernet Sauvignon and NS oriented row Italian Riesling were selected for the experiment. Microclimate data was monitored around clusters from both canopy sides of different row orientations. The south canopy side had higher daytime temperatures and PAR than the north canopy side in EW row orientation. Flavonoids of grape skins and seeds were separated and determined by LC-MS, and aroma compounds of grape must were determined by GC-MS. Results showed that flavanols were affected by orientations, and EW orientation had higher berries skin flavanol concentration than NS orientation. EW-IN berries had fewer glucuronide form flavonols and 3'-hydroxylated flavonols than the other two positions in EW orientation. Inner canopy berries had lower flavonol concentration than other positions in EW orientation of CS and NS orientation of IR. To aromas, C6/C9 were the main compounds significantly affected by row orientations. EW orientation berries had higher C6 alcohols concentration such as (E)-3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-Hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol than NS orientation, while NS orientation berries had higher C6 aldehyde concentrations such as Hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal than EW orientation. EW-IN berries had more abundant C6/C9 compounds than the other two positions. The study provided preliminary scientific evidence for vineyard viticulture practice and harvest strategy.

Brown algae are a source of high content of polysaccharides such as fucoidans that have important immunomodulatory properties. The aim was to determine the viability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC), production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN -γ in cultures treated with fucoidan from Lessonia trabeculata. Fucoidan from Lessonia trabeculata from San Nicolás de Marcona-Ica Bay was used. The hPBMC were isolated using Ficoll-Hypaque, distributed at a concentration of 1x105 cells/well in complete RPMI-1640 medium and treated with different concentrations of fucoidan for 24 and 48 h. The cytotoxic activity was determined by the reduction of MTT, NO production by the Griess reaction and ROS by the reduction of NBT. The production of cytokines was quantified by ELISA. The fucoidan of L. trabeculata stimulated the proliferation of hPBMC and produced the increase of ROS at concentrations of 100-2000 μg/mL with respect to the control (p <0.001), the reaction for nitrites was negative. Fucoidan increased the production of IL-1α and TNF-α at concentrations of 100 and 10 μg/mL respectively, while the production of IL-6 and IFN-γ did not show significant differences. It is concluded that the fucoidan of L. trabeculata stimulates the proliferation of hPBMC, production of reactive oxygen species and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α and TNF-α that possess important immunomodulatory properties.

Las algas pardas constituyen una fuente de alto contenido de polisacáridos como los fucoidanos que poseen importantes propiedades inmunomoduladoras. El objetivo fue determinar la viabilidad de células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana (CMSPh), producción de óxido nítrico (NO), especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) y de las citoquinas proinflamatorias IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α e IFN-γ en cultivos tratados con fucoidan de Lessonia trabeculata. Se empleó fucoidan de Lessonia trabeculata proveniente de la bahía San Nicolás de Marcona-Ica. Las CMSPh se aislaron empleando Ficoll-Hypaque, se distribuyeron a una concentración de 1x105 células/pocillo en medio RPMI-1640 completo y se trataron con diferentes concentraciones de fucoidan durante 24 y 48 h. La actividad citotóxica se determinó por la reducción de MTT, la producción de NO por la reacción de Griess y las ROS por la reducción del NBT. La producción de citoquinas se cuantificó por ELISA. El fucoidan de L. trabeculata estimuló la proliferación de CMSPh y produjo el incremento de ROS a concentraciones de 100-2000 μg/mL respecto al control (p<0.001), la reacción para nitritos resultó negativa. El fucoidan incrementó la producción de IL-1α y TNF-α a concentraciones de 100 y 10 μg/mL respectivamente, mientras que la producción de IL-6 e IFN-γ no mostró diferencias significativas. Se concluye que el fucoidan de L. trabeculata estimula la proliferación de CMSPh, producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno y las citoquinas proinflamatorias IL-1α y TNF-α que poseen importantes propiedades inmunomoduladoras.

