ABSTRACT Municipal biowaste has a high potential for agricultural use. However, it requires an additional amendment to increase the nutritional content used during the composting process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the selection of compost-enhancing amendments from municipal biowaste using bibliometric and multicriteria analysis. The municipality of Yopal (Casanare, Colombia) was chosen as a case study. Using a search equation in the Scopus and Web of Science databases over five years (2018-2022), 53 publications were discovered, from which 25 were chosen for a full review to identify alternatives for amendment. Ashes, rice husks, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, tree pruning waste, and alfalfa hay were assessed as amendment substitutes. Criteria such as financial cost, accessibility to acquire the amendment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon contribution were used in the analysis of hierarchical processes. Tree pruning waste was the best option based on the criteria chosen because it is easily accessible and contributes with carbon and nitrogen (C/N: 13) to composting. Factors such as cost and affordability influence the physical and chemical characteristics that an amendment brings to the composting of municipal biowaste.

RESUMO Os biorresíduos municipais têm um elevado potencial para utilização agrícola. No entanto, requer uma alteração adicional para aumentar o conteúdo nutricional utilizado durante o processo de compostagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a seleção de aditivos melhoradores de compostagem a partir de resíduos biológicos municipais, utilizando análise bibliométrica e multicritério. O município de Yopal (Casanare, Colômbia) foi escolhido como estudo de caso. Utilizando uma equação de busca nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science ao longo de cinco anos (2018-2022), foram descobertas 53 publicações, das quais 25 foram escolhidas para uma revisão completa para identificar alternativas de alteração. Cinzas, cascas de arroz, serragem, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, podas de árvores e feno de alfafa foram testados como substitutos de emendas. Critérios como custo financeiro, acessibilidade para aquisição do aditivo, aporte de nitrogênio, fósforo e carbono foram utilizados na análise dos processos hierárquicos. A poda de árvores foi a melhor opção pelos critérios escolhidos por ser de fácil acesso e contribuir com carbono e nitrogênio (C/N: 13) para a compostagem. Fatores como custo e acessibilidade influenciam as características físicas e químicas que uma alteração traz para a compostagem de biorresíduos municipais.

Resumo Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L.B.Sm. é um abacaxi silvestre, comumente encontrado nas savanas. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a morfoanatomia e histoquímica de sua semente. As observações foram feitas nos cortes longitudinais e transversais, em microscópio óptico. O arranjo celular no tegumento, as ondulações no tegumento, a relação entre o tamanho do embrião e a quantidade de endosperma, e o número de estratos na camada de aleurona são características anatômicas que podem contribuir para a distinção dessa espécie. O amido do endosperma e os lipídios e proteínas do embrião constituem as principais reservas nutricionais da semente. O embrião homogêneo e os compostos fenólicos presentes no tegumento e na camada de aleurona possivelmente contribuem para a dormência nessa espécie. Este estudo apresenta informações relevantes para a taxonomia e fisiologia de A. ananassoides, sendo contribuições valiosas para o conhecimento global dessa espécie com alto potencial ornamental.

Abstract Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L.B.Sm. is a wild pineapple, commonly found in the savannas. This study aimed to describe the morpho-anatomy and histochemistry of its seed. The observations were made in the longitudinal and transverse sections, using an optical microscope. The cell arrangement in the seed coat, ripples in the integument, the ratio of embryo size and endosperm amount, and the number of strata in the aleurone layer are anatomical characteristics that may contribute to distinguishing this species. The starch in the endosperm, lipids and proteins in the embryo, constitute the seed's main nutritional reserves. The homogeneous embryo and phenolic compounds present in the seed coat and in the aleurone layer possibly contribute to the dormancy in this species. This study presents information relevant to the taxonomy and physiology of A. ananassoides, which represents contributions to the global knowledge of this species with a high potential as ornamental.

Abstract Introduction Septoplasty and turbinoplasty are common surgical interventions used to relieve nasal obstructive symptoms. Since it is difficult to measure the degree of nasal blockage, current literature wonders about the frequent performance of these procedures. Objective To evaluate the perceived change in the nasal obstruction and the quality of life (QoL) of patients that underwent a septoplasty along with a turbinoplasty by applying subjective scales, to describe the correlation between those scales, and to study the impact of clinical factors in the postoperative outcomes. Methods Prospective observational study. The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) were assessed. The paired sample Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the difference between the pre- and postoperative surveys. The correlation coefficient between the subjective scales was calculated. A quantile regression was performed to evaluate the effect of surgery on the results adjusted for clinical and demographic variables. Results A total of 115 patients were interviewed. Postoperative NOSE scores were 45 points lower (95% confidence interval [CI]: - 53.53–- 35.46; p < 0.001) in comparison with the NOSE preoperative scores. Obesity was the only statistically significant factor associated with worse outcomes. Additionally, we found a high correlation between the NOSE and VAS scores and a negative correlation between the GBI and postoperative VAS scores. Conclusion Nasal septoplasty, when paired with a turbinoplasty, decreases nasal obstruction and improves QoL. Obesity was associated with worse results. There was a strong correlation between the NOSE and the VAS results and between the GBI and postoperative VAS results.

