ABSTRACT Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is a species with promising potential for commercial production; therefore, studies involving practices of conducting culture in the initial stage are essential. The present study aimed to evaluate different shading levels and substrate compositions in the seedling production of tamarind. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4×4 factorial scheme, four levels of shading (0%, 18%, 30%, and 50%) and four substrates (pine bark-based substrate pure and mixed with 50% vermiculite, and sphagnum peat-based substrate pure and mixed with 50% vermiculite), with four replicates of four seedlings. Growth and biometric relationships were evaluated at 40 and 98 d after transplantation (DAT). The results reported that seedlings formed on the sphagnum peat-based substrate on pure or associated with vermiculite at 98 DAT had a height greater than 35 cm and a total 8.5 g DM. In contrast, seedlings produced in pine bark-based substrate did not reach 20 cm in height and had less than 3 g total DM. The condition of 30% and 50% shading promoted greater growth in height, reaching an average height greater than 40 cm, while in the full sun environment, seedlings showed an average of less than 35 cm; however, for the other variables, full sun environment did not differ from 30% shading, producing good quality seedlings. Thus, the cultivation of seedlings in an environment with 0% or 30% shading, associated with the sphagnum peat-based substrate pure or mixed with 50% vermiculite promoted the production of tamarind seedlings with vigorous growth. In the best environments, the best substrates increased, on average, 41.3% number of leaves, 80.5% shoot dry mass, 56.8% root dry mass, and 71.0% total dry mass. In the best substrates, the best environments increased, on average, 18.0% number of leaves, 20.7% shoot dry mass, 8.7% root dry mass, and 14.3% total dry mass.

Abstract Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the main causes of morbi-mortality worldwide. In this study, we aim to verify if the COVID-19 pandemic had repercussions on the metabolic and cardiovascular control of patients with type 2 diabetes at USF Garcia de Orta, from ACeS Porto-Ocidental. Methods: Cross-sectional observational analytical study. The study’s population consists of patients registered at the USF GO with the diagnosis of DM (ICPC-2 code T89 and T90) in the list of active problems. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the sample was obtained by simple randomization. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), LDL-cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), systolic (BP) and diastolic (DP) blood pressure values recorded in a pre-pandemic period were compared with those in a pandemic period. Results: The sample consisted of 218 patients, with a mean age of 70.9 ± 11.1 years. The median of HbA1c (6.75 vs 6.80) and LDL-cholesterol (82.80 vs 91.60) was lower in the pandemic period. The opposite was verified in relation to the BMI, with the highest median in the pandemic period (27.03 vs 26.87). Only the analysis of cholesterol-LDL obtained a statistically significant result. On average, the values of BP (134.06 vs 133.41) and DP (77.97 vs 76.59) were higher in the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic period, although without statistical significance. Discussion: With the exception of BMI, BP and DP, there was an improvement in the pandemic period. In the literature found, there are contradictory results on the impact of the pandemic on the variables studied. These results may reflect the quality of the teleconsultations carried out during the pandemic period and/or the effort of diabetics to maintain healthy habits. Conclusion: We cannot conclude that, in the period evaluated, the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the metabolic and cardiovascular control of patients with DM2 in our population.

