RESUMEN Introducción: los estudiantes de medicina son propensos a recibir maltratos de sus colegas, personal administrativo y pacientes. Objetivo: determinar las características del maltrato a estudiantes de medicina del Paraguay en 2022. Metodología: se aplicó un diseño observacional, de corte transversal. Se incluyó a estudiantes de medicina, de ambos sexos, que aceptaban participar de la encuesta telemática. El muestreo fue por conveniencia. Se midieron variables demográficas. La percepción del maltrato fue evaluada según cuatro componentes (psicológico, físico, académico y sexual) utilizando el cuestionario de Munayco-Guillén F et al, previamente validado. El estudio contó con la aprobación del Comité de ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Resultados: el cuestionario fue contestado por 214 estudiantes, siendo 146 mujeres (edad media 24 ± 3 años) y 68 varones (edad media 25 ± 5 años). La mayoría reside en Asunción (29,4%) y asiste a universidades privadas (92%). La media ± DE del maltrato psicológico fue 1,89 ± 1,02, la del físico fue 1,64 ± 0,89, la del académico fue 2,01 ± 1,11 y la del sexual fue 1,4 ± 0,83. Aplicando puntos de corte en los percentiles 60 y 70, el maltrato fue leve en 126 estudiantes (58,9%), moderado en 24 (11,2%) y grave en 64 (29,9%). El motivo principal para no denunciarlo fue el miedo a ser señalado por los demás o recibir represalias (17,3%). Discusión: se detectó maltrato leve en 58,9%, moderado en 11,2% y grave en 29,9% de los estudiantes de medicina. Se requiere aplicar medidas de prevención y contención de los maltratos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: medical students are prone to mistreatment from their colleagues, administrative staff, and patients. Objective: to determine the characteristics of the mistreatment of medical students in Paraguay in 2022. Method: an observational, cross-sectional design was applied. Medical students of both sexes who agreed to participate in the online survey were included. Sampling was for convenience. Demographic variables were measured. The perception of abuse was evaluated according to four components (psychological, physical, academic, and sexual) using the previously validated questionnaire by Munayco-Guillén F et al. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Results: the questionnaire was answered by 214 students, 146 being women (mean age 24 ± 3 years) and 68 men (mean age 25 ± 5 years). The majority reside in Asunción (29.4%) and attend private universities (92%). The mean ± SD of psychological abuse was 1.89 ± 1.02, physical abuse was 1.64 ± 0.89, academic abuse was 2.01 ± 1.11, and sexual abuse was 1.4 ± 0. 83. Applying cut-off points at the 60th and 70th percentiles, the abuse was mild in 126 students (58.9%), moderate in 24 (11.2%), and severe in 64 (29.9%). The main reason for not reporting it was fear of being singled out by others or receiving reprisals (17.3%). Discussion: mild abuse was detected in 58.9%, moderate in 11.2%, and severe in 29.9% of medical students. It is necessary to apply measures to prevent and contain abuse.

Resumen Un grupo creciente de investigaciones ha sugerido la existencia de diferentes patrones de violencia en las relaciones de pareja durante la adolescencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar y sintetizar la evidencia científica respecto a patrones de violencia en las relaciones de pareja en adolescentes, a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Pubmed, Scopus, SCIELO, EBSCO, Web of Science, Sage Journals, Taylor and Francis Journals, Wiley, y el motor de búsqueda Google Académico; no hubo restricciones en el año de publicación. Se incluyeron investigaciones que analizaron la violencia desde una perspectiva centrada en la persona (e.g., uso de análisis de clases latentes). Para evaluar la calidad de los estudios transversales se usó la herramienta Axis de 20 ítems, y para los estudios longitudinales, la lista de verificación de Tooth et al. (2005) de 33 ítems. Se identificaron 212 estudios y después de elegir por criterios de elegibilidad, se incluyeron 27. Los patrones de violencia con mayor frecuencia fueron: violencia multiforme (34%), victimización o perpetración por violencia psicológica y física (26%), violencia bidireccional psicológica/verbal (26 °/o), baja violencia (26 °%) y alta violencia (23 °/o). Los patrones de violencia se relacionaron con diferentes variables tales como experiencias adversas en la infancia, variables sociodemográficas, relación familiar e indicadores de salud mental. Estos patrones evidencian que la violencia en las relaciones de pareja durante la adolescencia son un fenómeno complejo y multifactorial.