ABSTRACT The present experimental work was carried out at scale of Demonstrative Unit of Production (UDP) in the Leaching Plant in Punta Gorda, Cuba with the objective of proving the implementation of the specific velocity of aeration (Qa), in m3/(t·min) starting from the statistical mathematical model of the real residence time of the pulp in function of the pulp flow feeded to each miniseries, based on the specific volume of air- Va- with the purpose of analyzing the tendencies of the Ni and Co leached (Lix Ni and Co). For the studied experimental conditions: a methodology of operational implementation of the new parameter- Qa -was established; the graphic tendencies of Lix Ni and Co obtained showed: that these diminish when increasing Qa; while that these increase when increasing the Va until values around 150 m3/t, after the which, these spread to be stabilized or to diminish; The results of the coefficients of par correlation of the Lix Ni and Co demonstrated that both leached increase, when increasing the values of: the rate of concentrations - R (NH3/CO2) -, the mineral's numeral (NoMin), the concentration of NH3 and the Va, although this last can be controverted for the LixCo, while those Lix Ni and Co diminishes with the increase of Qa and the rate of mass flows- R (L/S) in the in the contacts tanks. A calculation tool was elaborated in EXCEL to manage with flexibility the volumetric flows of air for each turbo aerator, on the base of the wished values of the Va and Qa, that permit to change them in function of the operational conditions of the Plant.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo experimental se realizó a escala de Unidad Demostrativa de Producción (UDP) en la Planta de Lixiviación de Punta Gorda, Cuba con el objetivo de probar la implementación de la velocidad específica de aireación (Qa), en m3/(t·min) a partir del modelo empírico del tiempo de residencia promedio real en función del flujo volumétrico de pulpa alimentado a cada miniserie, basado en el volumen específico de aire- Va- con el propósito de analizar las tendencias de los lixiviados de Ni y Co (Lix Ni y Co). Para las condiciones experimentales estudiadas: se estableció una metodología de implementación operacional del nuevo parámetro Qa; las tendencias gráficas de los Lix Ni y Co obtenidas mostraron: que estos disminuyen al aumentar Qa, mientras que dichos lixiviados aumentan al incrementar Va hasta valores alrededor de 150 m3/t, después del cual, estos tienden a estabilizarse o disminuir; los resultados de los coeficientes de correlación par de los Lix Ni y Co demostraron que ambos lixiviados aumentan, al incrementar los valores de: la proporción de concentraciones- R (NH3/CO2)-, el número de mineral (NoMin), la concentración de NH3 y el Va, aunque este último puede ser controvertido para el LixCo, mientras que los Lixiviados de Ni y Co disminuyen con el aumento de Qa y la razón de flujos de masa- R (L/S) en los tanques de contacto. Se elaboró una herramienta computacional en EXCEL para dirigir con flexibilidad los flujos volumétricos de aire por turbo-aireador, sobre la base de los valores deseados de Va y Qa, la cual permite cambiarlos en función de las condiciones operacionales de la Planta.

San Felipe is a distinctive residual deposit of crust weathering due to its high silica content. Determining the weathering indexes and the coefficients of geochemical mobility in the weathering crust was the aim of this work. The accumulation and extraction of the main components (SiO2, MgO, FeO, Fe2O3, and Al2O3) was calculated by using the weathering coefficients of Ginsburg (1946) and Rudnik (1966). The weathering indexes analysis and the extraction-accumulation degree allowed to evaluate the mobility, concentration, and distribution of the elements and clarifying the mechanism of migration and evacuating of nickel. The mass balance showed how the reduction of the most movable components (magnesium, silica) and the increase of the cumulative (iron, aluminum) occurs, showing that the silica content exceeds the attributable values to a process of weathering.

San Felipe es un yacimiento residual de corteza de intemperismo distintivo por su alto contenido de sílice. El propósito de este trabajo fue determinar los índices de intemperismo y los coeficientes de movilidad geoquímica en la corteza de meteorización. Utilizando los coeficientes de meteorización de Ginsburg (1946) y Rudnik (1966) se calculó la acumulación y extracción de los principales componentes (SiO2, MgO, FeO, Fe2O3, Al2O3). El análisis de los índices de intemperismo y del grado de acumulación-extracción absoluto permitió evaluar la movilidad, distribución y concentración de los elementos y esclarecer el mecanismo de migración y evacuación del níquel. El balance de masas reveló cómo ocurre la reducción de los componentes más móviles (magnesio, sílice) y el aumento de los acumulativos (hierro, aluminio) hacia arriba en el perfil, evidenciando que el contenido de sílice supera los valores atribuibles a un proceso de meteorización.