Resumo Introdução: A diabetes mellitus é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. Pretende-se verificar se a pandemia COVID-19 teve repercussões no controlo metabólico e cardiovascular dos doentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) da USF Garcia de Orta (GO), do ACeS Porto Ocidental. Método: Estudo observacional, transversal, analítico. A população do estudo corresponde aos utentes inscritos na USF GO com o diagnóstico de DM (código T89 e T90 da ICPC-2) na lista de problemas ativos. Depois de aplicados os critérios de inclusão e exclusão obteve-se a amostra por aleatorização simples. Foram comparados valores de hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), colesterol-LDL, índice de massa corporal (IMC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAs) e diastólica (PAd), registados num período pré-pandémico com os de um período pandémico. Resultados: A amostra foi de 218 pacientes, com média de idades de 70,9 ±11,1 anos. Na amostra a mediana de HbA1c (6,75 vs 6,80) e do colesterol-LDL (82,80 vs 91,60) foi inferior no período pandémico. Verificando-se o oposto em relação ao IMC, com a mediana superior no período pandémico (27,03 vs 26,87). Apenas na análise do colesterol-LDL se obteve um resultado estatisticamente significativo. Na análise do controlo tensional, em média, os valores de PAs (134.06 vs 133.41) e PAd (77.97 vs 76.59) foram superiores no período pandémico face ao pré-pandémico, mas sem significado estatístico. Discussão: No estudo encontrou-se, à exceção do IMC, da PAs e da PAd, uma melhoria dos valores no período pandémico. Em relação ao impacto da pandemia nas variáveis estudadas estão descritos na literatura resultados contraditórios. Estes resultados podem refletir a qualidade das teleconsultas realizadas no período pandémico e/ou no esforço dos diabéticos por manter hábitos saudáveis. Conclusão: Não se pode afirmar que, no período avaliado, a pandemia COVID-19 teve impacto negativo no controlo metabólico e cardiovascular dos pacientes com DM2 da população estudada.

ABSTRACT Background : Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women. Nevertheless, women are less likely than men to receive guidance or preventive treatment to reduce it. Objective : The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) and detect the level of women's perception and awareness of CRF and CVD. Methods : We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study in July 2021 using a voluntary, anonymous, and online survey. The information collected included age range, CRF, CVD, risk perception and implementation of healthy habits and behaviors. Results : A total of 3888 women participated (with age range between 46 and 65 years in 50.1%); 34.1% had excess weight and 43.6% had a waist circumference > 80 cm. Hypertension (HTN) was reported by 24.2%; total cholesterol was > 200 mg/ dL in 19.6%; 5,4% were diabetics (DM); 44.3% had sedentary lifestyle; 11.3% were current smokers and 34.5% were former smokers; 82.1% had been pregnant at least once and 26.9% reported a complication during pregnancy. A bad obstetric history was more commonly associated with HTN (34% vs. 24%, p < 0.01), DM (7% vs. 5%, p = 0.04) and CVD (14% vs. 11%, p <0.01). Among the 10.9% who reported a history of CVD, myocardial infarction was the most common condition (51.1%). Sixty-two percent of survey respondents considered that cancer, and particularly breast cancer (53.4%), is the main cause of death in women (53.4%). Conclusions : We found a high prevalence of modifiable CRFs with low perception of cardiovascular risk. A bad obstetric history was associated with higher prevalence of CRF.

RESUMEN Introducción : La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es la principal causa de muerte en la mujer. A pesar de esto, las mujeres reciben menos frecuentemente que los hombres asesoramiento y/o tratamiento preventivo con el objetivo de disminuir la ECV. Objetivo : Detectar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC) y pesquisar el nivel de percepción y conocimiento de la mujer sobre FRC y ECV. Material y métodos : Estudio observacional, de corte transversal realizado en julio 2021, mediante una encuesta en formato digital de participación anónima y voluntaria. Se recabó información sobre edad, FRC, ECV, percepción de riesgo, implementación de hábitos y conductas saludables. Resultados : Participaron 3338 mujeres. El 50,1% tenía entre 46 y 65 años. El 34,1% tenía sobrepeso, el 43,6% perímetro de cintura mayor que 80 cm, el 24,2% hipertensión (HTA), el 19,6% colesterol mayor que 200 mg/dL, el 5,4% diabetes (DBT); 44,3% eran sedentarias, 11,3% fumaban y 34,5% eran exfumadoras. El 82,1% tuvo al menos un embarazo y el 26,9% refirió alguna complicación. Entre las pacientes con antecedentes de complicaciones del embarazo fueron significativamente más frecuentes la HTA (34% vs 24%, p <0,01), la DBT (7% vs 5%, p = 0,04) y la ECV (14% vs 11%, p <0,01). Del total de encuestadas 10,9% refirió ECV, el antecedente de infarto de miocardio fue el más frecuente (51,1%). El 62% de las encuestadas consideró que la principal causa de muerte en la mujer es el cáncer, particularmente de mama (53,4%). Conclusiones : Se encontró una alta prevalencia de FRC modificables con baja percepción del riesgo cardiovascular. El antecedente de complicaciones del embarazo se asoció con mayor prevalencia de FRC.