Abstract A growing body of research has suggested different patterns of teen dating violence. The aim of this study was to review and synthesize the scientific evidence on patterns of teen dating violence, through a systematic review of the literature. The search was conducted in the databases Pubmed, Scopus, SCIELO, EBSCO, Web of Science, Sage Journals, Taylor and Francis Journals, Wiley, and the Google Scholar search engine; there were no restrictions on the year of publication. Studies that indicate analyzing violence from a person-centered perspective (e.g., use of latent class analysis) were included. The 20-item Axis tool was used to assess the quality of the cross-sectional studies, and the 33-itemTooth et al. (2005) Checklist was used for longitudinal studies. Two hundred and twelve studies were identified and after screening for eligibility criteria, 27 studies were included. The most frequent patterns of violence were multiform violence (34%), victimization or perpetration by psychological and physical violence (26%), bidirectional psychological/verbal violence (26%), low violence (26%) and high violence (23%). Violence patterns were related to different variables such as adverse childhood experiences, sociodemographic variables, family relationship, and mental health indicators. These patterns show that teen dating violence is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon.

Abstract Objective: Identify the level of knowledge about Bioethics in the health care workers in a third level hospital, so that the bioethical dilemmas turn to the Hospital Committee of Bioethics. Materials and Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted. By means of a probabilistic sampling by strata, the sample size was calculated for a finite population n = 302 with a 95% confidence level, a visit to the areas was made in shifts, a questionnaire obtained from 2 questionnaires validated by Lynch et al., and Hernández et al. was applied. Within the ethical considerations, a prior informed consent was applied to answer the questionnaire. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: The bioethical principles that the questionnaire reviews are autonomy which was correctly identified in 17.2%, justice in 10.3%and charity in 14.6%. With respect to the level of knowledge, a 2% high knowledge, 33% regular knowledge, 33% knowledge low and 32% of null knowledge was found. Conclusions: Ethical dilemmas are presented every day, identifying properly by health care workers and channeling them to the Bioethics Hospital Committee would be the ideal of every hospital that would allow us to properly contribute toa better decision -making in patient care.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimiento sobre bioética en el personal salud que labora en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención, para que los dilemas bioéticos se turnen al Comité Hospitalario de Bioética. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo. Mediante un muestreo probabilístico por estratos, se calculó el tamaño de muestra para una población finita n=302 con un 95% de nivel de confianza, se realizó una visita a las áreas por turnos, se aplicó un cuestionario obtenido de 2 cuestionarios validados por Lynch y cols, y Hernández y cols. Dentro de las consideraciones éticas se aplicó un consentimiento informado previo a contestar el cuestionario. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: Los principios bioéticos que revisa el cuestionario son: Autonomía la cual fue identificada de manera correcta en 17.2%, Justicia en 10.3% y Los principios bioéticos que revisa el cuestionario son: Autonomía la cual fue identificada de manera correcta en 17.2%, Justicia en 10.3% y Beneficencia en 14.6%. Con respecto al nivel de conocimiento se encontró un2% de conocimiento alto, 33% de conocimiento regular, 33% de conocimiento bajo y 32% de conocimiento nulo. Conclusiones: Todos los días se presentan dilemas éticos, el identificarse de manera adecuada por el personal de salud y canalizarlos al Comité Hospitalario de Bioética sería el ideal de todo hospital que permitiría coadyuvar de manera adecuada en una mejor toma de decisiones en la atención al paciente.

Resumo Objetivo Neste estudo buscamos compreender quais tipos de avaliadores constroem suas avaliações com base na ética da convicção e quais constroem com base na ética da responsabilidade. Referencial teórico Os conceitos de esfera pública de Habermas (1991) e ética da convicção e ética da responsabilidade de Weber (1978; 2004) são utilizados para comprender a responsabilidade pública de avaliações online para tipos de avaliadores que produzem que produzem avaliações (reais ou falsas). Metodologia Uma análise de cluster com 6.344 avaliações identificou quatro grupos de avaliadores (especuladores, pseudoexperts, críticos amadores e real experts). Uma matriz de correlação de Spearman é utilizada para verificar correlação entre algumas variáveis e esses grupos. Por meio da técnica de análise quantitativa de textos, bigramas (associações de palavras) foram identificados. Resultados (i) Especuladores e pseudoexperts tendem a apresentar apenas uma nota, exercendo o ato de avaliar em clara ética da convicção; e (ii) críticos amadores e real experts associam a responsabilidade e experimentação na dinâmica da tradução da experiência gastronômica, evidenciando ênfase na ética da responsabilidade. Implicações práticas e sociais da pesquisa Se o estudo de Cruz et al. (2021) apresentou os tipos de avaliadores online, os caracterizamos ao compreendermos (i) se atuam com base na ética da convicção ou ética da responsabilidade e (ii) a forma e o conteúdo das fake online reviews. Contribuições Discute a responsabilidade pública de avaliações online −principalmente de pessoas que performaram como comensais.

