Diarrhoeal disease is still considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Among diarrhoeagenic agents, Shigella should be highlighted due to its prevalence and the severity of the associated disease. Here, we assessed Shigella prevalence, drug susceptibility and virulence factors. Faeces from 157 children with diarrhoea who sought treatment at the Children's Hospital João Paulo II, a reference children´s hospital in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were cultured and drug susceptibility of the Shigella isolates was determined by the disk diffusion technique. Shigella virulence markers were identified by polymerase chain reaction. The bacterium was recovered from 10.8% of the children (88.2% Shigella sonnei). The ipaH, iuc, sen and ial genes were detected in strains isolated from all shigellosis patients; set1A was only detected in Shigella flexneri. Additionally, patients were infected by Shigella strains of different ial, sat, sen and set1A genotypes. Compared to previous studies, we observed a marked shift in the distribution of species from S. flexneri to S. sonnei and high rates of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance.

O Haemophilus influenzae raramente é descrito como causador de infecção do trato urinário. Entretanto, sua real incidência tem sido pouco estudada, uma vez que os meios que permitem seu crescimento não são utilizados rotineiramente para cultura de urina. É relatado um caso de infecção urinária por esse microrganismo em uma criança de dois anos de idade, e o papel dessa bactéria como agente causador de infecção do trato urinário é revisado.

Haemophilus influenzae has rarely been reported to cause urinary tract infections. Nevertheless, its real incidence has been little studied, since media supportive of its growth are not routinely used for urine cultures. A case of a two-year-old child with infection due to this microorganism is reported and the role of this bacteria as causative agent of urinary tract infection is reviewed.

Helicobacter pylori é o principal agente de gastrite em seres humanos e fator de risco para úlcera péptica e câncer gástrico. A evolução da infecção está relacionada a diversos fatores, inclusive bacterianos, como presença de cagA e genótipo s1-m1 do vacA, associados com o desenvolvimento de úlcera e adenocarcinoma gástrico. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre cagA e alelos do vacA em H. pylori isolado de crianças e relacionar os achados com a doença apresentada pelo paciente. Foram estudadas 65 crianças (24 com úlcera duodenal e 41 sem úlcera gástrica ou duodenal). A pesquisa de cagA e de alelos do vacA foi feita por PCR em amostras da bactéria isoladas do estômago dos pacientes. Infecção mista foi identificada em dez (15,4%) crianças. Entre os pacientes com monoinfecção, o alelo s1 foi detectado em amostras isoladas de 40 (72,7%), e o m1 em 34 (61,8%). CagA foi identificado em H. pylori isolado de 38 (69,1%) pacientes. Foi observada associação entre presença de cagA e de genótipo s1-m1 (p = 10-7) e entre cagA e padrão s1-m1 com úlcera duodenal (p = 0,073 e p = 0,037, respectivamente). Em conclusão, infecção mista por H. pylori é comum em crianças brasileiras, e amostras da bactéria apresentando o alelo s1 e cagA são as mais prevalentes no nosso meio. A concomitância do alelo s1 do vacA e de cagA foi freqüentemente observada, e a associação de amostras positivas de s1 e de cagA com úlcera duodenal foi confirmada neste trabalho.

Helicobacter pylori is now accepted as the most important agent of gastritis in humans and as a risk factor for ulcer disease and gastric carcinoma ethiopathogenesis. The outcome of the infection is associated with several factors, among them bacterial ones such as cagA and vacA s1 genotype. We aimed to investigate the association between cagA and vacA genotypes in H. pylori strains isolated from children and to correlate these findings with patient's disease. A total of 65 children (24 with duodenal ulcer and 41 without gastric or duodenal ulcer) were included in the study. CagA and vacA alleles were identified by PCR in bacterium strains isolated from the gastric mucosa of the studied group. Multiple-strain infection was detected in 10 (15.4%) patients. Among children with nonmixed infection, s1 allele was found in H. pylori strains isolated from 40 (72.7%), and m1 allele in strains obtained from 34 (61.8%). CagA was found in bacterium strains isolated from 38 (69.1%) patients. Association between cagA and s1-m1 genotype (p = 10-7), and between these genotypes and duodenal ulcer (p = 0.073 and p = 0.037, respectively) was observed. In conclusion, multiple-strain infection is frequent in Brazilian children. H. pylori strains harbouring, simultaneously, cagA and vacA s1-m1 genotypes are the most frequent in our pediatric population and are associated to ulcer disease.