Resumen: El principal objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar la inclusión de la variabilidad climática natural en los proyectos del Plan de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuenca Hidrográfica (POMCA) del río Cravo Sur (Casanare, Colombia) a través del Índice de Evaluación del Sistema de Gestión (IESG). La mayoría de los proyectos incluyen la variabilidad climática (68.75%), pero en un 31.25% requieren ser revisados desde una gestión hídrica integral. Los resultados indican que los proyectos muestran diferencias en las actividades correspondientes a la valoración “específica” en un 18.75%, en los indicadores relacionados con el “seguimiento” en un 81.25%, en el riesgo “preventivo” en un 87.50% y en la cobertura asociada a la escala espacial “regional” en un 31.25%. En conclusión, estos resultados permiten entender el comportamiento climático del río Cravo Sur, sin embargo, la cobertura de los mismos necesita ser ampliada para mejorar las decisiones de corto, mediano y largo plazo, bajo escenarios futuros de un clima variante en el tiempo.

Abstract: The main objective of this research study is to assess the inclusion of natural climate variability into projects of the Hydrographic Basin Planning and Management Program (Plan de Ordenación y Manejo de Cuenca Hidrográfica, POMCA) of the Cravo Sur River basin (Casanare, Colombia) by using the system management evaluation index (IESG, in Spanish). Most projects include climate variability (68.75%), but 31.25% of them need to be reviewed from an integrated water management perspective. The results show that the projects assessed differed on their "specific" activities (18.75%), "follow-up" indicators (81.25%), "preventive" risk (87.50%), and "regional" spatial scale coverage (31.25%). In conclusion, these results serve to better understand Cravo Sur River’s climate, but the projects’ coverage needs to be expanded to improve short, medium, and long-term decisions for future time-varying climate scenarios.

Resumo A ligação de um ligante com um receptor molecular induz um sinal que viaja através do receptor, chegando ao domínio interno e disparando uma cascata de resposta. Em trabalhos anteriores em receptores de células T e sua ligação com antígenos estranhos, observamos a presença de padrões moleculares planares capazes de gerar campos eletromagnéticos dentro das proteínas. Esses planos mostraram um comportamento coerente (sincronizado), replicando, instantaneamente, no domínio intracelular o que ocorreu no domínio extracelular, enquanto o ligante era acoplado. No presente estudo, examinamos essa transdução – a capacidade de um sinal de acoplamento de penetrar profundamente a molécula receptora e induzir uma resposta. Verificamos a presença de um comportamento coerente em sistemas diversos de receptor-ligante. Para apreciar essa diversidade, apresentamos quatro sistemas bioquímicos diferentes: TCR-peptídeo, ADP-bomba de cálcio, hemoglobina-oxigênio e gp120-CD4 acoplamento viral. A confirmação de transdução molecular sincronizada em cada um desses sistemas sugere que o mecanismo proposto ocorreria em todos os sistemas bioquímicos receptor-ligante.

Abstract The coupling of a ligand with a molecular receptor induces a signal that travels through the receptor, reaching the internal domain and triggering a response cascade. In previous work on T-cell receptors and their coupling with foreign antigens, we observed the presence of planar molecular patterns able to generate electromagnetic fields within the proteins. These planes showed a coherent (synchronized) behavior, replicating immediately in the intracellular domain that which occurred in the extracellular domain as the ligand was coupled. In the present study, we examined this molecular transduction - the capacity of the coupling signal to penetrate deep inside the receptor molecule and induce a response. We verified the presence of synchronized behavior in diverse receptor-ligand systems. To appreciate this diversity, we present four biochemically different systems - TCR-peptide, calcium pump-ADP, haemoglobin-oxygen, and gp120-CD4 viral coupling. The confirmation of synchronized molecular transduction in each of these systems suggests that the proposed mechanism would occur in all biochemical receptor-ligand systems.