Abstract Purpose In this study, we seek to understand which types of evaluators build their evaluations based on the ethics of conviction and which ones build them based on the ethics of responsibility. Theoretical framework The concepts of the public sphere from Habermas (1991) and ethics of conviction and ethics of responsibility from Weber (1978; 2004) are used to understand the public responsibility of online evaluations by the types of evaluators who produce them (whether real or false). Design/methodology/approach A cluster analysis with 6,344 evaluations identified four groups of evaluators (speculators, pseudo experts, amateur critics, and real experts). A Spearman correlation matrix is used to verify the correlation between some variables and these groups. Using the quantitative text analysis technique, bigrams (word associations) were identified. Findings (i) Speculators and pseudo experts tend to present only one score, exercising the act of evaluating using clear ethics of conviction; and (ii) amateurs critics and real experts associate responsibility and experience in the dynamics of translating the gastronomic experience, emphasizing the ethics of responsibility. Practical & social implications of research As the study by Cruz et al. (2021) presented the types of online evaluators, we characterized them by understanding (i) whether they act based on the ethics of conviction or ethics of responsibility and (ii) the form and content of fake online reviews. Originality/value We discuss the public responsibility of online reviews – particularly of people who acted as diners.

Resumen La existencia de condiciones de trabajo adecuadas ayuda a la prevención de riesgos a la salud mental, como el desgaste organizacional, entendido como la combinación de agotamiento, despersonalización e insatisfacción de logro. El presente trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en una dependencia de gobierno mexicana dedicada a la atención al público para la solución pacífica de problemas entre particulares. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre las diferentes dimensiones de las condiciones de trabajo y las dimensiones de desgaste ocupacional para identificar potenciales riesgos y estresores que pudieran llevar al desgaste ocupacional. Se utilizó el cuestionario desarrollado por Blanch et al. (2010) para las condiciones de trabajo y la escala desarrollada por Uribe (2010) para el desgaste ocupacional. Se realizaron correlaciones de Pearson, análisis de varianza de una vía y análisis de trayectorias con los datos obtenidos. Se confirmó la hipótesis, en la que se propuso una correlación negativa (β=-.57) entre los componentes de las condiciones de trabajo y el desgaste ocupacional (r2=.33), identificando además una covariación negativa entre el componente desarrollo de las condiciones de trabajo y el agotamiento del desgaste ocupacional (β=.48), obteniendo un modelo de trayectorias con índices aceptables de bondad de ajuste (Chi 2 =52.09, gl=24, p=.001; RMR=.052; GFI=.91; CFI=.94; RMSEA=.09, IC 90% [.06, .13]). Se discute la importancia de fomentar condiciones de trabajo favorables, procurando un equilibrio entre el impulso al desarrollo de los colaboradores y sus responsabilidades cotidianas, a fin de evitar un desgaste que pudiera afectar su salud, bienestar y desempeño.

Abstract Good working conditions help prevent mental health risks, such as organizational burnout, which is understood as the combination of exhaustion, depersonalization, and dissatisfaction with achievement. This research work was developed in a Mexican government agency dedicated to mediation to solve problems between individuals. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the different dimensions of working conditions and occupational burnout to identify potential risks and stressors that could lead to occupational burnout. The working conditions questionnaire (Blanch et al., 2010) and the scale for occupational burnout (Uribe, 2010) were used. Spearman correlations, one-way analysis of variance, and path analysis were performed to test the hypothesis. Results (r2 = .33) confirmed a negative correlation between the components of working conditions and occupational burnout (β = -. 57), also identifying a positive covariation between the development component of the working conditions and the exhaustion of occupational burnout (β = .48), obtaining a model of trajectories with acceptable goodness of fit (Chi2 = 52.09, df = 24, p = .001; RMR = .052; GFI =. 91; CFI = .94; RMSEA = .09, 90% CI [.06, .13]). The importance of promoting favorable working conditions is discussed, seeking a balance between promoting the development of employees and their daily responsibilities to avoid the stress that could affect their health, well-being, and performance.

