OBJECTIVES: There is a direct relationship between the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and a decreased risk of mortality. This investigation aimed to describe the effects of anti-hypertensive drugs on cardiac hypertrophy through a meta-analysis of the literature. METHODS: The Medline (via PubMed), Lilacs and Scielo databases were searched using the subject keywords cardiac hypertrophy, antihypertensive and mortality. We aimed to analyze the effect of anti-hypertensive drugs on ventricle hypertrophy. RESULTS: The main drugs we described were enalapril, verapamil, nifedipine, indapamina, losartan, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and atenolol. These drugs are usually used in follow up programs, however, the studies we investigated used different protocols. Enalapril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) and verapamil (Ca++ channel blocker) caused hypertrophy to regress in LVH rats. The effects of enalapril and nifedipine (Ca++ channel blocker) were similar. Indapamina (diuretic) had a stronger effect than enalapril, and losartan (angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist) produced better results than atenolol (selective β1 receptor antagonist) with respect to LVH regression. CONCLUSION: The anti-hypertensive drugs induced various degrees of hypertrophic regression.

Ablation of the area postrema/caudal nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) complex increases sodium intake, but the effect of selective lesions of the caudal NTS is not known. We measured depletion-induced sodium intake in rats with electrolytic lesions of the commissural NTS that spared the area postrema. One day after the lesion, rats were depleted of sodium with furosemide (10 mg/kg body weight, sc) and then had access to water and a sodium-deficient diet for 24 h when 1.8% NaCl was offered. Water and saline intakes were measured for 2 h. Saline intake was higher in lesioned than in sham-lesioned rats (mean ± SEM: 20 ± 2 vs 11 ± 3 mL/2 h, P < 0.05, N = 6-7). Saline intake remained elevated in lesioned rats when the tests were repeated 6 and 14 days after the lesion, and water intake in these two tests was increased as well. Water intake seemed to be secondary to saline intake both in lesioned and in sham-lesioned rats. A second group of rats was offered 10% sucrose for 2 h/day before and 2, 7, and 15 days after lesion. Sucrose intake in lesioned rats was higher than in sham-lesioned rats only 7 days after lesioning. A possible explanation for the increased saline intake in rats with commissural NTS lesions could be a reduced gastrointestinal feedback inhibition. The commissural NTS is probably part of a pathway for inhibitory control of sodium intake that also involves the area postrema and the parabrachial nucleus.

FUNDAMENTO: A literatura tem descrito dados contraditórios em relação ao início da diminuição da função barorreflexa em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos. OBJETIVO:Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a função barorreflexa em ratos jovens de 13 semanas espontaneamente hipertensos. MÉTODOS:Foram estudados ratos machos Wistar Kyoto (WKY) (n=15) e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (REH) de 13 semanas (n=15). Cânulas foram inseridas na artéria aorta abdominal através da artéria femoral direita para medir a pressão arterial média (PAM) e a freqüência cardíaca (FC). A função barorreflexa foi calculada como a derivada da variação da FC em função da variação da PAM (ΔFC/ΔPAM), quando submetida a teste com uma dose depressora de nitroprussiato de sódio (50µg/kg) e com uma dose pressora de fenilefrina (8µg/kg) através de cânula inserida na veia femoral direita em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos e WKY. Diferenças com um valor de p < 0.05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significantes. RESULTADOS:Ratos espontaneamente hipertensos: ΔPAM=43,5 mmHg±5,2, ΔFC=-59,7 ppm±17,9 e ΔFC/ΔPAM=1,3 ppm/mmHg±0,1 testados com fenilefrina; Wistar Kyoto: ΔPAM=&56mmHg±3, ΔFC=*-114,9ppm±11,3 e ΔFC /ΔPAM =#1,9ppm/mmHg±0,3 testados com fenilefrina; ratos espontaneamente hipertensos: ΔPAM=-45,6mmHg±8,1, ΔFC=40,1ppm±11,6 e ΔFC/ΔPAM=0,9ppm/mmHg±0,5 testados com nitroprussiato de sódio; Wistar Kyoto: ΔPAM=-39,8mmHg±6,2, ΔFC=51,9ppm±21,8 e ΔFC/ΔPAM=1,4ppm/mmHg±0,7 testados com nitroprussiato de sódio (*p<0,05; #p<0,01; &p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados mostram que ratos espontaneamente hipertensos de 13 semanas apresentaram redução da função barorreflexa quando testados com fenilefrina.

