Resumo A coruja-das-torres americana (Tyto furcata) vive em ambientes urbanos e se alimenta principalmente de pequenos roedores, sendo de grande importância no controle biológico de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os hábitos alimentares, parentais e reprodutivos de um casal de corujas-das-torres americanas, naturalmente vivendo fora de uma residência na zona urbana do município de Campos dos Goytacazes, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Uma caixa de madeira foi instalada em uma parede externa da casa, monitorada por uma câmera de vídeo. Uma planilha foi criada para manter o controle das observações registradas. A fêmea pôs quatro ovos, e após período de incubação de 30-32 dias todos os ovos eclodiram, mas apenas dois filhotes sobreviveram após o canibalismo entre os filhotes. Inicialmente, o macho fornecia a comida aos filhotes e a fêmea permanecia no ninho cuidando da ninhada. Depois de cerca de um mês, a fêmea também começou a sair do ninho e voltar com a presa, que era oferecida aos filhotes, com o macho também continuando com esse comportamento. Os filhotes deixaram o ninho em setembro de 2017. Os dados obtidos mostram a existência de cooperação e divisão de tarefas entre corujas machos e fêmeas durante o período reprodutivo.

Abstract The American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata) lives in urban, periurban and wild environments and feeds mainly on small rodents, meaning it has great importance in the biological control of pests. The aim of this work was to describe the reproductive, parental and eating habits of a pair of American barn owls naturally living outside a residence in the urban area of the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. A wood box was installed on an outside wall of the home, monitored by a video camera. A spreadsheet was created to keep track of the observations recorded. The female laid four eggs, and after an incubation period of 30-32 days all the eggs hatched, but only two chicks survived after cannibalism among the chicks. Initially, the male provided the food to the chicks and the female remained in the nest caring for the brood. After approximately a month, the female also began to leave the nest and return with prey, which was offered to the chicks, with the male also continuing this behavior. The chicks left the nest in September, 2017. The data obtained show the existence of cooperation and division of tasks between male and female owls during the reproductive period.

Resumo A atividade antioxidante do mel de Tetragonisca angustula (TAH) e seu extrato etanólico (TAEE) foram investigados. Os níveis totais de fenólicos (TPC) e flavonóides (TFC) também foram avaliados. Os resultados para TPC foram 19,91 ± 0,38 e 29,37 ± 1,82 mg GAE g-1 e para TFC 0,20 ± 0,02 e 0,14 ± 0,01 mg QE g-1 de TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. As atividades antioxidantes foram 73,29 ± 0,49% e 93,36 ± 0,27% no ensaio DPPH● e 71,73 ± 4,07% e 97,86 ± 0,35% no ABTS●+ para TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. A atividade redutora total foi determinada pelo método de poder redutor (PR) e íon ferrico (Fe III) e os resultados variaram em PR de 151,7 ± 25,7 e 230,7 ± 25,2 mg GAE L-1, para TAH e TAEE respectivamente e para (Fe III) em EC50 0,284 em TAEE e 0,687 em TAH. A análise química por HPLC-DAD do extrato etanólico (TAEE) revelou a presença de ácido ferúlico como componente majoritário no extrato. A análise de RMN 1H confirmou esta estrutura e mostrou a presença de glicose, ácido cítrico, ácido succínico, prolina e derivados de hidrocarbonetos no TAEE. Além disso, a origem botânica também foi investigada e apresentou característica multifloral, tendo encontrado 19 tipos polínicos com predomínio botânico da família Anacardiaceae, sendo o pólen Tapirira predominante (42,6%) e o Schinus secundário (25,7%). Os resultados mostraram que o mel de T. angustula é uma interessante fonte de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes devido à sua origem floral e pode atuar como protetor da saúde humana quando consumido.