ABSTRACT Background: Microalgae and cyanobacteria are potential sources of new applications with biological activity. In our country, the research on applications of these organisms is still incipient. Objective: To test the potential of some species of microalgae and cyanobacteria as erythrocytes agglutinins (presence of lectins) and bactericides, considering the influence of the systems and media of cultivation and production of these microscopic organisms. Methods: Nine species to be tested were grown in different systems: photobioreactors of 8 and 16 L and raceway tanks of 300 and 3000 L, using Bayfoland forte ®, F / 2, UTEX, Zarrouk and modified Jourdan cultivation media, the obtained biomass was lyophilized for testing. Lectins detection (agglutination tests) was performed as recommended by Muñoz et al. (1985) and for antibiosis tests, the recommendations of Bauer et al. (1966) were followed. Results: Three species (two chlorophytes and one cyanobacteria) induced potent agglutination of erythrocytes, a dependence on the cultivation system to increase the total activity was observed when organisms were grown in raceways. Only one species of the microalgae studied showed mild antibacterial activity, this was against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: Bacteriostatic activity of Desmodemus quadricauda extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and agglutination of Tetradesmus obliquus, Desmodesmus quadricauda and Arthrospira platensis species are reported. Emphasizing that there are three potential species that provide lectins since they strongly agglutinated the erythrocytes without enzymatic treatment.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las microalgas y cianobacterias son fuente potencial de nuevas aplicaciones con actividad biológica. En nuestro país la investigación de aplicaciones de estos organismos es incipiente aún. Objetivo: Probar el potencial de algunas especies de microalgas y cianobacterias como aglutinantes de eritrocitos (presencia de lectinas) y bactericidas, considerando la influencia de los sistemas y medios de cultivo y producción de estos organismos microscópicos. Métodos: Se cultivaron nueve especies a probar en diferentes sistemas: Fotobiorreactores de 8 y 16 L y Estanques tipo raceways de 300 y 3 000 L, usando los medios de cultivo Bayfoland forte ®, F/2, UTEX, Zarrouk y Jourdan modificado, las microalgas obtenidas de estos sistemas se liofilizaron para las pruebas. En las pruebas de detección de lectinas (pruebas de aglutinación) se siguieron las recomendaciones de Muñoz et al. (1985) y para las de antibiosis, las de Bauer et al. (1966). Resultados: Tres especies (dos clorofitas y una cianobacteria) provocaron fuerte aglutinación de los eritrocitos, se observó una dependencia del sistema de cultivo a aumentar la actividad aglutinante, favorecida por el crecimiento en raceways. Solo una especie de las microalgas estudiadas presentó actividad antibacteriana leve, contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusiones: Se reporta actividad bacteriostática en el extracto de Desmodemus quadricauda contra Pseudomonas aeruginosa y aglutinación de la especie Tetradesmus obliquus, Desmodesmus quadricauda y Arthrospira platensis. Destacando que son tres especies potenciales proveedoras de lectinas, debido a que aglutinaron fuertemente los eritrocitos sin tratamiento enzimático.