BACKGROUND: The literature describes contradictory data regarding the onset of the baroreflex reduction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. OBJECTIVE:This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the baroreflex function in 13-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats. METHODS:Male Wistar Kyoto (n=15) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (n=15) aged 13 weeks were studied. Cannulas were inserted in the abdominal aortic artery through the right femoral artery to measure mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Baroreflex function was calculated as the derivative of the variation of HR in function of the MAP variation (Δheart rate/Δmean arterial pressure) tested with a depressor dose of sodium nitroprusside (50µg/kg) and with a pressor dose of phenylephrine (8µg/kg) in the right femoral venous approach through an inserted cannula in awake spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto. Differences with p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS:Spontaneously hypertensive rats: Δmean arterial pressure=43.5mmHg±5.2, Δheart rate=-59.7ppm±17.9 and Δheart rate/Δmean arterial pressure=1.3ppm/mmHg±0.1 tested with phenylephrine; Wistar Kyoto: Δmean arterial pressure=&56mmHg±3, Δheart rate=*-114.9ppm±11.3 and Δheart rate/Δmean arterial pressure=#1.9ppm/mmHg±0.3 tested with phenylephrine; spontaneously hypertensive rats: Δmean arterial pressure=-45.6mmHg±8.1, Δheart rate=40.1ppm±11.6 and Δheart rate/Δmean arterial pressure=0.9ppm/mmHg±0.5 tested with sodium nitroprusside; Wistar Kyoto: Δmean arterial pressure=-39.8mmHg±6.2, Δheart rate=51.9ppm±21.8 and Δheart rate/Δmean arterial pressure=1.4ppm/mmHg±0.7 tested with sodium nitroprusside (*p<0.05; #p<0.01; &p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that 13-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats presented reduced baroreflex function when tested with phenylephrine.