Abstract The antioxidant activity of Tetragonisca angustula honey (TAH) and its ethanolic extract (TAEE) were investigated. The total levels of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were also evaluated. The results for TPC were 19.91 ± 0.38 and 29.37 ± 1.82 mg GAE g-1 and for TFC 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg QE g-1 of TAH and TAEE, respectively. Antioxidant activities were 73.29 ± 0.49% and 93.36 ± 0.27% in the DPPH● assay and 71.73 ± 4.07% and 97.86 ± 0.35% in ABTS●+ for TAH and TAEE, respectively. The total reducing activity was determined by the method of reducing power (PR) and iron ion (Fe III) and the results varied in PR from 151.7 ± 25.7 and 230.7 ± 25.2 mg GAE L-1, for TAH and TAEE respectively and for (Fe III) in EC50 0.284 in TAEE and 0.687 in TAH. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD of the ethanolic extract (TAEE) revealed the presence of ferulic acid as majority phenolic component in the extract. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed this structure and showed the also presence of glucose, citric acid, succinic acid, proline and hydrocarbon derivatives. In addition, the botanical origin was also investigated and showed a multifloral characteristic, having found 19 pollen types with a botanical predominance of the Anacardiaceae family, with Tapirira pollen occurring as predominant (42.6%) and Schinus as secondary (25.7%). The results showed that T. angustula honey is an interesting source of antioxidant phenolic compounds due to its floral origin and can act as a protector of human health when consumed.

Resumo Em condições de estresse salino, o crescimento das plantas é reduzido, em virtude, do desequilíbrio osmótico, nutricional e oxidativo. Contudo, o ácido salicílico atua na mitigação desse estresse abiótico por promover incremento no crescimento, fotossíntese, metabolismo do nitrogênio, síntese de osmorreguladores e enzimas antioxidantes. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de ácido salicílico sobre o crescimento e alterações fisiológicas de mudas de berinjela sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso utilizando uma matriz composta central Box com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (0,50; 1,08; 2,50; 3,92 e 4,50 dS m-1), associada a cinco doses de ácido salicílico (AS) (0,00; 0,22; 0,75; 1,28 e 1,50 mM), com quatro repetições e cada parcela composta por três plantas. Aos 40 dias após a semeadura, foram determinados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, vazamento de eletrólito, teor relativo de água e massa seca total. A CEa e a aplicação de AS influenciaram no crescimento e nas alterações fisiológicas das mudas de berinjela. O aumento da CEa reduziu o crescimento na ausência de AS. O dano de membrana com o uso de AS manteve-se estável até 3,9 dS m-1 de CEa. O conteúdo relativo de água independentemente da CEa aumentou com 1 mM de SA. O uso de AS na concentração de 1 mM mitigou o efeito deletério da salinidade no crescimento das mudas até 2,50 dS m-1 de CEa.

Abstract Under salt stress conditions, plant growth is reduced due to osmotic, nutritional and oxidative imbalance. However, salicylic acid acts in the mitigation of this abiotic stress by promoting an increase in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, synthesis of osmoregulators and antioxidant enzymes. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid doses on the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a central composite matrix Box with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (CEw) (0.50; 1.08; 2.50; 3.92 and 4.50 dS m-1), associated with five doses of salicylic acid (SA) (0.00; 0.22; 0.75; 1.28 and 1.50 mM), with four repetitions and each plot composed of three plants. At 40 days after sowing, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, and total dry mass were determined. ECw and SA application influenced the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings. Increasing the ECw reduced growth in the absence of SA. Membrane damage with the use of SA remained stable up to 3.9 dS m-1 of ECw. The relative water content independent of the CEw increased with 1.0 mM of SA. The use of SA at the concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the deleterious effect of salinity on seedling growth up to 2.50 dS m-1 of ECw.