In this study, the conformational behavior of N-benzyl-N-(furan-2-ylmethyl) acetamide in chloroform was addressed by using a combined experimental/theoretical strategy using NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The 1H and 13C one-dimensional NMR spectra, as well as the two-dimensional HSQC-DEPT and HMBC-DEPT NMR spectra, evinced the presence of a hindered cis(E)-trans(Z) rotational equilibrium in solution. DFT calculations were performed at different theoretical levels using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) and predicted nine (four Z and five E structures) stable conformations. The interconversion dynamics among the different confirmations were established in terms of four different rotational equilibria in CDCl3. The chemical shifts in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the compound are similar to the values calculated for the two most abundant conformational equilibria at room temperature, one caused by two Z rotamers and the other by two E rotamers. The compound was also characterized for the first time by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and GC/MS spectrometry. Additionally, several acylation methodologies for synthesizing the title compound from N-benzyl-1-(furan-2-yl)methanamine were tested which resulted in high yields (> 90%) under very convenient conditions (10 min, at room temperature).

Resumen Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular en hombres con disfunción eréctil atendidos en un centro especializado en diferentes ciudades de Colombia y evaluar su asociación con el grado de severidad de la enfermedad. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal analítico. Se revisaron los registros clínicos de pacientes con diagnóstico de disfunción eréctil que fueron atendidos durante el primer semestre del año 2018. Se analizaron las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes, y se estimó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Se exploró la asociación entre estos factores y el grado de severidad de la disfunción eréctil por medio de modelos multivariados logísticos ordinales. Resultados: se incluyeron 2.484 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de selección, con una edad promedio de 48,7 años (± 14,1). 2.112 sujetos presentaron uno o más factores de riesgo cardiovascular, para una prevalencia global de 85,2%. La prevalencia estimada para factor evaluado fue la siguiente: sobrepeso y obesidad 70,9%, edad superior a 45 años 60,0%, hiperlipidemia 25,1%, hipertensión 21,4%, consumo de tabaco 17,7%, diabetes 16,7%, infarto agudo de miocardio 2,21% y antecedente de alguna enfermedad cardiovascular diferente a infarto 1,68%. En el análisis multivariado se observó que la diabetes y la edad son factores que aumentan el riesgo de severidad de la disfunción eréctil. Conclusiones: es alta la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en hombres colombianos con disfunción eréctil. En ese sentido, el sobrepeso u obesidad es el factor modificable más frecuente en esta población. El grado de disfunción puede estar asociado con la edad y la diabetes.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of risk factors of cardiovascular disease in men with erectile dysfunction attending a specialist clinic in different cities in Colombia, as well as their association with the level of severity of the disorder. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using a review of the medical records of patients diagnosed with erectile dysfunction and seen during the first six months of 2018. An analysis was made of the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was calculated. The association between these factors and the level of severity of the erectile dysfunction was determined using ordinal multivariate logistic models. Results: The study included a total of 2,484 patients that met the selection criteria. The mean age was 48.7 (± 14.1) years. The majority (2.112) of subjects had one or more cardiovascular risk factors, with an overall prevalence of 85.2%. The estimated prevalence for a factor evaluated was as follows: overweight and obesity; 70.9%, age greater than 45 years; 60.0%, hyperlipidaemia; 25.1%, hypertension; 21.4%, smoking; 17.7%, diabetes; 16.7%, acute myocardial infarction; 2.21%, and a history of any cardiovascular disease other than an infarction; 1.68%. In the multivariate analysis it was observed that diabetes and age are factors that increase the risk of severity of erectile dysfunction. Conclusions: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is high in Colombian men with erectile dysfunction. As regards this, overweight or obesity is the most common modifiable factor in this population. The level of dysfunction may be associated with age and diabetes.

RESUMEN Neospora caninum es un parásito protozoario del filo Apicomplexa que ha sido reconocido como causante de abortos y fallas reproductiva en el ganado de todo el mundo. Aunque en Colombia existen algunos estudios sobre la seroprevalencia de esta enfermedad, la información sigue siendo limitada. Objetivo: establecer la seroprevalencia de N. caninum en vacas lecheras del municipio de Tuta (Boyacá, Colombia). Materiales y Métodos: se muestrearon 375 animales. Las muestras se procesaron bajo la técnica de ELISA indirecta y se realizó un análisis estadístico con la prueba de chi-cuadrado de asociación-independencia para determinar si existía relación entre la presencia de anticuerpos contra N. caninum y las diferentes variables reproductivas. Resultados: el 52% de los individuos fueron positivos a anticuerpos contra N. caninum y la única variable reproductiva que presentó relación estadística con la presencia del protozoo fue la repetición de celo; por otra parte, no existió relación entre edad y raza de los bovinos y la presencia de N. caninum. Conclusión: la seroprevalencia es elevada si se compara con los datos reportados con anterioridad en otras regiones del país; no obstante, estos resultados no demostraron la presencia de enfermedad en los animales analizados, pero sí la evidencia antigénica, lo que sugiere que en algún momento de la vida se infectaron con el agente y promovieron la formación de anticuerpos específicos.