Abstract: In this paper we describe a number of parallel techniques that were applied to the problem of finding the null-spaces of thousands of large sparse matrices. This collection of matrices were derived from the discrete logarithm problem attack over the finite field F 3 6 ⋅ 509 recently carried out by Adj et al. in [2]. Our software library was mainly executed in the supercomputer ABACUS [7], where in total 21 , 870 large sparse linear algebra systems were processed. Solving those linear algebra problems involved a computational effort of over 138 core-years, requiring a memory space of over 645 gigabytes to store the corresponding vector solutions.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a racionalidade substantiva inerente à prática do gerenciamento de impressões (GI). Originalidade/valor: Com base na taxonomia criada por Merkl-Davies e Brennan (2011), analisam-se: 1. a discussão sob o eixo da perspectiva sociológica; e 2. as ações de racionalidade substantiva do GI que podem se manifestar a partir de ações de gestão simbólica. Nesse sentido, este estudo atende ao chamado de Merkl-Davies et al. (2011) ao colocar em prática um modelo pouco convencional de análise a partir da utilização dos relatórios corporativos (anual e de sustentabilidade) da empresa JBS com especial atenção à Operação “Carne Fraca”. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Foi empreendida uma análise de conteúdo das narrativas contábeis dos relatórios corporativos da JBS entre o período de 2015 a 2018, à luz da estrutura conceitual de Merkl-Davies e Brennan. Resultados: As narrativas contábeis sugerem indícios de GI e da racionalidade substantiva. A racionalidade substantiva foi utilizada pelos preparadores dos relatórios corporativos a fim de legitimar as ações da companhia, sendo as manifestações dessa prática mais significativas no relatório de 2017, ano do evento Operação “Carne Fraca”. As implicações desta pesquisa residem em demonstrar evidências que direcionam as empresas quanto ao uso de narrativas contábeis para convencer a sociedade de suas ações condizentes com a estrutura de regras e normas sociais. Ademais, destacamos que as narrativas contábeis devem ser analisadas com cautela, uma vez que podem ser elaboradas sob a égide do comportamento oportunista do gestor.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the substantive rationality inherent to the practice of impression management (IM). Originality/value: Based on the taxonomy created by Merkl-Davies and Brennan (2011), it is analyzed: 1. the discussion under the sociological perspective; and 2. the actions of substantive rationality in the management of impressions that can manifest through actions of symbolic management. This study responds to the call of Merkl-Davies et al. (2011) by putting into practice an unconventional analytical model based on the use of the corporate reports (annual and sustainability) of the company JBS with special attention to the “Carne Fraca” [Weak Meat] Operation. Design/methodology/approach: A content analysis of the accounting narratives of JBS’ corporate reports between 2015 and 2018 was carried out. Findings: Accounting narratives suggest evidence of IM and substantive rationality. The preparers of the corporate reports used substantive rationality to legitimize the company’s actions, with the most significant manifestations of this practice in the 2017 report, the year of the “Carne Fraca” operation. The implications of this research lie in demonstrating evidence that guides companies regarding the use of accounting narratives to convince society of their actions as consistent with the structure of social rules and norms. Furthermore, we emphasize that the accounting narratives must be analyzed with caution since they can be elaborated under the influence of the manager’s opportunistic behavior.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o atendimento pela telemedicina em Vitória/ES de abril/2020 a mar/2021. Método: estudo de caso ancorado na categoria acesso de Thiede et al. e em dados secundários. Utilizaram-se relatórios das consultas de telemedicina da Rede Bem Estar. Incluíram-se todas as 29 Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município. Resultados: no período foram atendidos 15.548 usuários, 64% do sexo feminino (9.953) e 36% do masculino (5.595), em 21.481 consultas. O grupo etário mais atendido foi o de 30-39 anos (19,5%). O número por 10.000 hab. para todas as causas oscilou entre 35,86/10.000 hab. de out-dez/2020 e 65,75 de abr-jun/2020. Destes atendimentos, 56% (11.946) foram coronavírus (causas B342 e B972), sendo, 