Resumo Diversas discussões têm surgido a respeito da energia proveniente de usinas hidrelétricas ser considerada uma energia limpa e seus reservatórios têm sido investigados devido à grande emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), como dióxido de carbono, metano e óxido nitroso. O presente trabalho traz um estudo estatístico das emissões difusivas de CO2 antes da formação do reservatório da usina hidrelétrica (UHE) de SINOP, Brasil. Investigou-se a associação entre as emissões coletadas na superfície (água-ar) e no fundo do reservatório (sedimento-água) durante quatro campanhas de coletas de dados, realizadas no período de novembro de 2017 até setembro de 2018. Este estudo visa comparar o efeito da profundidade do reservatório no fluxo difusivo de CO2 em 34 pontos de coleta. A variável profundidade analisada foi definida a partir de pontos coletados na superfície e no fundo do reservatório. O objetivo é detectar se épocas de tempo diferentes e se a profundidade do reservatório tem impacto direto no comportamento das emissões difusivas de CO2. Como as medidas da unidade observacional são observadas repetidamente, tem-se uma estrutura multinível, os indivíduos são independentes entre si, porém existe uma correlação intra-indivíduos. Considerando essa configuração de dados, foi feita uma estimação de equações generalizadas (Generalized Estimating Equations – GEE) que é uma técnica que estima a matriz de correlação intra-indivíduos e assim, produz estimativas para os parâmetros dos modelos de regressão generalizados (Generalized Regression Models – GLM) que não sejam enviesadas. O estudo mostrou que as médias das emissões difusivas de CO2 são maiores na superfície do reservatório. O estudo também detectou que em média, existem mais emissões durante o período de chuva na região do que durante a época da estiagem.

Abstract Several discussions have arisen about energy from hydroelectric plants being considered clean energy and its reservoirs have been investigated due to the large emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The present work shows a statistical study of the diffusive CO2 emissions before the formation of the reservoir of the hydroelectric power plant (HPP) of SINOP, Brazil. The association between emissions collected at the surface (water-air) and at the bottom of the reservoir (sediment-water) was investigated during four data collection campaigns, carried out from November 2017 to September 2018. This study aims to compare the effect of reservoir depth on the diffusive flow of CO2 at 34 collection points. The variable depth analyzed was defined from points collected on the surface and bottom of the reservoir. The objective is to detect whether different periods of time and whether the depth of the reservoir have a direct impact on the behavior of diffusive CO2 emissions. As the measurements of the observational unit are repeatedly observed, there is a multilevel structure, individuals are independent of each other, but there is an intra-individual correlation. Considering this data configuration, an estimation of generalized equations (GEE) was performed, which is a technique that estimates the intra-individual correlation matrix and thus produces estimates for the parameters of the generalized regression models (Generalized Regression Models – GLM) that are not biased. The study showed that the average diffusive CO2 emissions are higher on the reservoir surface. The study also found that, on average, there are more emissions during the rainy season in the region than during the dry season.

Resumo Anticarsia gemmatalis Hünber, 1818 é uma das principais espécies desfolhadoras da cultura da soja. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915, é uma bactéria utilizada no controle biológico dessa espécie de praga. Populações resistentes e seus efeitos subletais causados pelo uso da bactéria já foram relatados, no entanto, não há estudos sobre a plasticidade fenotípica na idade adulta exposta a subdoses de bioinseticida à base de Bt. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a morfometria de adultos de A. gemmatalis em condições de laboratório submetidos ao bioinseticida Dipel® ao longo de três gerações. Os segmentos corporais mensuráveis eram largura, comprimento e área das asas anterior e posterior, o peso do tegumento, tórax, abdômen, asas e todo o adulto de machos e fêmeas. Dentre os tratamentos, CL5 na primeira geração e CL10 na segunda geração foram aqueles com limiares mais baixos em relação ao peso do tórax e abdômen, considerando as proporções do corpo menores que as do sexo feminino. O peso da fêmea na idade adulta foi reduzido em 10% em relação aos machos e, apenas na primeira geração. Os machos têm tamanho corporal maior e plasticidade fenotípica mais pronunciada do que as fêmeas. Este estudo demonstra o primeiro estudo avaliando a plasticidade fenotípica de adultos de A. gemmatalis.