ABSTRACT Background : Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women. Nevertheless, women are less likely than men to receive guidance or preventive treatment to reduce it. Objective : The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) and detect the level of women's perception and awareness of CRF and CVD. Methods : We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study in July 2021 using a voluntary, anonymous, and online survey. The information collected included age range, CRF, CVD, risk perception and implementation of healthy habits and behaviors. Results : A total of 3888 women participated (with age range between 46 and 65 years in 50.1%); 34.1% had excess weight and 43.6% had a waist circumference > 80 cm. Hypertension (HTN) was reported by 24.2%; total cholesterol was > 200 mg/ dL in 19.6%; 5,4% were diabetics (DM); 44.3% had sedentary lifestyle; 11.3% were current smokers and 34.5% were former smokers; 82.1% had been pregnant at least once and 26.9% reported a complication during pregnancy. A bad obstetric history was more commonly associated with HTN (34% vs. 24%, p < 0.01), DM (7% vs. 5%, p = 0.04) and CVD (14% vs. 11%, p <0.01). Among the 10.9% who reported a history of CVD, myocardial infarction was the most common condition (51.1%). Sixty-two percent of survey respondents considered that cancer, and particularly breast cancer (53.4%), is the main cause of death in women (53.4%). Conclusions : We found a high prevalence of modifiable CRFs with low perception of cardiovascular risk. A bad obstetric history was associated with higher prevalence of CRF.

RESUMEN Introducción : La enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) es la principal causa de muerte en la mujer. A pesar de esto, las mujeres reciben menos frecuentemente que los hombres asesoramiento y/o tratamiento preventivo con el objetivo de disminuir la ECV. Objetivo : Detectar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC) y pesquisar el nivel de percepción y conocimiento de la mujer sobre FRC y ECV. Material y métodos : Estudio observacional, de corte transversal realizado en julio 2021, mediante una encuesta en formato digital de participación anónima y voluntaria. Se recabó información sobre edad, FRC, ECV, percepción de riesgo, implemen tación de hábitos y conductas saludables. Resultados : Participaron 3338 mujeres. El 50,1% tenía entre 46 y 65 años. El 34,1% tenía sobrepeso, el 43,6% perímetro de cintura mayor que 80 cm, el 24,2% hipertensión (HTA), el 19,6% colesterol mayor que 200 mg/dL, el 5,4% diabetes (DBT); 44,3% eran sedentarias, 11,3% fumaban y 34,5% eran exfumadoras. El 82,1% tuvo al menos un embarazo y el 26,9% refirió alguna complicación. Entre las pacientes con antecedentes de complicaciones del embarazo fueron significativamente más frecuentes la HTA (34% vs 24%, p <0,01), la DBT (7% vs 5%, p = 0,04) y la ECV (14% vs 11%, p <0,01). Del total de encuestadas 10,9% refirió ECV, el antecedente de infarto de miocardio fue el más frecuente (51,1%). El 62% de las encuestadas consideró que la principal causa de muerte en la mujer es el cáncer, particularmente de mama (53,4%). Conclusiones : Se encontró una alta prevalencia de FRC modificables con baja percepción del riesgo cardiovascular. El antecedente de complicaciones del embarazo se asoció con mayor prevalencia de FRC.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os parâmetros do solo e as características dendrométricas de um Eucalyptus grandis com 30 meses de idade. plantio em área de encosta no município de Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Quatro unidades amostrais foram alocadas aleatoriamente em quatro níveis altitudinais: topo (145 m), 30 m (132 m), 20 m (122 m) e base (105 m). O diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e a altura de todas as árvores foram medidos em cada unidade amostral. As amostras de solo foram coletadas para determinar os seguintes parâmetros: argila, matéria orgânica, saturação por bases (V), capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), pH em água, ácido potencial (H+Al), alumínio (Al), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e sódio (Na).A análise estatística indicou que a posição no relevo influenciou apenas CTC, pH, H+Al, K e Na. As maiores médias de CTC (44,88 cmol c dm 3 ) e H+Al (44,97 cmol c dm 3 ) foram observadas no topo. Em contraste, os maiores valores de pH (4,17), K (41,25 mg kg -1 ) e Na (14,75 mg kg -1 ) foram observados na base. Com relação aos parâmetros dendrométricos, apenas a densidade de indivíduos e o diâmetro à do peito foram influenciados pela posição no relevo. A maior densidade foi encontrada na base (2.250 indivíduos), onde foram observados indivíduos com diâmetros menores.Em contraste, os maiores valores de DAP foram observados na profundidade de 30 m (11,36 cm). Os solos neste estudo eram sensíveis e distróficos. Portanto, pequenas variações não têm relevo condicionam a variabilidade dos atributos do solo e o crescimento de E. grandis aos 30 meses de idade.