FUNDAMENTO: La literatura ha descrito datos contradictorios con relación al inicio de la disminución de la función barorrefleja en ratas espontáneamente hipertensas. OBJETIVO: Se realizó este estudio con el objetivo de evaluar la función barorrefleja en ratas jóvenes de 13 semanas, espontáneamente hipertensas. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron ratas machos Wistar Kyoto (WKY) (n=15) y ratas espontáneamente hipertensas (REH) de 13 semanas de edad (n=15). Se insertaron cánulas en la arteria aorta abdominal -a través de la arteria femoral derecha- para medir la presión arterial media (PAM) y la frecuencia cardiaca (FC). Se calculó la función barorrefleja como la derivada de la variación de la FC en función de la variación de la PAM (ΔFC/ΔPAM). Dicho cálculo se efectuó tras prueba con una dosificación depresora de nitroprusiato de sodio (50µg/kg) y también con una dosificación para presión arterial de fenilefrina (8µg/kg) a través de una cánula insertada en la vena femoral derecha tanto de ratas espontáneamente hipertensas como de WKY. Se consideraron estadísticamente significantes diferencias con un valor de p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Ratas espontáneamente hipertensas sometidas a prueba con fenilefrina: ΔPAM=43,5 mmHg±5,2, ΔFC=-59,7 ppm±17,9 y ΔFC/ΔPAM=1,3 ppm/mmHg±0,1; Wistar Kyoto probadas con fenilefrina: ΔPAM=&56mmHg±3, ΔFC=*-114,9ppm±11,3 y ΔFC /ΔPAM =#1,9ppm/mmHg±0,3. Ratas espontáneamente hipertensas probadas con nitroprusiato de sodio: ΔPAM=-45,6mmHg±8,1, ΔFC=40,1ppm±11,6 y ΔFC/ΔPAM=0,9ppm/mmHg±0,5; Wistar Kyoto sometidas a prueba con nitroprusiato de sodio: ΔPAM =-39,8mmHg±6,2, ΔFC=51,9ppm±21,8 y ΔFC /ΔPAM =1,4ppm/mmHg±0,7 (*p<0,05; #p<0,01; &p<0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestros resultados muestran que ratas espontáneamente hipertensas de 13 semanas de edad presentaron reducción de la función barorrefleja cuando probadas con fenilefrina.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de mudas sem proteção (de cercas ou estacas) de quatro espécies de leguminosas arbóreas e uma mistura eqüitativa dessas espécies, introduzidas em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, na presença de gado. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x5, duas gramíneas (marandu e tanzânia) e quatro espécies de leguminosas (Mimosa artemisiana, Pseudosamanea guachapele, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Acacia farnesiana e uma mistura dessas espécies), com três repetições. Avaliaram-se: altura da muda, diâmetro do caule, diâmetro da copa, sobrevivência da muda, freqüência de pastejo e ocorrência de formigas. As diferenças estatísticas entre as médias da variável canônica principal, pelo teste de Scott-Knott, indicaram a formação de três agrupamentos, tendo-se destacado o grupo formado pelos tratamentos M. artemisiana e mistura de leguminosas, nos dois pastos, mais E. contortisiliquum e A. farnesiana, nos pastos dos capins marandu e tanzânia, respectivamente. Diferenças entre as médias dos tratamentos relativas a cada variável, calculadas por meio de intervalos de confiança de Bonferroni, mostraram que mudas de M. artemisiana apresentaram maior altura e sobrevivência em pasto de capim-marandu. Mudas dessa leguminosa, sem proteção, são indicadas para ser introduzidas, nas pastagens de capim-marandu da região, na presença do gado.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of nonprotected (by fences or pickets) seedlings of leguminous tree species and an equitable mix of these species, introduced in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, in the presence of cattle. The experimental design was a completely randomized one, in a 2x5 factorial arrangement, with two grasses (marandu and tanzânia) and four leguminous species (Mimosa artemisiana, Pseudomanea guachapele, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Acacia farnesiana), and a mix of these species, with three replicates. Evaluations were made for: seedling height, stem diameter, canopy diameter, seedling survival, pasture frequency and ant occurrence. The statistical difference between the means of the main canonical variable, by the test of Scott-Knott, indicated the formation of three groups, standing out the one formed by M. artemisiana and mixture of leguminous in the two pastures, plus E. contortisiliquum and A. farnesiana in pastures of marandu and tanzânia grass, respectively. Differences between the means of treatments for each variable, calculated by means of Bonferroni's intervals of confidence, showed that M. artemisiana presented the greatest height and seedling survival in the pasture of marandu grass. This leguminous seedlings, without protection, are indicated to be introduced in pastures of marandu grass in the region, in the presence of cattle.

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is the primary site of the cardiovascular afferent information about arterial blood pressure and volume. The NTS projects to areas in the central nervous system involved in cardiovascular regulation and hydroelectrolyte balance, such as the anteroventral third ventricle region and the lateral parabrachial nucleus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of electrolytic lesion of the commissural NTS on water and 0.3 M NaCl intake and the cardiovascular responses to subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol. Male Holtzman rats weighing 280 to 320 g were submitted to sham lesion or electrolytic lesion of the commissural NTS (N = 6-15/group). The sham-lesioned rats had the electrode placed along the same coordinates, except that no current was passed. Water intake induced by subcutaneous isoproterenol (30 µg/kg body weight) significantly increased in chronic (15 days) commissural NTS-lesioned rats (to 2.4 ± 0.2 vs sham: 1.9 ± 0.2 mL 100 g body weight-1 60 min-1). Isoproterenol did not induce any sodium intake in sham or in commissural NTS-lesioned rats. The isoproterenol-induced hypotension (sham: -27 ± 4 vs commissural NTS-lesioned rats: -22 ± 4 mmHg/20 min) and tachycardia (sham: 168 ± 10 vs commissural NTS: 144 ± 24 bpm/20 min) were not different between groups. The present results suggest that the commissural NTS is part of an inhibitory neural pathway involved in the control of water intake induced by subcutaneous isoproterenol, and that the overdrinking observed in lesioned rats is not the result of a cardiovascular imbalance in these animals.