Abstract Anticarsia gemmatalis Hünber, 1818 is one of the main defoliating species in the soybean crop. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1915, is a bacterium used in the biological control of this pest species. Resistant populations and their sublethal effects caused by the use of the bacteria have already been reported; however, there are no studies on phenotypic plasticity in adulthood exposed to Bt-based bioinsecticide sub-doses. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometry of A. gemmatalis adults under laboratory conditions submitted to the Bt-based bioinsecticide Dipel® over the three generations. The body segments mensuread were width, length, and area of the anterior and posterior wings, the weight of the integument, chest, abdomen, wings, and the whole adult of males and females. Among the treatments, LC5 in the first generation and LC10 in the second generation were those with lower thresholds in relation to the weight of the chest and abdomen, considering the proportions of the body smaller than the females. The female’s weight adulthood was reduced by 10% about males, and, only in the first generation. Males have larger body size and more pronounced phenotypic plasticity than females. Here, we demonstrate the first study assessing the phenotypic plasticity of A. gemmatalis adults.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between gestational age and green areas, urban built areas, and the concentration of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the city of São Paulo, analyzing the irregular distribution of these areas and pollution levels above the recommended level. METHODS The study population consisted of a cohort of live births from 2012, and data from the Live Birth Information System (Sinasc) of the city of São Paulo were used. Using satellite images and supervised classification, the distribution and quantity of green areas and built areas in the city of São Paulo was obtained, as well as the concentrations of PM2.5. Logistic regressions were used to obtain possible associations. RESULTS The results of the study show that a lower percentage of green areas is significantly associated with a higher chance of preterm births. A higher building density was positively associated with the odds ratio for preterm birth. We did not find any significant associations between air pollution (PM2.5) and preterm births. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that greener areas are less associated with preterm births when compared with less green areas.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a associação entre a idade gestacional e as áreas verdes, áreas construídas urbanas e a concentração de material particulado 2,5 (MP2,5) em São Paulo, analisando a distribuição irregular dessas áreas e os níveis de poluição acima do recomendado. MÉTODOS A população utilizada no estudo foi a dos nascidos vivos no ano de 2012, com os dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivo (Sinasc) na cidade de São Paulo. Por meio de imagens de satélites e realizando a classificação supervisionada, obtivemos a distribuição e quantidade de áreas verdes e de áreas construídas, na cidade de São Paulo, assim como as concentrações de MP2,5. Regressões logísticas foram utilizadas para obter possíveis associações. RESULTADOS Os resultados do estudo mostram que menor percentual de áreas verdes está associado significativamente com maior chance de prematuridade. Maior densidade de construção foi associada positivamente com a razão de chance de nascimento prematuro. Não encontramos resultados significativos entre a poluição do ar (MP2,5) e prematuridade. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados deste estudo demostraram que áreas mais verdes em relação às áreas menos verdes são menos associadas a nascimentos prematuros.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The effect of weight loss (WL) on histopathological aspects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may provide further insights into the dynamics of hepatic recovery after WL. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of pre-operative WL on insulin resistance- and NAFLD-related histology in individuals undergoing bariatric surgery (BS) with or without pre-operative WL. DESIGN AND SETTING: A matched cross-sectional study was conducted at a public university hospital and a private clinic in Campinas, Brazil. METHODS: An analytical, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using prospectively collected databases of individuals who underwent BS and liver biopsy at either a public tertiary university hospital (with pre-operative WL) or a private clinic (without pre-operative WL). Random electronic matching by gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) was performed and two paired groups of 24 individuals each were selected. RESULTS: Of the 48 participants, 75% were female. The mean age was 37.4 ± 9.6. The mean BMI was 38.9 ± 2.6 kg/m2. Fibrosis was the most common histopathological abnormality (91.7%). Glucose was significantly lower in the WL group (92 ± 19.1 versus 111.8 ± 35.4 mg/dL; P = 0.02). Significantly lower frequencies of macrovesicular steatosis (58.3% versus 95.8%; P = 0.004), microvesicular steatosis (12.5% versus 87.5%; P < 0.001), and portal inflammation (50% versus 87.5%; P = 0.011) were observed in the WL group. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative WL was significantly associated with lower frequencies of macro- and mi- crovesicular steatosis, portal inflammation, and lower glycemia, indicating an association between the recent trajectory of body weight and histological aspects of NAFLD.