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of spineless cactus (Opuntia stricta Haw) in the diet of sheep on the balance of macrominerals, renal function, and blood metabolites. Five sheep cannulated in the rumen (61.5±9.5kg body weight) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square composed of five diets and five experimental periods. The experimental period lasted 105 days, with five periods of 21 days each. Four diets containing levels of spineless cactus (121, 245, 371, and 500g/kg of dry matter (DM)), and a control diet were evaluated. Samples of the ingredients, orts, feces, urine, and blood were collected. Spineless cactus inclusion in sheep diets increased the DM intake, ash, oxalate, and all macrominerals intake (P < 0.05), but did not affect the urinary and fecal excretion of P, as well as the concentration of P in the blood (P > 0.05). It is possible to verify that the inclusion of spineless cactus, up to the level of 500g/kg of DM in the sheep diets, does not appear to cause damage to the animal’s health. Its inclusion does not compromise kidney function or blood metabolites evaluated herein.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de palma forrageira (Opuntia stricta Haw) na dieta de ovinos sobre o balanço dos macrominerais, a função renal e os metabólitos sanguíneos. Cinco ovinos canulados no rúmen (61,5±9,5kg de peso corporal) foram distribuídos em um quadrado de 5 × 5 latinos, composto de cinco dietas e cinco períodos experimentais. O período experimental teve duração de 105 dias, sendo cinco períodos de 21 dias cada. Foram avaliadas quatro dietas contendo níveis de palma forrageira (121, 245, 371 e 500g/kg de matéria seca (MS)), e uma dieta controle. Foram coletadas amostras dos ingredientes, sobras, fezes, urina e sangue. A inclusão de palma forrageira na dieta dos ovinos aumentou o consumo de MS, cinzas, oxalato e todos os macrominerais (P<0,05), mas não afetou a excreção urinária e a fecal de P, bem como a concentração de P no sangue (P>0,05). É possível verificar que a inclusão de palma forrageira, até o nível de 500g/kg de MS na dieta de ovinos, não parece causar danos à saúde do animal. Sua inclusão não compromete a função renal ou os metabólitos sanguíneos avaliados.

Abstract Background: In Portugal, the rate of non-control of patients with diabetes is around 35%. Among the causes described as barriers to achieving the goals in the control of diabetic patients, therapeutic inertia and therapeutic compliance stand out. Objectives: Calculate the proportion of patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) at the USF Garcia de Orta and analyze the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values distribution. Calculate the proportion of therapeutic compliance and therapeutic inertia in uncontrolled patients and check for possible associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study. Population: diabetic patients enrolled and monitored at USF Garcia de Orta (N=988). A simple random sample was selected, and calculated for a statistical significance of 0.05, an expected control rate of 40%, and a precision of 4% (n=375). Results: The sample consisted of 367 diabetic patients with a mean age of 70 years, of which 52% were men. The proportion of patients with uncontrolled DM was 38.1% [95%CI (33.3-43.2%)]. To assess adherence to therapy, the study of the subgroup was used (n=140). It was found that 19.7% [95%CI (13.0-26.5%)] of uncontrolled patients have poor adherence to therapy and this is associated with worse HbA1c values. For therapeutic inertia, the subgroup of patients with two consecutive values of HbA1c ≥ 7% (n=114) was analyzed. The therapeutic inertia was 39.5% [95%CI (33.5-43.2%)], which is lower for higher HbA1c values. Besides HbA1c no association was found between adherence and therapeutic inertia with the other variables studied. Conclusion: Poor adherence and therapeutic inertia are obstacles to achieving higher control rates in patients with DM.