As propriedades biológicas da própolis de Apis mellifera são amplamente relatadas sendo comuns variações nas mesmas em função da região onde foram produzidas. A ação antimicrobiana de própolis obtidas em três regiões do Brasil (Botucatu-SP, Mossoró-RN e Urubici-SC) foi investigada sobre linhagens isoladas de infecções clínicas humanas (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Candida albicans). Foram preparados extratos alcoólicos de própolis (EAP) e determinada a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) seguida do cálculo da CIM90%. A própolis de Botucatu foi a mais eficiente sobre S. aureus (0,3%v/v), Enterococcus sp (1,1%v/v) e C. albicans (2,1% v/v). Para E. coli, a própolis eficiente foi de Urubici (7,0%v/v) e para P. aeruginosa a de Mossoró (5,3%v/v). Os resultados mostram maior sensibilidade das bactérias Gram positivas e levedura em relação às Gram negativas. É possível concluir que, para os microrganismos testados e amostras de própolis testadas, há diferenças na atividade antimicrobiana em função do local de produção e que isso se explica pela diferença de composição química da própolis.

The antimicrobial activity of Apis mellifera propolis is widely reported, and the variations in this property according to the region where it was produced have been mentioned. Thus, the antimicrobial activity of propolis from three Brazilian regions (Botucatu, SP; Mossoró, RN and Urubici, SC) was investigated on isolated strains from human clinical material (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans). Ethanolic Extracts of Propolis (EEP) were prepared and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined based on the method of EEP dilution in agar and the MIC90% calculated. Propolis from Botucatu was the most effective against S. aureus (0.3%v/v), Enterococcus sp (1.1%v/v), and C. albicans (2.1% v/v). The effective propolis against E. coli was from Urubici (7.0%v/v), and against P. aeruginosa, from Mossoró (5.3%v/v). The results shows that there are differences in the activity according to the region where the propolis were produced and Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible that Gram negative bacteria.

We investigated the effects of bilateral injections of the GABA receptor agonists muscimol (GABA A) and baclofen (GABA B) into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) on the bradycardia and hypotension induced by iv serotonin injections (5-HT, 2 µg/rat) in awake male Holtzman rats. 5-HT was injected in rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally in the NTS, before and 5, 15, and 60 min after bilateral injections of muscimol or baclofen into the NTS. The responses to 5-HT were tested before and after the injection of atropine methyl bromide. Muscimol (50 pmol/50 nl, N = 8) into the NTS increased basal mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 115 ± 4 to 144 ± 6 mmHg, did not change basal heart rate (HR) and reduced the bradycardia (-40 ± 14 and -73 ± 26 bpm at 5 and 15 min, respectively, vs -180 ± 20 bpm for the control) and hypotension (-11 ± 4 and -14 ± 4 mmHg, vs -40 ± 9 mmHg for the control) elicited by 5-HT. Baclofen (12.5 pmol/50 nl, N = 7) into the NTS also increased basal MAP, but did not change basal HR, bradycardia or hypotension in response to 5-HT injections. Atropine methyl bromide (1 mg/kg body weight) injected iv reduced the bradycardic and hypotensive responses to 5-HT injections. The stimulation of GABA A receptors in the NTS of awake rats elicits a significant increase in basal MAP and decreases the cardiac Bezold-Jarisch reflex responses to iv 5-HT injections.