22,54 consultas por 10.000 hab. de out-dez/2020 e 31,96 de abr-jun/2020. Conclusões: Os resultados refletem o impacto transformador da Covid-19 nos cuidados à saúde por telemedicina como parte da resposta de primeira linha à pandemia no município de Vitória/ES. As desigualdades no acesso presencial se reproduzem na telemedicina, o que torna imprescindível manter um relacionamento forte entre o sistema de saúde, as equipes de saúde e os usuários na implantação da telemedicina. As duas formas permanecem interdependentes e complementares na busca de garantia do acesso equitativo em saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze telemedicine care in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, from April 2020 to March 2021. Method: based on Thied et al.’s dimensions of access, a case study was conducted using secondary data collected from the Bem Estar Network’s telemedicine reports. All 29 Basic Health Units of the municipality were included. Results: a total of 15,548 users were assisted in 21,481 consultations, 64% female (9,953) and 36% male (5,595). The most attended age group was 30-39 years old (19.5%). The number per 10,000 inhabitants for all causes ranged between 35.86/10,000 inhabitants from Oct-Dec/2020 and 65.75 from Apr-Jun/2020. Of these calls, 56% (11,946) targeted coronavirus (causes B342 and B972), ranging from 22.54 consultations per 10,000 inhabitants in Oct-Dec/2020 to 31.96 in Apr-Jun/2020. Conclusions: Results reflect the transformative impact COVID-19 had on telemedicine care as part of the first-line response to the pandemic in Vitória, Brazil. Inequalities in face-to-face access are reproduced in telemedicine, making it essential to maintain a strong relationship between the health system, health teams, and users when implementing telemedicine. Both forms of health care remain interdependent and complementary in the search to ensure equitable access to health.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o atendimento pela telemedicina em Vitória/ES de abril/2020 a mar/2021. Método: estudo de caso ancorado na categoria acesso de Thiede et al. e em dados secundários. Utilizaram-se relatórios das consultas de telemedicina da Rede Bem Estar. Incluíram-se todas as 29 Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município. Resultados: no período foram atendidos 15.548 usuários, 64% do sexo feminino (9.953) e 36% do masculino (5.595), em 21.481 consultas. O grupo etário mais atendido foi o de 30-39 anos (19,5%). O número por 10.000 hab. para todas as causas oscilou entre 35,86/10.000 hab. de out-dez/2020 e 65,75 de abr-jun/2020. Destes atendimentos, 56% (11.946) foram coronavírus (causas B342 e B972), sendo, 22,54 consultas por 10.000 hab. de out-dez/2020 e 31,96 de abr-jun/2020. Conclusões: Os resultados refletem o impacto transformador da Covid-19 nos cuidados à saúde por telemedicina como parte da resposta de primeira linha à pandemia no município de Vitória/ES. As desigualdades no acesso presencial se reproduzem na telemedicina, o que torna imprescindível manter um relacionamento forte entre o sistema de saúde, as equipes de saúde e os usuários na implantação da telemedicina. As duas formas permanecem interdependentes e complementares na busca de garantia do acesso equitativo em saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze telemedicine care in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, from April 2020 to March 2021. Method: based on Thied et al.’s dimensions of access, a case study was conducted using secondary data collected from the Bem Estar Network’s telemedicine reports. All 29 Basic Health Units of the municipality were included. Results: a total of 15,548 users were assisted in 21,481 consultations, 64% female (9,953) and 36% male (5,595). The most attended age group was 30-39 years old (19.5%). The number per 10,000 inhabitants for all causes ranged between 35.86/10,000 inhabitants from Oct-Dec/2020 and 65.75 from Apr-Jun/2020. Of these calls, 56% (11,946) targeted coronavirus (causes B342 and B972), ranging from 22.54 consultations per 10,000 inhabitants in Oct-Dec/2020 to 31.96 in Apr-Jun/2020. Conclusions: Results reflect the transformative impact COVID-19 had on telemedicine care as part of the first-line response to the pandemic in Vitória, Brazil. Inequalities in face-to-face access are reproduced in telemedicine, making it essential to maintain a strong relationship between the health system, health teams, and users when implementing telemedicine. Both forms of health care remain interdependent and complementary in the search to ensure equitable access to health.