Resumo Introdução: Em Portugal, a taxa de não controlo dos pacientes com diabetes é de cerca de 35%. De entre as causas descritas como barreiras ao alcance dos objetivos no controlo dos doentes diabéticos salientam-se a inércia terapêutica e a má adesão à terapêutica. Objetivos: Calcular a proporção de utentes com diabetes mellitus (DM) não controlada na USF Garcia de Orta e analisar a distribuição dos valores da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). Calcular a proporção de má adesão e de inércia terapêutica nos pacientes não controlados e verificar possíveis fatores associados. Métodos: Estudo analítico transversal. População: pacientes diabéticos inscritos e vigiados na USF Garcia de Orta (N=988). Foi selecionada uma amostra aleatória simples, calculada para significância estatística de 0,05, taxa de controlo esperada de 40% e precisão de 4% (n=375). Resultados: A amostra ficou constituída por 367 doentes diabéticos com idade média de 70 anos, dos quais 52% eram homens. A proporção de doentes com DM não controlada foi de 38,1% [IC95% (33,3-43,2%)]. Para avaliar a adesão à terapêutica recorreu-se ao estudo deste último subgrupo (n=140). Verificou-se que 19,7% [IC95% (13,0-26,5%)] dos doentes não controlados têm má adesão à terapêutica e que esta está associada a piores valores de HbA1c. Para o estudo da inércia terapêutica foi analisado o subgrupo de doentes com dois valores consecutivos de HbA1c ≥ 7% (n=114). A estimativa pontual da inércia terapêutica foi 39,5% [IC95% (33,5-43,2%)], valor este que é inferior para valores mais elevados de HbA1c. Para além dos valores de HbA1c não se encontrou associação estatisticamente significativa entre a adesão e a inércia terapêutica e as restantes variáveis estudadas. Conclusão: A má adesão e a inércia terapêutica constituem um obstáculo ao atingimento de taxas de controlo mais elevadas nos doentes com DM.

ABSTRACT: Pornunça (Manihot sp.) is a potential forage to feed ruminants in drylands worldwide; however, evaluations of animal diets are necessary. This study assessed intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, physiological responses, ingestive behavior, water intake, as well as hematological and biochemical responses of lambs fed diets containing increasing levels of Pornunça silage (PS) replacing Tifton-85 bermudagrass hay (Cynodon spp.). Treatments consisted of 0, 33, 66, and 100 % PS considering the roughage portion of the diet (% dry matter – DM). The experimental design was completely randomized with six replicates. Cyanide acid (HCN) levels in fresh Pornunça leaves were 207.7 mg kg−1 DM and 76.78 mg kg−1 DM in PS. Intake of DM and crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) increased linearly with increasing levels of PS in the diet. Digestibility of DM, NDF, and CP were higher with increasing levels of PS. Idle time decreased linearly, while water balance, water intake via food, and total water in feces increased with PS. Nitrogen balance, physiological, and hematological responses were not influenced by treatments, while the final alanine aminotransferase increased for lambs fed all diets evaluated. The PS up to 100 % of the roughage portion increased DM and nutrient intake and digestibility without altering physiological responses and the hematological and biochemical parameters, resulting in greater water intake via food.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the diabetes mellitus (DM) temporal trend and hospitalization costs in Brazil, by region, Federative Units (FUs) and population characteristics, from 2011 to 2019. Methods This was an ecological study with data from the Hospital Information System, analyzing the annual trend in hospitalization rates for DM according to sex, age, race/skin color and region/FU by Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression. Results A total of 1,239,574 DM hospitalizations were recorded in the country and the hospitalization rates was 6.77/10,000 inhabitants in the period. The DM hospitalization rates trend was falling for both sexes and in most regions, while it was rising in the younger population and for length of stay (average 6.17 days). Total expenditure was US$ 420,692.23 and it showed a rising trend. Conclusion The temporal trend of hospitalization rates due to DM was falling, with differences according to region/FU and age group. Average length of stay and expenditure showed a rising trend.