ABSTRACT Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, and has been recognized as a major cause of abortion and reproductive failure in cattle in the world, Although in Colombia there are some studies on the seroprevalence of this disease, even so the information remains limited. Objective: the aim of this study was to establish the seroprevalence of N. caninum in dairy cows of Tuta, (Boyacá, Colombia). Materials and methods: 375 animals were sampled. The samples were processed under indirect ELISA technique, a statistical analysis was performed with the chi-square association independence test to determine if there was a relationship between the presence of antibodies against N. caninum and the different reproductive variables. Results: it was observed that 52% of the individuals were positive for antibodies against N. caninum. the only reproductive variable that presented a statistical relationship with the presence of the protozoan was repetition of estrus, there was no relationship between age and breed of the cattle and the presentation of N.caninum. Conclusions: the seroprevalence is high if they if you keep in mind the seroprevalence data previously reported in other regions of the country, however, these results do not demonstrate the presence of disease in the animals analyzed, but the antigenic evidence, which implies that at some point life they became infected with the agent and promoted the formation of specific antibodies.

Resumen Los begomovirus (virus de plantas de DNA de cadena sencilla) son la principal amenaza para los cultivos en áreas subtropicales y tropicales. Existen varios estudios que muestran cómo evolucionan por mecanismos de intercambio genético, que ocurren en hospedantes alternativos, entre ellos las malezas o arvenses. Estas se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas y tienen una alta adaptabilidad al ambiente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar nuevos hospederos alternos de begomovirus en malezas asociadas con cultivos de ají (Capsicum sp.) que crecen en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Para el estudio fueron recolectadas malezas con y sin síntomas virales alrededor de estos cultivos ubicados en los municipios de Zarzal, Vijes, Toro, Unión, Roldanillo y Guacarí, las cuales fueron clasificadas taxonómicamente en el Herbario Josep Cuatrecasas Arumí de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. La detección de begomovirus se realizó mediante PCR utilizando cebadores universales que amplifican 400 pb, correspondientes a un fragmento del gen AR1 (CP) del componente A. Se recolectaron 179 malezas y en 13 de ellas (Sida acuta, Malvastrum sp, Rivina humilis, Acalypha sp, Parthenium hysterophorus, Euphorbia hirta, Rhynchosia minima) se detectó la presencia de begomovirus. Para malezas como Sida acuta y Acalypha sp., este es el primer informe como hospedero alterno de begomovirus en Colombia y América Latina. Este resultado permite conocer nuevas familias como hospederas y también confirmar su presencia en otras malezas donde aquellos fueron detectados previamente en el Valle del Cauca. Los resultados en este estudio son de utilidad para obtener información adicional relacionada con la diversidad y la distribución de malezas como hospederos de begomovirus, con el fin de desarrollar métodos no solo para controlar el virus, sino también evitar su propagación mediante malezas a los cultivos con interés económico.

Abstract Begomoviruses (DNA viruses with circular genome) are one of the main threats to crops growing at subtropical and tropical areas around the world. There are many studies which have shown that begomoviruses evolve by mechanisms of genetic exchange, which can occur in alternate hosts such as weeds. Weeds are widely distributed throughout the world and have a high environmental adaptability. The goal of this investigation was to identify alternate hosts of begomoviruses in weeds associated with pepper (Capsicum spp.) crops growing in Cauca Valley, Colombia. Weeds with and without viral symptoms around of pepper crops located to the municipalities of Zarzal, Vijes, Toro, Unión, Roldanillo and Guacarí were collected. Their identity was conducted at the Herbarium of the Universidad Nacional of Colombia, Josep Cuatrecasas Arumí. The detection of begomovirus was performed by PCR using universal primers that amplify 400 bp, corresponding to a fragment of the viral coat protein gene. We collected 179 weeds and in 13 of them (Sida acuta, Malvastrum sp, Rivina humilis, Acalypha sp, Parthenium hysterophorus, Euphorbia hirta, Rhynchosia minima) were positive for begomovirus. For weeds such as sida acuta and acalypha sp, this is their first report as a host of begomovirus in Colombia and Latin America. These results provided us with new families as host of begomovirus and also confirmed the begomovirus presence in previously reported weeds in Valle del Cauca. There is a pressing need to obtain additional information on the diversity and distribution of weeds as a host of begomoviruses, in order to develop not only virus control methods but also avoid the begomovirus spreading from weeds to crops of economic interest.