Abstract Universities seek to characterize their students to prevent them from dropping out of school and facilitate completion of their studies. Among the variables diagnosed and related to students’ performance, success and school career are cognitive-motivational variables: self-esteem, self-concept, and motivation (Pool-Cibrián & Martínez-Guerrero, 2013). These are built upon another variable: the attributional style, or how to define how students interpret what happens to them; that is, the way in which a student interprets the good and the bad things that happen to them in school or in relation to their learning (Petri and Govern, 2015). The aim of this study was to adapt the Academic Attributional Style Questionnaire (CEAA) in a sample of pre-university students. The instrument was adapted and applied to applicants to enroll in a university of Mexico City. The results show that the questionnaire items were organized into four factors, coinciding with Peterson et al.’s (1982) proposal, the empirical foundation of the instrument. It was found that the factors have a Cronbach's alpha of > .75. Future research could test its concurrent validity, test other factorial models, and determine its predictive validity regarding school performance.

Resumen Las universidades buscan caracterizar a sus estudiantes para prevenir que abandonen la escuela y así, posibilitar su egreso. Entre las variables que se diagnostican y se relacionan con el rendimiento, éxito y trayectoria escolar, están las cognoscitivo-motivacionales: autoestima, autoconcepto y motivación (Pool-Cibrián, Martínez-Guerrero, 2013). Estas variables se construyen a partir de otra: el estilo atribucional, o cómo define la forma en que la persona interpreta lo que le sucede; el académico se refiere a la manera en que un estudiante interpreta lo bueno y lo malo que le ocurre en la escuela o en relación con su aprendizaje (Petri, Govern, 2015). El objetivo del presente estudio fue adaptar el Cuestionario de Estilo Atribucional Académico (CEAA), en una población de estudiantes preuniversitarios. El instrumento se adaptó y aplicó a aspirantes para el ingreso a una universidad de la Ciudad de México. En los resultados se observó que los reactivos del cuestionario se organizaron en cuatro factores, de forma coincidente con la propuesta de Peterson et al. (1982), fundamento empírico del instrumento. Se encontró que los factores cuentan con un alpha de Cronbach a>0.75. En futuras investigaciones se podría probar su validez concurrente, comprobar otros modelos factoriales y determinar su validez predictiva respecto del rendimiento escolar.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os aspectos clínicos e obstétricos de gestantes com COVID-19. Métodos Revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases: MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO e CNKI, realizada de março a maio de 2020, com os descritores Pregnancy; 2019-nCov; Coronavirus; SARS-Cov-2, Covid-19. Elegeram-se títulos originais, sem restrição de idioma e período e que abordassem gestantes com diagnóstico clínico e/ou laboratorial de COVID-19. Excluíram-se revisões, editoriais, títulos duplicados. As escalas de Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS, na sigla em inglês) e a de Murad et al. foram utilizadas para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos. Resultados Foram incluídos 34 artigos com 412 gestantes infectadas pela síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-Cov, na sigla em inglês) com idade média de 27,5 anos e média de 36,0 semanas gestacionais. O sintoma mais incidente foi a febre (49,7%;205). e 89 (21,6%) gestantes evoluíram para pneumonia viral grave. Os exames laboratoriais demonstraram aumento da proteína C reativa (37,8%; 154) e os radiológicos mostraram pneumonia com padrão em vidro fosco periférico (51,4%; 172). O parto cesáreo de emergência foi indicado para a maior parte das gestantes, e a complicação gestacional mais comum foi a ruptura prematura de membranas ovulares (3,4%; 14). Foram detectados 2 (0,5%) mortes neonatais, 2 (0,5%) natimortos, e 1 (0,2%) morte materna. Conclusão Gestantes com doença coronavírus (COVID-19, na sigla em inglês apresentaram quadro clínico semelhante a gestantes não infectadas, com poucas repercussões obstétricas ou neonatais. Houve uma maior indicação de partos cesáreos antes do agravamento da doença e não se observaram evidências de transmissão vertical da infecção.

Abstract Objective To analyze the clinical and obstetric aspects of pregnant women with COVID-19. Methods A systematic literature review in the MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, and CNKI databases was performed from March to May 2020, with the descriptors: Pregnancy; 2019-nCov; Coronavirus; SARS-Cov-2, Covid-19. Of those chosen were original titles, without language and period restriction and that addressed pregnant women with a clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. Revisions, editorials, and duplicate titles were excluded. The Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) and Murad et al. scales were used to assess the quality of the studies. Results We included 34 articles with 412 pregnant women infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-Cov-2), with an average age of 27.5 years of age and 36.0 gestational weeks. The most common symptom was fever (205 [49.7%]), and 89 (21.6%) pregnant women progressed to severe viral pneumonia. Laboratory tests showed an increase in C-reactive protein (154 [37.8%]), and radiological tests showed pneumonia with peripheral ground-glass pattern (172 [51.4%]). Emergency cesarean delivery was indicated for most pregnant women, and the most common gestational complication was premature rupture of ovarian membranes (14 [3.4%;]). We detected 2 (0.5%) neonatal deaths, 2 (0.5%) stillbirths, and 1 (0.2%) maternal death. Conclusion Pregnant women with COVID-19 presented a clinical picture similar to that of non-infected pregnant women, with few obstetric or neonatal repercussions. There was a greater indication of cesarean deliveries before the disease aggravated, and there was no evidence of vertical transmission of the infection.

Abstract: Recently, several authors have reported evidence of helping behavior in rats. However, the mechanisms underlying such behavior are unclear. Two experiments with Wistar rats used the task developed by Sato et al. (2015) to assess whether social enhancement affects the helping response. Experiment 1 tested whether rats placed in a dry compartment adjacent to a pool-type compartment (where another rat was trapped) opened a door to allow the trapped wet rat to escape from the water. The behavior of rats was also examined by reversing the roles (wet rats were placed in the dry compartment, while dry rats were placed in the pool-type compartment). The results obtained with 16 rats, using analysis of variance (ANOVA), showed that no rat opened the door to liberate a soaked cagemate; even rats that had previously experienced soaking did not open the door to allow the trapped rat to enter the dry area. In Experiment 2, a pre-training phase was introduced that involved local enhancement (the researchers opened the door). The results obtained with 32 rats and analyzed using an ANOVA showed that, with the pre-training phase, rats learned to help a cagemate, both in the initial and role-reversal sessions. The findings are discussed based on the methodological differences of both studies (such as the housing and strain of rats). The discussion also covers the role of social learning in the modulation of helping behavior in rats, with the desire for social contact being advanced as an alternative explanation for helping behavior.

