The objective of this study was to describe the genetic diversity and structure of the largest Pé-duro population by assessing variation at ten autosomal microsatellite (STR) loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. The mean expected heterozygosity was 0.755, the mean observed heterozygosity was 0.600 and significant inbreeding coefficient (Fis) and deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in most of analyzed loci demonstrate the impact of inbreeding and homozygosis on this population. A more in-depth genetic analysis could be achieved by expanding the STR list. The analysis of mtDNA provided evidence of ancestral African taurine haplotypes in Pé-duro and excluded maternal Zebuine introgression. In this report, the main Pé-duro population is genetically portrayed by sampling approximately 40% of it. As this herd represents the core of the Pé-duro conservation program, these findings are of outstanding value for the management and preservation of this Brazilian 'native' cattle breed.

Twelve microsatellite loci previously developed in the tropical tree Cariniana estrellensis were genetically characterized in Cariniana legalis. Polymorphisms were assessed in 28 C. legalis individuals found between the Pardo and Mogi-Guaçu River basins in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Of the 12 loci, 10 were polymorphic and exhibited Mendelian inheritance. The allelic richness at each locus ranged from 2-11, with an average of 7 alleles per locus, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.07-0.88. These loci showed a high probability of paternity exclusion. The characteristics of these heterologous microsatellite markers indicate that they are suitable tools for investigating questions concerning population genetics in C. legalis.

The genetic relationships and structure of fourteen goat (Capra hircus) populations were estimated based on genotyping data from 14 goat populations (n = 410 goats) at 13 microsatellite loci. We used analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and F statistics (F IS, F IT and F ST) to evaluate the genetic diversity (Ho, He and ad) of the goats. Genetic distances between the 14 goat populations were calculated from allelic frequency data for the 13 microsatellite markers. Moderate differentiation was observed for the populations of the undefined breeds (including the Anglo-Nubian-M breed), the naturalized Brazilian breeds (Moxotó, Canindé), the exotic purebred breeds (Alpine, Saanen, Toggenbourg and Anglo-Nubian) and the naturalized Brazilian Graúna group. Our AMOVA showed that a major portion (88.51%) of the total genetic variation resulted from differences between individual goats within populations, while between-populations variation accounted for the remaining 11.49% of genetic variation. We used a Reynolds genetic distance matrix and PCA to produce a phenogram based on the 14 goat populations and found three clusters, or groups, consisting of the goats belonging to the undefined breed, the naturalized breeds and the exotic purebred breeds. The closer proximity of the Canindé breed from the Brazilian state of Paraíba to the Graúna breed from the same state than to the genetically conserved Canindé breed from the Brazilian state of Ceará, as well as the heterozygosity values and significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium suggests that there was a high number of homozygotes in the populations studied, and indicates the importance of the State for the conservation of the local breeds. Cataloguing the genetic profile of Brazilian goat populations provides essential information for conservation and genetic improvements programs.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar, por meio de marcadores RAPD, dois grupos genéticos de búfalos, Carabao e tipo Baio, que estão sendo conservados in situ, assim como verificar as relações genéticas entre eles e os outros três grupos genéticos de búfalos existentes no Brasil, Murrah, Jafarabadi e Mediterrâneo, considerados raças comerciais. Foram estudados 48 animais de cada grupo, com exceção dos grupos Murrah e Mediterrâneo, com 47 e 42 animais, respectivamente, compreendendo um total de 233 animais. Os 21 iniciadores polimórficos geraram 98 marcadores. A variabilidade genética entre e dentro dos grupos foi estimada em 26,5 e 73,5%, respectivamente, sugerindo divergência significativa entre os cinco grupos genéticos. Na análise entre pares de grupos, foi verificado que a maior e a menor divergência estavam em torno de 40 e 18%, quando se compararam os grupos Carabao x Mediterrâneo e Murrah x Jafarabadi, respectivamente. Entre os grupos Baio e Murrah, a análise revelou divergência genética de 20,42%, indicando que esses grupos são distintos. Os cinco grupos são geneticamente distintos, o que reforça a necessidade de conservação dos grupos genéticos Carabao e Baio, ameaçados de extinção no Brasil.