Abstract Aim: To compare the cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), aspiration fluid and aspiration time (AT) used during phacoemulsification using two surgical platforms. Methods: Consecutive eyes from patients undergoing cataract surgery were included. Lens opacities were graded from NO1NC1 to NO6NC6 using the LOCS III classification. Two platforms were evaluated: 1. Centurion® system with active-fluidics. 2. Infiniti® vision system with gravity-fluidics. CDE, AT and mean estimated aspiration fluid (EAF) were registered and compared. Results: A total of 216 eyes were evaluated. Mean age ± standard deviation was 78.3 ± 9.8 years (range 57-92). Significant differences were evidenced for overall CDE per nuclear density for cataracts Grade II to IV (p = 0.031, p = 0.045 and p = 0.032 respectively). AT showed a significant disparity for cataracts Graded II and III (p = 0.024 and p = 0.001), as the EAF (p = 0.001 and p = 0.042 respectively). All differences favoured the active-fluidics configuration group. Conclusions: Active-Fluidics System demonstrated to be more effective than Gravity-fluidics system for cataracts Grade II-IV phacoemulsification.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar la energía disipada acumulada (CDE), fluido aspirado y tiempo de aspiración utilizado durante la cirugía de catarata por facoemulsificación usando 2 plataformas. Métodos: Se incluyeron los ojos de pacientes consecutivos programados para ser sometidos a cirugía de catarata. Las opacidades del cristalino fueron clasificadas desde NO1NC1 a NO6NC6 utilizando el sistema de clasificación de opacidades del cristalino (LOCS III). Se asignaron 2 plataformas: 1) fluídica activa del Centurion® y 2) fluídica por gravedad de Infiniti®. Se registraron y compararon la energía disipada acumulada (CDE), el tiempo de aspiración utilizado y el fluido aspirado estimado. Resultados: Un total de 216 ojos fueron evaluados. La edad media ± DE fue de 78.3 ± 9.8 años (rango 57 a 92). Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la CDE para cataratas grado II a IV (p = 0.031, p = 0.045 y p = 0.032, respectivamente). El tiempo de aspiración mostró una disparidad significativa para cataratas grado II y III (p = 0.024 y p = 0.001, respectivamente), así como el fluido aspirado estimado (p = 0.001 y p = 0.042, respectivamente). Todas las diferencias favorecieron al grupo con la plataforma de fluídica activa. Conclusiones: El sistema de fluídica activa demostró ser más eficiente que la fluídica por gravedad en facoemulsificación de cataratas grado II a IV.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es la segunda patología degenerativa más prevalente. Es importante establecer la utilidad de pruebas funcionales para evaluar objetivamente la función motora en la consulta médica del paciente con EP MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo analítico de corte trasversal, en el que se establecieron correlaciones entre la escala Scopa-Motor y los resultados de la prueba de rotación de la moneda, el Up and Go test y el giro de 360° en pacientes con EP. Se utilizó un análisis no paramétrico con la aplicación del coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. RESULTADOS: En total se evaluaron 16 pacientes. La correlación más fuerte se encontró entre el giro de 360° y dominio de las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) (r = 0,768, p < 0,01). Las otras variables presentaron una relación más modesta pero estadísticamente significativa, lo que sugiere la utilidad de estas pruebas para una valoración objetiva de los pacientes con EP. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio sugiere que el giro de 360°, el Up and Go test y la rotación de la moneda son pruebas válidas para evaluar a los paciente con EP de forma objetiva y cuantitativa sin requerir de la Scopa-Motor en la consulta médica cotidiana.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Establishing the usefulness of functional tests in order evaluate motor function in the clinical setting is essential. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This is a descriptive analytical cross-section study, which correlates the SCOPA-Motor scale with results of the rotation coin test, the Up and Go test and the 360 degrees turn test in patients with PD. A non-parametric analysis was performed, using Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were evaluated. The highest correlation was found between the 360 degrees turn and activities of daily living domain (r = 0.768, P <0.01). Other variables had a moderate but statistically significant correlation. This means that these tests can be used as objective evaluation of patients with PD. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the 360 degrees turn test, Up and Go test and coin rotation test are validated tests to evaluate Parkinson's Disease patients in an objective and quantitative way without using SCOPA-Motor during a routine medical follow up.