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a tendência temporal e gastos das internações por diabetes mellitus (DM) no Brasil, por região, Unidades da Federação (UFs) e características populacionais, de 2011 a 2019. Métodos Estudo ecológico com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares, analisando a tendência anual das taxas de internação (TIs) por DM segundo sexo, idade, raça/cor e região/UF pela regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten. Resultados Foram registradas 1.239.574 internações por DM no país e a TI foi de 6,77/10 mil habitantes, no período. A tendência das TIs por DM foi decrescente nos dois sexos e na maioria das regiões, e crescente na população mais jovem e no tempo de internação (média de 6,17 dias). O gasto total foi de US$ 420.692,23 e apresentou tendência crescente. Conclusão A tendência temporal da TI por DM foi decrescente, com diferenças segundo região/UF e grupo etário. O tempo médio de internação e os gastos apresentaram tendência de aumento.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la tendencia temporal y los costos de las internaciones por diabetes mellitus (DM) en Brasil, por región, Unidades Federativas (UF) y características poblacionales, de 2011 a 2019. Métodos Estudio ecológico con datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria, analizando la tendencia anual de las tasas de hospitalización (TH) por DM según sexo, edad, raza/color y región/UF mediante regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados Se registraron 1.239.574 hospitalizaciones por DM en el país y la TH fue de 6,77/10 mil habitantes en el período. La tendencia de TH por DM fue decreciente en ambos sexos y en la mayoría de las regiones y creciente en la población más joven y en la duración de la estancia. El gasto total fue de 420.692.238 dólares y fue creciente. Conclusión La tendencia temporal de TH por DM fue decreciente, con diferencias según región/UF y grupo de edad. La duración media de la estancia y los gastos mostraron una tendencia creciente.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la tendencia temporal y los costos de las internaciones por diabetes mellitus (DM) en Brasil, por región, Unidades Federativas (UF) y características poblacionales, de 2011 a 2019. Métodos Estudio ecológico con datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria, analizando la tendencia anual de las tasas de hospitalización (TH) por DM según sexo, edad, raza/color y región/UF mediante regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados Se registraron 1.239.574 hospitalizaciones por DM en el país y la TH fue de 6,77/10 mil habitantes en el período. La tendencia de TH por DM fue decreciente en ambos sexos y en la mayoría de las regiones y creciente en la población más joven y en la duración de la estancia. El gasto total fue de 420.692.238 dólares y fue creciente. Conclusión La tendencia temporal de TH por DM fue decreciente, con diferencias según región/UF y grupo de edad. La duración media de la estancia y los gastos mostraron una tendencia creciente.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the diabetes mellitus (DM) temporal trend and hospitalization costs in Brazil, by region, Federative Units (FUs) and population characteristics, from 2011 to 2019. Methods This was an ecological study with data from the Hospital Information System, analyzing the annual trend in hospitalization rates for DM according to sex, age, race/skin color and region/FU by Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression. Results A total of 1,239,574 DM hospitalizations were recorded in the country and the hospitalization rates was 6.77/10,000 inhabitants in the period. The DM hospitalization rates trend was falling for both sexes and in most regions, while it was rising in the younger population and for length of stay (average 6.17 days). Total expenditure was US$ 420,692.23 and it showed a rising trend. Conclusion The temporal trend of hospitalization rates due to DM was falling, with differences according to region/FU and age group. Average length of stay and expenditure showed a rising trend.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a tendência temporal e gastos das internações por diabetes mellitus (DM) no Brasil, por região, Unidades da Federação (UFs) e características populacionais, de 2011 a 2019. Métodos Estudo ecológico com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares, analisando a tendência anual das taxas de internação (TIs) por DM segundo sexo, idade, raça/cor e região/UF pela regressão linear generalizada de Prais-Winsten. Resultados Foram registradas 1.239.574 internações por DM no país e a TI foi de 6,77/10 mil habitantes, no período. A tendência das TIs por DM foi decrescente nos dois sexos e na maioria das regiões, e crescente na população mais jovem e no tempo de internação (média de 6,17 dias). O gasto total foi de US$ 420.692,23 e apresentou tendência crescente. Conclusão A tendência temporal da TI por DM foi decrescente, com diferenças segundo região/UF e grupo etário. O tempo médio de internação e os gastos apresentaram tendência de aumento.