The objective of this work was to characterize genetically, using RAPD markers, two genetic groups of buffalos, Carabao and Baio, which are being conserved in situ, as well as to verify the genetic relationship among them and the other three genetic groups of buffalos raised in Brazil, considered as commercial breeds: Murrah, Jaffarabadi and Mediterrâneo. Forty eight animals of each group were studied, with the exception of the Murrah and Mediterrâneo, in which 47 and 42 animals, respectively, were sampled, comprising a total of 233 animals. The 21 polymorphic primers produced 98 markers. Genetic variability within and between groups was estimated in 26.5 and 73.5%, respectively, suggesting a significant divergence among groups. On the analysis between pairs of groups, the divergence was about 40 and 18%, respectively, when the Carabao x Mediterranâneo and the Murrah x Jaffarabadi were compared. The estimated genetic divergence between Baio and Murrah groups was 20.42%, indicating that they are distinct groups. The five genetic groups are genetically distinct, indicating the need to conserve the Carabao and Baio, two genetic groups in danger of extinction in Brazil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar os efeitos do melhoramento sobre a diversidade do germoplasma da soja cultivada nas três ultimas décadas, por meio da comparação de seis programas de melhoramento e períodos de lançamento de cultivares, utilizando locos microssatélites. Em relação aos programas de melhoramento, todos os locos apresentaram diferenças significativas em suas distribuições alélicas. Alguns locos eram compostos de alelos exclusivos em alguns programas de melhoramento, enquanto outros foram compostos sempre dos mesmos alelos em maior freqüência para todos os programas. A AMOVA indicou maior porção da variância devido a cultivares dentro de programas e somente 5,3% (p<0,05) devido à diferença entre programas. Quando comparados os programas de melhoramento entre si, cinco entre as 15 comparações apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05), estando presente o programa IAC em quatro destas cinco comparações. As estimativas de variabilidade da soja entre os períodos de melhoramento avaliados indicaram que somente 1,78% da variância total foi devida à diferença entre períodos (p>0,05). Os resultados sugerem que o germoplasma de soja utilizado em programas de melhoramento no Brasil manteve nível constante de diversidade genética nos últimos 30 anos, além de relativa heterogeneidade de determinados programas.

The objective of this work was to detect the effects of plant breeding over the genetic diversity of soybean germplasm grown during the last three decades by comparing six different breeding programs and releasing intervals of soybean cultivars, using microsatellite loci. Regarding the breeding programs, all loci presented significantly different allelic distributions. Some loci presented alleles restricted to unique breeding programs, while others had a same allele being the most frequent in all the six programs. The AMOVA revealed that the major proportion of the variance occurred among cultivars within breeding programs and only 5.3% (p<0.05) of the whole variance was due to differences among breeding programs. When the breeding programs were pairwise-compared, five out of the 15 comparisons showed significant differences (p<0.05), being the IAC program within four of them. Soybean variability estimates of the five different releasing intervals revealed that just 1.78% of the variance is due to differences among them (p>0.05). The results suggest that the soybean germplasm pool involved in breeding programs in Brazil has maintained a stable genetic diversity during the past 30 years, in addition to a relative heterogeneity of some breeding programs.

Pimelodus maculatus populations from the Tietê and Paranapanema rivers were sampled and had their genetic structure analyzed by using RAPD markers, with the aim of contributing to future conservation studies. The proportion of polymorphic loci was greater than 50% in the populations of both rivers. Genetic diversity data showed that, in spite of its nine hydroelectric plants, the Tietê river population was genetically homogeneous, whereas the Paranapanema river population was structured. This might be due to the presence of high waterfalls distributed all along its course. These data may serve as indicators for future conservation studies on the Tietê and Paranapanema rivers.

Microsatellite markers or SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) have proved to be an excellent tool for cultivar identification, pedigree analysis and the evaluation of genetic distance among organisms. Soybean cultivars have been characterized mainly by morphological and biochemical traits. However, these traits have not been sufficient to characterize the large number of cultivars eligible to receive protection under the Brazilian Cultivar Protection Act. In order to define new soybean cultivar markers, the alleles of twelve SSR loci of 186 Brazilian soybean cultivars were studied by estimating the variation in their size range and their respective frequencies. On average, 5.3 alleles per locus were detected, with a mean genetic diversity of 0.64 ± 0.12. These loci were used to distinguish morphologically similar groups, presenting a mean similarity coefficient of 0.46; their use allowed to determine 184 profiles for the 186 cultivars. A dendrogram based on the SSR loci profiles showed good agreement with the cultivar pedigree information.