Resumen Se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación con vitamina C sobre algunos parámetros productivos y hematológicos de cachama blanca sometida a estrés por hipoxia aguda. Fueron utilizados 72 juveniles (30±4,76g),los cuales fueron alimentados ad libitum durante 30 días con dieta de 32% de proteína y diferentes niveles de vitamina C: T1:0 mg/kg; T2:100 mg/kg; T3:200mg/kg; T4:400 mg/kg; T5:800 mg/kg; T6:1600 mg/kg. El día 30, los animales fueron sometidos a exposición aérea durante 60 segundos y devueltos al agua. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a los 5, 30, 60 y 360 minutos, para determinación de hematocrito, hemoglobina, recuento celular (rojas y blancas), conteo diferencial de leucocitos, volumen corpuscular medio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular media (HCM) y concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular media (CHCM). Los pesces fueron pesados para calcular ganacia de peso (GP), tasa de crecimiento específico (TCE), crecimiento relativo (CR) y supervivencia. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza (ANAVA) y las medias comparadas por prueba de Tukey (5%). Hubo diferencias significativas para GP, TCE y CR, parámetros en los que el T2 fue el mejor. Asimismo, hubo diferencias significativas para los monocitos entre T1 y T4, T5 y T6 en el primer muestreo, mientras que para basófilos, linfocitos, neutrófilos y eosinófilos no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos ni tiempos. La supervivencia fue del 100% en todos los tratamientos. Los resultados sugieren que la suplementación con vitamina C en la dieta podría favorecer el crecimiento de la especie, pero que niveles excesivos (1600 mg/kg) pueden tener efectos adversos. Por otro lado, aunque hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos en el número de leucocitos y el porcentaje de monocitos, los parametros hematológicos evaluados permanecieron constantes ante la condición de hipoxia aguda, independientemente del nivel de consumo de la vitamina.

Abstract This experiment evaluated the effect of the supplementation of vitamin C on some productive and hematological parameters of cachama blanca submitted to acute hypoxia. 72 juveniles (30 ± 4.76 g) were used. They were fed ad libitum during 30 days with a diet of 32% of protein and different levels of vitamin C as follows: T1:0 mg/kg; T2:100 mg/kg; T3:200mg/kg; T4:400 mg/kg; T5:800 mg/kg; T6:1600 mg/kg. On day 30 the animals were sujected to aerial exposition during 60 seconds and returned to the water. Blood samples were taken at 5, 30, 60 and 360 minutes, to determine hematocrit, hemoglobin, cell count (red and white), leukocytes differential count, mean corpuscular volume, (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). All animals were weighted to calculate weight growth (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and relative growth (RG). Finally, survival rate was determined. The data were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) and the means were compared using the Tukey’s test (5%). There were significant differences for WG, SGR, RG. T2 had the best parameters. The number of leukocytes was significatively higher in T5 in all sampling times. There were significative differences for monocytes among T1 and T4, and T5 and T6 in the first sampling, while for the basophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils there were not any differences among treatments or sampling times. Survival was 100% in all treatments. The results sugest that the supplementation with vitamine C in the diet could favour the growth of the species (WG, SGR, RG), but that excesive levels (1600 mg/kg) could have adverse effects on these parameter. On the other hand, although there were significative differences among treatments in the number of leukocytes and the percentage of monocytes, the hematological parameters evaluated, remained constant in relation to the condition of acute hypoxia, independently of the level of vitamin consumption.