Our hypothesis is that iron accumulated in tissue, rather than in serum, may compromise cardiovascular control. Male Fischer 344 rats weighing 180 to 220 g were divided into 2 groups. In the serum iron overload group (SIO, N = 12), 20 mg elemental iron was injected ip daily for 7 days. In the tissue iron overload group (TIO, N = 19), a smaller amount of elemental iron was injected (10 mg, daily) for 5 days followed by a resting period of 7 days. Reflex heart rate responses were elicited by iv injections of either phenylephrine (0.5 to 5.0 µg/kg) or sodium nitroprusside (1.0 to 10.0 µg/kg). Baroreflex curves were determined and fitted to sigmoidal equations and the baroreflex gain coefficient was evaluated. To evaluate the role of other than a direct effect of iron on tissue, acute treatment with the iron chelator deferoxamine (20 mg/kg, iv) was performed on the TIO group and the baroreflex was re-evaluated. At the end of the experiments, evaluation of iron levels in serum confirmed a pronounced overload for the SIO group (30-fold), in contrast to the TIO group (2-fold). Tissue levels of iron, however, were higher in the TIO group. The SIO protocol did not produce significant alterations in the baroreflex curve response, while the TIO protocol produced a nearly 2-fold increase in baroreflex gain (-4.34 ± 0.74 and -7.93 ± 1.08 bpm/mmHg, respectively). The TIO protocol animals treated with deferoxamine returned to sham levels of baroreflex gain (-3.7 ± 0.3 sham vs -3.6 ± 0.2 bpm/mmHg) 30 min after the injection. Our results indicate an effect of tissue iron overload on the enhancement of baroreflex sensitivity.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a pollutant commonly recognized for its toxicological attributes, including CNS and cardiovascular effects. But CO is also formed endogenously in mammalian tissues. Endogenously formed CO normally arises from heme degradation in a reaction catalyzed by heme oxygenase. While inhibitors of endogenous CO production can raise arterial pressure, heme loading can enhance CO production and lead to vasodepression. Both central and peripheral tissues possess heme oxygenases and generate CO from heme, but the inability of heme substrate to cross the blood brain barrier suggests the CNS heme-heme oxygenase-CO system may be independent of the periphery. In the CNS, CO apparently acts in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) promoting changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission and lowering blood pressure. At the periphery, the heme-heme oxygenase-CO system can affect cardiovascular functions in a two-fold manner; specifically: 1) heme-derived CO generated within vascular smooth muscle (VSM) can promote vasodilation, but 2) its actions on the endothelium apparently can promote vasoconstriction. Thus, it seems reasonable that the CNS-, VSM- and endothelial-dependent actions of the heme-heme oxygenase-CO system may all affect cardiac output and vascular resistance, and subsequently blood pressure.

The nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) receives afferent projections from the arterial baroreceptors, carotid chemoreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors and as a function of this information produces autonomic adjustments in order to maintain arterial blood pressure within a narrow range of variation. The activation of each of these cardiovascular afferents produces a specific autonomic response by the excitation of neuronal projections from the NTS to the ventrolateral areas of the medulla (nucleus ambiguus, caudal and rostral ventrolateral medulla). The neurotransmitters at the NTS level as well as the excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors involved in the processing of the autonomic responses in the NTS, although extensively studied, remain to be completely elucidated. In the present review we discuss the role of the EAA L-glutamate and its different receptor subtypes in the processing of the cardiovascular reflexes in the NTS. The data presented in this review related to the neurotransmission in the NTS are based on experimental evidence obtained in our laboratory in unanesthetized rats. The two major conclusions of the present review are that a) the excitation of the cardiovagal component by cardiovascular reflex activation (chemo- and Bezold-Jarisch reflexes) or by L-glutamate microinjection into the NTS is mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and b) the sympatho-excitatory component of the chemoreflex and the pressor response to L-glutamate microinjected into the NTS are not affected by an NMDA receptor antagonist, suggesting that the sympatho-excitatory component of these responses is mediated by non-NMDA receptors.