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad cardiovascular es la causa principal de muerte en pacientes con diabetes mellitus. La prevalencia de cardiopatía isquémica asintomática es más alta en pacientes diabéticos que en no diabéticos y se asocia a peor pronóstico. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de cardiopatía isquémica asintomática en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención de Guatemala y analizar la posible asociación de dicha enfermedad con características epidemiológicas, clínicas y metabólicas. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en el que se estudió una muestra de 92 pacientes diabéticos seleccionados de forma aleatoria simple. Se realizó electrocardiograma, que cuando fue negativo para isquemia ameritó prueba de esfuerzo, o de lo contrario, ecocardiograma de estrés con dobutamina. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue de 57 años, 88% de los cuales eran mujeres; la duración media de la diabetes fue 7 años. Se encontró cardiopatía isquémica asintomática en el 22,8% de los casos. No se hallaron posibles asociaciones entre cardiopatía isquémica asintomática y edad, sexo, enfermedad arterial periférica, índice de masa corporal, índice tobillo-brazo, hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia, tabaquismo activo, sedentarismo, sobrepeso/obesidad, alcoholismo, glucosa en ayunas, hemoglobina glicosilada, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, ácido úrico, creatinina, tasa de filtrado glomerular y microalbuminuria. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de cardiopatía isquémica asintomática en la población estudiada con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 fue de 22,8%. No se encontraron posibles asociaciones de cardiopatía isquémica asintomática con las variables estudiadas.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in patients with diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of asymptomatic ischaemic heart disease is higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic ones, and is associated with a worse prognosis. Objective: To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic ischaemic heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a third level of care hospital in Guatemala, as well as to analyse the possible relationship of this disease with epidemiological, clinical, and metabolic characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 92 randomly selected diabetic patients. An electrocardiogram was performed, which when it was negative for ischaemia, an exercise stress test or a dobutamine stress echocardiogram was performed. Results: The mean age of the participants was 57 years, 88% of whom were women. The mean duration of the diabetes was 7 years. Asymptomatic ischaemic heart disease was found in 22.8% of case. No significant associations were found between ischaemic heart disease and age, gender, peripheral arterial disease, body mass index, ankle-brachial index, arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, active smoking, sedentarism, overweight/obesity, alcoholism, fasting glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, and urine microalbumin. Conclusions: The prevalence of asymptomatic ischaemic heart disease was 22.8% in the population studied with type 2 diabetes mellitus. No significant associations were found between ischaemic heart disease and the variables studied.

El Brujo Archaeological Complex, located in Chicama Valley (province of Ascope, region of La Libertad, Peru), is formed by different pre-Columbian structures as Huaca Prieta, Huaca Cao Viejo and Huaca Cortada; some of them have an occupation history that began much before the Moche Culture. It is known that the ancient Peruvians learned to coexist with nature and that diverse species of plants and animals were used in different aspects of their daily life. We determined the vegetal communities that exist in the area and indicated their biotypes and floristic and faunal components. The study was based on botanical collections and field direct observations of flora and fauna made in five visits to El Brujo Complex with irregular periodicity between 2016 and 2018. We defined the following vegetal communities: A) pond, B) bulrushes, C) cattails, D) Cyperaceae field, E) grassland, F) wetland shore or riparian, G) drainages and canals. In flora, we registered 63 species distributed in 29 families and 57 genera, eight species of them are cultivated. In fauna, we determined 42 species, distributed in one amphibian, four reptiles and 37 birds, one of them is endemic (Geositta peruviana) and six are migrant. We remark the ancestral use of Gossypium barbadense L. (Malvaceae) "native cotton" and Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae) "loche squash" in Huaca Prieta

El Complejo Arqueológico El Brujo, ubicado en el valle Chicama (provincia Ascope, región La Libertad, Perú), está conformado por diversas estructuras prehispánicas siendo las más representativas Huaca Prieta, Huaca Cao Viejo y Huaca Cortada; algunas estructuras tienen una secuencia de ocupación que se inicia mucho antes de la cultura Moche. Se sostiene que los antiguos peruanos aprendieron a convivir con la naturaleza y que diversas especies de plantas y animales fueron empleados en diferentes aspectos de su vida diaria. Se determinaron las comunidades vegetales existentes en el área indicando sus biotipos y componentes florísticos y faunísticos. El estudio estuvo basado en las recolecciones botánicas y observaciones directas de campo tanto de flora como de fauna, efectuadas en cinco visitas al C. A. El Brujo con periodicidad irregular entre el 2016 y 2018. Se definieron las siguientes comunidades vegetales: A) Espejo de agua, B) Totorales, C) Tifales, D) Vega de ciperáceas, E) Gramadales, F) Comunidades del borde de los humedales o ribereñas, G) Drenes y canales. En flora se registraron 63 especies distribuidas en 29 familias y 57 géneros, de ellas ocho especies son cultivadas. En fauna se determinaron 42 especies, distribuidas en: un anfibio, cuatro reptiles y 37 aves, de las cuales una es endémica (Geositta peruviana) y seis especies migrantes. Se enfatiza el uso ancestral de Gossypium barbadense L. (Malvaceae) "algodón nativo" y Cucurbita moschata Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae) "zapallo loche" en Huaca Prieta