Resumo Foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação com vitamina C em alguns parâmetros produtivos e hematológicos da cachama branca submetida à hipóxia aguda. Foram utilizados 72 juvenis (30 ± 4,76 g), que foram alimentados ad libitum por 30 dias com uma dieta de 32% de proteína e diferentes níveis de vitamina C, constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: T1:0 mg/kg; T2:100 mg/kg; T3:200 mg/kg; T4:400 mg/kg; T5:800 mg/kg; T6:1600 mg/kg. No dia 30, os animais foram submetidos a exposição ao ar durante 60 segundos e devolvidos para a água. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas aos 5; 30; 60 e 360 minutos, para determinação do hematócrito, hemoglobina, contagem de células (vermelhas e brancas), contagem diferencial de leucócitos, volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM). Todos os animais foram pesados para calcular o ganho de peso (GP), taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) e crescimento relativo (CR). Finalmente foi determinada a sobrevivência. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Houve diferenças significativas para os parâmetros GP, TCE e CR em que T2 foi o melhor. O número de leucócitos foi significativamente maior no T5 em todos os tempos de amostragem. Houve também diferenças significativas para monócitos entre T1 e T4, T5 e T6 na primeira amostragem, enquanto para basófilos, linfócitos, neutrófilos e eosinófilos não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos e os tempos. A sobrevivência foi de 100% em todos os tratamentos. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação com vitamina C na dieta pode promover o crescimento da espécie (GP, TCE e CR), porém, níveis excessivos (1600 mg/kg) podem ter efeitos adversos sobre esse parâmetro. Por outro lado, embora houvesse diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos no número de leucócitos e na percentagem de monócitos, aparentemente tal suplementação não parece ter efeito sobre os parâmetros hematológicos avaliados, os quais em geral permaneceram constantes em condições de hipoxia aguda, independente do nível de vitamina consumida.

To evaluate the response of the "male effect" and "temporary weaning" on the synchronization of postpartum ovarian activity in Pelibuey ewes, an experiment was carried out using 78 Pelibuey ewes with suckling lambs. The ewes were separated from their offspring for 48 hours and randomly assigned to one of four treatments derived from the arrangement of two factors, "male effect" and "temporary weaning", each at two levels. Treatments were: T1 (n = 20) control ewes, without "male effect" and without "temporary weaning"); T2 (n = 19) ewes without "male effect" and with "temporary weaning"; T3 (n = 20) ewes with "male effect" and without "temporary weaning"; and T4 (n = 19), ewes with "male effect" and with "temporary weaning". The response to oestrus, return to oestrus, gestation rate and lambing rate were analysed using logistic regression. The onset of oestrus was analysed using survival curves. No significant differences were found for lambing rate and prolificacy among treatments. "Temporary weaning" (T2) and "male effect" (T3) did not influence the response to oestrus, rate and duration of return to oestrus, or gestation rate and fertility, and was similar to the control group (T1). The interaction of "male effect" with "temporary weaning" (T4) increased the response to oestrus, reduced the rate and duration of return to oestrus, and the gestation rate, but increased fertility. Synchronizing post-partum ovarian activity with "male effect" and "temporary weaning" reduces the onset of oestrus and the rate of return to oestrus, but increases the response to oestrus and fecundity in Pelibuey ewes.

Resumen La inadecuada gestión de los recursos hídricos es una preocupación común en la agricultura, y este hecho está impulsando procesos de salinización en los suelos de Colombia. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el riesgo de salinización del suelo en el distrito de riego RUT para cultivos de caña de azúcar, uva, maracuyá integrando el modelo SOSALRIEGO con SIG. En primer lugar, se identificaron las fuentes hídricas y sus áreas de influencia. Posteriormente, los parámetros de entrada (composición iónica del agua, conductividad eléctrica del agua de lluvia, precipitación anual, tolerancia de cultivos a la salinidad, cultivos, textura del suelo y la eficiencia de lavado) alimentaron el modelo SOSALRIEGO y, a continuación, el Requerimiento de Lavado de sales (RL) fue calculado para cada cultivo. Por último, utilizando SIG, los valores RL se organizaron en categorías con el fin de mapear el riesgo de salinización del suelo en el distrito de riego RUT para cada cultivo en cada zona. El riesgo de salinización se clasificó como medio para caña de azúcar, medio a Alto para la uva, y alto a muy alto para maracuyá. Además, el riesgo salinización del suelo encontrado fue mayor en zonas con baja calidad del agua de riego. Las Zonas II y III, en las cuales los canales conducen aguas residuales domésticas y el agua drenada fueron calificados en categorías superiores de riesgo de salinización que la Zona I, la cual recibe agua extraída directamente del río Cauca.