Resumen: Recientemente, varios autores han reportado evidencia de comportamientos de ayuda en ratas. Sin embargo, los mecanismos que subyacen a dichos comportamientos no son claros. Dos experimentos con ratas Wistar emplearon la tarea desarrollada por Sato et al. (2015) para evaluar si el mejoramiento social afecta la respuesta de ayuda. El Experimento 1 evaluó si ratas colocadas en un compartimento seco adyacente a un compartimento tipo piscina (donde otra rata estaba atrapada) abrían una puerta para permitir que la rata mojada escapara del agua. Después, el papel de las ratas se invirtió (las que estaban en la piscina se pasaron al lado seco y las otras se colocaron en la piscina). Los resultados obtenidos con 16 ratas, utilizando análisis de varianza (ANOVA), mostraron que las ratas no abrieron la puerta para liberar a la rata sumergida en agua. Incluso las que fueron sumergidas en el agua previamente fallaron en abrir la puerta a su compañera. En el Experimento 2, se incluyó un pre-entrenamiento que involucró el mejoramiento local (los investigadores abrieron la puerta). Los datos obtenidos con 32 ratas y analizados con un ANOVA indicaron que, con el pre-entrenamiento, las ratas aprendieron a ayudar a su compañera tanto en la sesión inicial como en la inversión de papeles. Los hallazgos se discuten en base a las diferencias metodológicas de ambos estudios (tales como el alojamiento y la cepa de las ratas). También se discute el papel del aprendizaje social en la modulación de la conducta de ayuda en ratas y la explicación alternativa basada en el deseo por el contacto social.

Abstract Introduction: Couple relationships affect the diversity, size and content of the self-concept. The model of Mattingly et al. (2014), coming from an individualistic culture, focuses on explaining the effects of a romantic relationship on self-concept. The two-dimensional model explains the increase and decrease (direction) in the size and diversity of the self-concept and the positive or negative change (valence) in the content of the self-concept. This model provides four factors by which these changes can be analyzed: Self-Expansion, Self-contraction, Self-pruning and Self-adulteration. Objective: This research seeks evidence of validity and reliability in the Mexican population of the Relational Self-Change Scale, a scale that measures the two-dimensional model proposed by Mattingly. Method: Using a sample of 210 people, an exploratory factor analysis based on polychoric correlations and the use of a multidimensional scaling analysis was performed. Subsequently, using a sample of 242 participants, a conformational factor analysis was carried out to contrast the original solution and the one obtained in this research. Results: The different analyses performed show evidence of only two factors, one positive and one negative, which is a more parsimonious model to explain the changes in self-concept due to the couple relationship. Discussion: It seems that the Mexican population, which is considered to be a collectivist culture, tends to conceptualize the phenomenon of self-expansion in a different way.

Resumen Introducción: Las relaciones de pareja afectan la diversidad, tamaño y contenido del autoconcepto. El modelo de Mattingly et al. (2014) proveniente de una cultura individualista, se enfoca en explicar las afectaciones en el autoconcepto a partir de una relación romántica. El modelo bidimensional explica el incremento y decremento (dirección) en el tamaño y diversidad del autoconcepto y el cambio positivo o negativo (valencia) en el contenido del autoconcepto. Este modelo proporciona cuatro factores con los que se pueden analizar estos cambios: Expansión, Contracción, Limpieza y Corrupción. Objetivo: Esta investigación busca evidencia de validez y confiabilidad en población mexicana del Relational Self-Change Scale, escala que mide el modelo bidimensional propuesto por Mattingly. Método: Se usó una muestra de 210 personas se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio basado en correlaciones policóricas y el empleo de un análisis de escalamiento multidimensional. Posteriormente se empleó una muestra de 242 participantes se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio que permitió contrastar la solución original y la obtenida en esta investigación. Resultados: Los diferentes análisis realizados muestran evidencia de solo dos factores, uno positiva y otro negativo el cual es un modelo más parsimonioso para explicar los cambios en el autoconcepto debido a la relación de pareja. Discusión: Pareciera que la población mexicana, la cual está considerada como una cultura colectivista, tiende a conceptualizar de una manera distinta el fenómeno de la autoexpansión.