O número de genótipos de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) disponíveis aos agricultores é pequeno e pouco se conhece sobre os genótipos provenientes de outros países que possam ser utilizados no melhoramento genético desta cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a variabilidade genética de 31 acessos e de cinco cultivares nos sistemas isoenzimáticos fosfoglicomutase (PGM), 6fosfogliconato desidrogenase (PGD), fosfoglicoisomerase (PGI) e esterase (EST). Utilizou-se a técnica de eletroforese em gel de amido/penetrose para o fracionamento das isoenzimas da PGM, PGI e PGD e focalização isoelétrica para EST. Foram detectados um total de seis locos e 14 alelos para estes quatro sistemas. Observou-se variantes alélicas para os locos Pgi2, Pgm1, Pgd2, cada um com dois alelos, e para Est1, que apresentou seis alelos. Os testes de adequação aos modelos de equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e de Wright evidenciaram que em dez acessos houve um desvio significativo de endocruzamento.

The amount of available genotypes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to the agriculturists is minimum and the knowledge concerning genotypes from other countries, which could be used in this crop plant breeding is scarcely known. This work had the purpose of assessing the genetic variability of 31 accessions and of five cultivars to the isoenzymatic systems phosphoglucomutase (PGM), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PDG), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (PGI) and carboxylesterase (EST). The starch or penetrose gel electrophoresis technique was applied aiming the fractionation of the PGM, PGI and PGD isoenzymes, and the EST isoelectric focusing. Six loci and 14 alleles to these four systems were detected. Allelic variation were observed on the Pgi2, Pgm1, Pgd2 loci, two alleles each, and to Est1, which displayed six alleles. The goodness of fit tests for the Hardy-Weinberg and Wright equilibrium models indicated that ten accession showed a significant excess of selfing.

Dados sobre a leucina aminopeptidase durante o desenvolvimento ontogenético em Anopheles nuñez-tovarìevidenciaram seis zonae de atividade, eendo a LAP1, LAP2, LAP4 e LAP5 presentes nos estádios larvais, pupae e adultos e a LAP3 e LAP6 características desses dois últimos estágios. Diferenças na intensidade de coloração foram detectadas conforme o estágio considerado. A LAP1 e LAP5 apresentam intensidade fraca em todos os estágios e a LAP2 e LAP4 mostram atividade intensa nos estádios larvais, diminuindo nos dois estágios subseqüentes. Considerando-se as funções das enzimas, foi admitido que a LAP3, no estágio de pupa, possa estar relacionada com a histólise dos tecidos larvais. Dos seis locidetectados, variação alélica foi constatada apenas para o locus LAP5,sendo detectados dois alelos de ação codominante. As freqüências genotípicas de progênies de fêmeas inseminadas naturalmente desviam-se significativamente do equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg.

Data on the leucine aminopeptidase system during ontogenetic growth in Anopheles nuñez-tovarirevealed six areas of activity, of which LAP1, LAP2, LAP4 and LAP5 were present in the larval, pupal and adult stages and LAP3 and LAP6 were characteristics of the last two stages. Pifferences in intensity were detected according to the stage considered. LAW and LAP5 show a weak intensity in all the stages and LAP2 and LAP4 show intense activity in the larval stages, decreasing in the pupa and adult. Considering the functions of the enzymes, admitted that LAP3 in the pupae stage may be related to hystolysis of the larval tissues. Of the six loci detected, allelic variation was observed only for the LAP5 locus, with of codomi-nant action. The frequencies of genotypes among the progeny of females inseminated naturally deviate significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Analisou-se separadamente amêndoas e embriões de cocos de babaçu, (Orbignya martiana) para estudar algumas de suas enzimas e vitaminas tendo em vista seu maior consumo na alimentação. Detetou-se sistematicamente duas frações protéicas fortemente coradas e uma que aparece em algumas amostras e não aparece em outras. Das enzimas constatou-se três leucino-aminoptidase málicas (MDH1, MDH2, MDH3) e duas deidrogenase do glicerol -3-fosfato (GPD). Quanto às vitaminas constatou-se existir em 100 gramas de material: no embrião 0.100mg de riboflovina, 3,4 de vit. C e 30 de alfa-tocoferol; a amêndoa tem pouco menos da metade das vitaminas B1 e C.

Chemical analysis of nuts and embryo of babaçu (Orbignya martiana) were carryed out. The amount of enzymes was quite small in the nuts but high in the embryos. The enzymes detected in this work are: two leucine-aminepeptidase, three malate dehydrogenases and two glycero-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. 100 grams of material the nuts had 0,047 mg Riboflavin; 14mg Ascorbic acid and 32,6mg alpha-tocoferol. 100gr of embryo had 0,100mg of Riboflçavind 3,4 of ascorbic acid and 30,0mg of alpha-tocoferol.