Abstract Simulating a bacterial-induced pulpitis environment in vitro may contribute to exploring mechanisms and bioactive molecules to counteract these adverse effects. Objective To investigate the chronic exposure of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) aiming to establish a cell culture protocol to simulate the impaired odontogenic potential under pulpitis conditions. Methodology HDPCs were isolated from four healthy molars of different donors and seeded in culture plates in a growth medium. After 24 h, the medium was changed to an odontogenic differentiation medium (DM) supplemented or not with E. coli LPS (0 - control, 0.1, 1, or 10 µg/mL) (n=8). The medium was renewed every two days for up to seven days, then replaced with LPS-free DM for up to 21 days. The activation of NF-κB and F-actin expression were assessed (immunofluorescence) after one and seven days. On day 7, cells were evaluated for both the gene expression (RT-qPCR) of odontogenic markers (COL1A1, ALPL, DSPP, and DMP1) and cytokines (TNF, IL1B, IL8, and IL6) and the production of reactive nitrogen (Griess) and oxygen species (Carboxy-H2DCFDA). Cell viability (alamarBlue) was evaluated weekly, and mineralization was assessed (Alizarin Red) at 14 and 21 days. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and post-hoc tests (α=5%). Results After one and seven days of exposure to LPS, NF-κB was activated in a dose-dependent fashion. LPS at 1 and 10 µg/mL concentrations down-regulated the gene expression of odontogenic markers and up-regulated cytokines. LPS at 10 µg/mL increased both the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. LPS decreased cell viability seven days after the end of exposure. LPS at 1 and 10 µg/mL decreased hDPCs mineralization in a dose-dependent fashion. Conclusion The exposure to 10 µg/mL LPS for seven days creates an inflammatory environment that is able to impair by more than half the odontogenic potential of HDPCs in vitro, simulating a pulpitis-like condition.

Abstract The transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the mechanisms of angiogenesis and breakdown of the blood-retina barrier, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Polymorphisms in the TGFB1 gene have been associated with DR; however, results are still contradictory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between two TGFB1 polymorphisms and DR. This study included 992 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM): 546 patients with DR (cases) and 446 patients without DR and with ≥10 years of DM (controls). The TGFB1 rs1800469 and rs1800470 polymorphisms were genotyped by real-time PCR. Frequency of rs1800469 T/T genotype was higher in controls compared to DR cases (18.3% vs. 12.7%, P= 0.022). This genotype remained associated with protection for DR, adjusting for covariables (OR= 0.604; 95% CI 0.395 - 0.923; P= 0.020, recessive model). The rs1800470 C/C genotype was observed in 25.4% of the controls and 18.0% of the cases (P= 0.015); thus, being associated with protection against DR under the recessive model (OR= 0.589; 95% CI 0.405 - 0.857; P= 0.006), adjusting for covariables. In conclusion, the TGFB1 rs1800469 and rs1800470 polymorphisms are associated with protection against DR in DM patients from Southern Brazil.

Abstract Isolation and social distancing imposed adjustments in the lifestyle of people with diabetes mellitus (DM), who are more likely to develop more severe forms of COVID-19. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between self-care and resilience in people with DM during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is an observational-cross-sectional web survey with 1,475 Brazilian adults with DM. An instrument of sociodemographic and clinical variables and the DSC and CD-RISC 10 scales were used from March to October 2020. An increase in average resilience was observed with increasing age and that it was higher among proper self-care behaviors. The highest averages of resilience were found for men, with T2DM, under oral medication, no change in DM control during the pandemic, those who had telemedicine consultations, and were isolated. The development of resilience is suggested as a protective factor in clinical practice in DM.