Annona muricata L. "soursop" (Annonaceae), a fruit used for feeding in Ancient Peru, is described and illustrated in detail. Annona muricata is found in the western slopes of Peru at 7o59’54.2"-8º 03’02.3" S, 78o40’09.1-79º51’09.6" W and between 0-600 m of altitude. We were interested in the common knowledge of "soursop" in the population of the North Coast of Peru (La Libertad Region), who use it as food since pre-Columbian times. Moreover, we identified and described depictions of this fruit in the collection of pre-Columbian pottery of the Museum of Natural and Cultural History at Antenor Orrego University, Trujillo, Peru, in order to establish evidences that demonstrate its use by the inhabitants of Ancient Peru

Se describe e ilustra en detalle a Annona muricata L. "guanábana" (Annonaceae), una fruta utilizado como alimento en el Perú prehispánico. Annona muricata habita en las vertientes occidentales del Perú, alrededor de 7o59’54,2"-8º03’02,3" S, 78o40’09,1"-79º51’09,6" W y entre los 0-600 m de elevación. Se indaga sobre su conocimiento popular en la población norteña peruana (región La Libertad), quienes la utilizan como alimento desde épocas prehispánicas. Asimismo, se identifican y describen representaciones de la mencionada fruta en la colección de cerámica prehispánica que custodia el Museo de Historia Natural y Cultural de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego de Trujillo, Perú, con el fin de establecer las evidencias que demuestren que fue utilizada por los pobladores en estos territorios antes de la llegada de los españoles

The heterogeneity of berry heterogeneity is a commonly occurring phenomenon that has a big influence on fruit composition and wine quality. To clarify this relationship, 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes were collected at harvest from a single vineyard and divided into three categories in two consecutive years: small (≤ 0.75 g), medium (0.76-1.25 g), and large (> 1.25 g). The medium berries were present in the highest frequency, accounting for more than 50% of the berry populations. The standard physicochemical parameters of the fruit were significantly affected by berry size. The relative skin mass and soluble solids contents, as well as total phenolic and anthocyanin concentrations, decreased with the berry size, while the relative seed mass, pH and malic acid content were positively correlated with berry weight. Accordingly, the wine composition also varied with berry size, as the wines made from small berries showed the highest alcohol and residual sugar content. CIELab parameters of the resulting wines showed the small berries were more desirable for making wine with a deeper and more saturated colour. With regard to volatile compounds, berry size showed a limited effect. Only 1-hexanol and /aevo-2,3-butanediol showed consistent and significant trends across vintages for wine volatiles, which showed the highest levels in wines made from the small category of berries.

RESUMO Para uma cultura importante e expressiva como o milho, a resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith a vários inseticidas atraiu a atenção no mundo para pesquisar o potencial inseticida de compostos naturais. Para o manejo da resistência, os compostos naturais associados a inseticidas sintéticos podem ser uma ferramenta promissória por reduzirem a aplicação das moléculas sintéticas para que não percam sua eficácia, além de promover o controle das pragas. O linalol é um terpenoide considerado como inseticida potencial, pode ser facilmente obtido naturalmente uma vez que é encontrado em alta concentração no óleo essencial de Ocimum basilicum. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade deste óleo essencial e sua combinação com deltametrina no controle de Spodoptera frugiperda. Através do ensaio de dose-resposta, foi estimada a toxicidade aguda (DL50) do óleo essencial e da deltametrina. Adicionalmente, foi também avaliada a combinação entre ambos, alcançando uma redução de 80% da DL50 de deltametrina para se obter o mesmo resultado quando o piretroide foi administrado sozinho. A partir dos nossos resultados, espera-se que uma combinação de uso de compostos naturais e inseticidas sintéticos possa ser uma prática promissora, auxiliando no manejo da resistência de pragas e principalmente reduzindo os impactos ambientais de compostos tóxicos.

ABSTRACT For an important and expensive crop such as corn, the resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith to various pesticides has led to research throughout the world for a potential insecticide from a natural source. For the management of pest resistance, natural compounds associated with synthetic insecticides can be a promising tool because they can reduce the application of the synthetics molecules while maintaining their effectiveness and promoting the control of the pests. Linalool is a potential insecticide that is easily obtained because it is found in high concentrations in the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of this essential oil and its combination with deltamethrin to control S. frugiperda. Through dose response assays, the acute toxicities (LD50) of the essential oil and deltamethrin were estimated. Additionally, the combination of these materials was also assessed, attaining a reduction of 80% of the LD50 of deltamethrin while obtaining the same result as when the pyrethroid was administered alone. From these results, it is expected that the combination of natural compounds and synthetic insecticides will be a promising practice, helping to manage resistance while reducing the environmental impact of toxic compounds.