Abstract The water resources mismanagement is a common concern in the agriculture, and this issue is boosting salinity processes in the Colombian lands. Thus, this paper aimed to assess the soil salinity risk in the RUT irrigation district for sugarcane, grape, and passion fruit by coupling SOSALRIEGO-GIS. First, sources of surface water and their influence areas were identified in the RUT irrigation district. Afterwards, inputs (water ionic constituents, electrical conductivity of rainwater, annual rainfall, crop salt tolerance, soil texture, and leaching fraction) fed in the SOSALRIEGO model, and then, the leaching requirement (LR) of each zone was computed (output) for each crop. Finally, employing GIS, LR values were arranged in categories in order to map the soil salinity risk in the RUT irrigation district for each crop and zone. The soil salinity risk fell into a medium rank for sugarcane, medium to high ranks for grape, and high to very high ranks for passion fruit. Furthermore, the soil salinity risk was higher in zones with poor irrigation water quality. Zones II and III, which canals convey domestic wastewater and drained water fell in greater salinity risk category than zone I, which bears water withdrawal from the Cauca River.

Resumo A inadequada gestão dos recursos hídricos é uma preocupação comum na agricultura, este fato está impulsando processos de salinização nos solos da Colômbia. Portanto, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o risco da salinização dos solos no distrito de irrigação RUT às culturas de cana-de-açúcar, uva e maracujá; integrando o modelo SOSALRIEGO com os Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Em primeiro lugar, os parâmetros de entrada (composição iônica da água de irrigação, condutividade elétrica da água de precipitação, precipitação anual, tolerância das culturas à salinidade, culturas, textura do solo e eficiência de lavado de sais) alimentaram o modelo SOSALRIEGO e, seguidamente o requerimento de lavado de sais (RL) foi calculado. Finalmente, usando os SIG, os valores de RL foram categorizados com o objetivo de mapear o risco de salinização dos solos na área de estudo para cada cultura em cada zona. O risco de salinização foi classificado como Médio para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar, Médio a Elevado para a cultura da uva, e Elevado a Muito Elevado para o maracujá. Além disso, o risco de salinização foi maior nas zonas com menor qualidade da água de irrigação. As zonas II e III, cujos canais conduzem águas residuais e de drenagem foram qualificados em categorias maiores de risco do que a zona I, a qual extrai a água diretamente do Rio Cauca.

RESUMEN El virus Epstein-Barr (EBV) es un virus de alta prevalencia en humanos que se asocia con tumores de la línea linfoide B. En caninos se dispone de pocos reportes sobre la presencia del EBV y su rol en esta especie. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la presencia de la proteína latente de membrana del EBV (LMP-1) en tejidos obtenidos de 20 linfomas de caninos cuyo diagnóstico se había realizado durante un periodo de 10 años, entre 2004 y 2014. Los linfomas se reclasificaron mediante las nuevas clasificaciones histopatológicas para linfomas y se sometieron a inmunohistoquímica (IHQ) con los anticuerpos anti-CD79a, anti-CD3, anticuerpos específicos para linfocitos B y T, además de un anti-LMP-1 como marcador de la presencia del EBV. Se encontró que el linfoma más común fue el linfoma nodal de zona T con un 75% de los casos. Al realizar la inmunomarcación se encontraron 18 casos positivos a CD3, 2 casos positivos a CD79a y 6 casos positivos a LMP-1, lo que representa el 30% de positividad del EBV en linfomas. El análisis Ji cuadrado demostró significancia estadística entre la presencia del virus y la presencia del linfoma lo que sugiere, no solamente que el virus está circulando en la población canina, sino que además puede tener relación con la ocurrencia de esta neoplasia. Con relación a las variables demográficas, sólo en la raza Golden Retriever se demostró relación con la presencia del linfoma, pero no con la presencia del virus.

ABSTRACT Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a human high prevalent virus associated with lymphoid B cells tumors development. In canines, few reports have been published regarding the presence of the virus in dogs but its role in this species remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of LMP-1 protein of EBV in 20 canine lymphomas tissues which were previously diagnosed in a period of time between 2004 -2014. Lymphomas were reclassified in accordance with the new histopathological classifications for lymphomas and were stained by IHQ with anti-CD79a, anti-CD3 and anti-LMP-1; in addition, specific antibodies for B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and EBV biomarker, respectively. It was found that the most common lymphoma was T-zone lymphoma in 75% of the cases of the study. The distribution of the cases regarding the immunostaining was: 18 positive cases with anti-CD3, 2 positive cases with anti-CD79a and 6 positive cases with anti- LMP-1. Positive cases of LMP-1 as a biomarker of the presence of EBV corresponded to the 30% of the cases of the study. Chi-square test showed statistical significance between the presence of the virus and the presence of lymphomas, which suggests not only that the virus is circulating in the canine population but also that could have implications in the development of the disease. Regarding demographic parameters, only the Golden Retriever breed showed a relationship with the presence of lymphoma, but not with the presence of the virus.