Resumen El aislamiento y distanciamiento social han definido el estilo de vida de las personas con diabetes mellitus (DM), quienes tienen más probabilidades de desarrollar una forma más grave de COVID-19. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre el autocuidado y la resiliencia en personas con Diabetes Mellitus (DM) durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Encuesta web observacional-transversal con 1475 adultos brasileños con DM. Se utilizó un instrumento de variables sociodemográficas-clínicas y las escalas QAD, CD-RISC 10 entre marzo-octubre 2020. Hubo un aumento de la resiliencia media con el aumento de la edad y que fue mayor entre las conductas de autocuidado adecuada. Los promedios de resiliencia más altos fueron, con DM2, medicación oral, sin control de DM durante una pandemia, tuvieron contacto con un profesional de salud a través de telemedicina y fueron aislados. El desarrollo de la resiliencia se sugiere como factor protector en la práctica clínica en DM.

Resumo O isolamento e o distanciamento social impuseram ajustes no estilo de vida de pessoas com diabetes mellitus (DM), que têm maiores chances de desenvolverem formas mais graves de COVID-19. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a relação entre autocuidado e resiliência em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus (DM) durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Realizou-se um websurvey observacional-transversal com 1.475 brasileiros adultos com DM. Utilizou-se um instrumento de variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e as escalas QAD e CD-RISC 10 entre março-outubro de 2020. Observou-se aumento na média de resiliência com o aumento da idade e que ela foi maior entre os comportamentos de autocuidado realizados de forma adequada. As maiores médias de resiliência foram para homens, com DM2, medicação via oral, sem mudança no controle do DM durante a pandemia, que tiveram contato com profissional de saúde por telemedicina e que ficaram isolados. Sugere-se o desenvolvimento da resiliência como fator de proteção na prática clínica em DM.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the trends of hospital admissions and deaths from diabetes mellitus in the 18 host municipalities of the 19 regional health coordination offices and in Rio Grande do Sul, 2000-2020. Method: Ecological study with secondary data collected in the Hospital Information System, the Mortality Information System, and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, from 2000-2020. Coefficients were standardized using the direct method and Prais-Winsten regression analysis. Results: A downward trend wasfound in the coefficients of hospitalizations for diabetes mellitus in most cities and states. In 2020, for both areas, hospitalizations for diabetes mellitus were below the average of the period. The mortality trend remained stationary in almost all municipalities and in the state. Conclusion: There was evidence of a decrease in hospitalizations and stationary mortality by DM in most municipalities analyzed, possibly due to the policies and actions implemented in the period, despite the aging of the population.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia de hospitalizaciones y muertes por diabetes mellitus en las 18 ciudades sede de las 19 coordinaciones regionales de salud y en Rio Grande do Sul, 2000-2020. Método: Estudio ecológico con datos secundarios recolectados en el Sistema de Información Hospitalaria, el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad y el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística, de 2000 a 2020. Los coeficientes se estandarizaron mediante el método directo y el análisis de regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: Se encontró una tendencia a la baja en los coeficientes de hospitalizaciones por diabetes mellitus en la mayoría de las ciudades y estados. En 2020, en ambas las áreas, las internaciones por diabetes mellitus estuvieron inferiores al promedio obtenido en el período. La tendencia de mortalidad se mantuvo estacionaria en casi todos los municipios y en el estado. Conclusión: Se evidenció una disminución de las internaciones y de la mortalidad estacionaria por DM en la mayoría de los municipios analizados, posiblemente en función de las políticas y acciones implementadas en el período, a pesar del envejecimiento de la población.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a tendência das internações hospitalares e dos óbitos por diabetes mellitusnos 18 municípios-sede das 19 coordenadorias regionais de saúde e no Rio Grande do Sul, 2000-2020. Método: Estudo ecológico com dados secundários coletados no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares, Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, de 2000-2020. Foi realizada padronização dos coeficientes pelo método direto e análise por regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: Encontrou-se tendência de diminuição dos coeficientes de internações por diabetes mellitus na maioria dos municípios e Estado. Em 2020, foram observadas hospitalizações por diabetes mellitus abaixo da média obtida no período, para ambos. A tendência de mortalidade permaneceu estacionária em quase todos os municípios e no Estado. Conclusão: Foi evidenciada diminuição das internações e mortalidade estacionária por DM na maioria dos municípios analisados, possivelmente em virtude das políticas e ações implementadas no período, apesar do envelhecimento da população.