ABSTRACT Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that affect gas exchange and growth of pomegranate. In this context, the application of nitrogen fertilizer through the leaves can minimize these effects. Thus, the objective of present study was to evaluate the effect of foliar nitrogen fertilization on pomegranate seedlings irrigated with brackish water. The design used was randomized blocks, in an incomplete factorial scheme (Central Composite Design) with five electrical conductivities of irrigation water - ECw (0.50, 1.15, 2.75, 4.35, and 5.00 dS m-1) and five doses of foliar nitrogen fertilization - FNF (0, 0.33, 1.15, 1.97, and 2.30 g L-1), with four replicates and two plants per experimental plot. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, and gas exchange (stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, instantaneous water use efficiency, and intrinsic water use efficiency) were evaluated at 60 days after the beginning of irrigation with saline water. Salinity of irrigation water negatively affects the gas exchange of pomegranate seedlings. Foliar nitrogen fertilization up to 1.31 g L-1 improves plant height and number of leaves in pomegranate seedlings under salt stress. Foliar nitrogen fertilization up to 1.59 g L-1 increases the net photosynthesis of pomegranate seedlings.

RESUMO A salinidade é um dos estresses abióticos que afeta as trocas gasosas e o crescimento de romãzeira. Neste sentido, à aplicação de adubo nitrogenado via foliar poderá minimizar estes efeitos. Com isso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar com nitrogênio em mudas de romã irrigadas com águas salobra. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial incompleto (Composto Central de Box), sendo cinco condutividade elétrica da água - CEa (0,50; 1,15; 2,75; 4,35 e 5,00 dS m-1) e cinco doses de adubação nitrogenada via foliar - ANF (0; 0,33; 1,15; 1,97 e 2,30 g L-1), com quatro repetições. A salinidade da água de irrigação afeta negativamente as trocas gasosas de mudas de romãzeira. A adubação nitrogenada foliar até 1,31 g L-1 melhora o crescimento em altura e no número de folhas em mudas de romãzeira sob estresse salino. Adubação nitrogenada foliar até a dose de 1,59 g L-1 aumenta a fotossíntese das mudas de romãzeira.

Abstract Background: Ultra-low-dose Spinal Anesthesia (SA) is the practice of employing minimal doses of intrathecal agents so that only the roots that supply a specific area are anesthetized. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of ultra-low-dose spinal anesthesia with that of Perineal Blocks (PB). Methods: A two-arm, parallel, double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing two anesthetic techniques (SA and PB) for hemorrhoidectomy and anal fistula surgery was performed. The primary outcomes were postoperative pain, complementation and/or conversion of anesthesia, and hemodynamic changes. Results: Fifty-nine patients were included in the final analysis. The mean pain values were similar in the first 48 h in both groups (p > 0.05). The individuals allocated to the SA group did not need anesthetic complementation; however, those in the PB group required it considerably (SA group, 0% vs. PB group, 25%; p = 0.005). Hemodynamic changes were more pronounced after PB: during all surgical times, the PB group showed lower MAP values and higher HR values (p < 0.05). Postoperative urinary retention rates were similar between both groups (SA group 0% vs. PB group 3.1%, p = 0.354). Conclusion: SA and PB are similarly effective in pain control during the first 48 h after hemorrhoidec-tomy and anal fistula surgery. Although surgical time was shorter among patients in the PB group, the SA technique may be preferable as it avoids the need for additional anesthesia. Furthermore, the group that received perineal blocks was under sedation with a considerable dose of propofol.

Abstract Among several works, constructions in rock masses are the most complex in engineering, due to many uncertainties of the environment. Tunnel construction is a case in point. A common problem found in tunnel excavations with the use of explosives is the occurrence of overbreak beyond the boundary line of the tunnel. Many researchers worldwide have proposed forecasting techniques based on the use of regression models or machine learning, however, these require many samples and variables, such as the explosive rate and rock mass. Predicting overbreak before blasting is essential in project management, as it can modify parameters of the blasting plan, design, schedule and employee safety. Therefore, this study sought to employ an exponential smoothing model, which could predict the percentage (%) of overbreak in a tunnel section, based solely on the previous overbreak values. This time series methodology has never been used before in tunnel excavations, although it is used in the financial market. The technique was tested in one Brazilian tunnel. The model proved to be very efficient in predicting overbreak in tunnel construction, since it can be adjusted at each advance. The model can be adjusted as a function of α: where α is close to zero, the model prioritizes past events, while for α close to 1, it prioritizes recent events. The best fit occurred with α = 0.9; 0<α<1.

Abstract The geotechnical monitoring of tailings dams combined with a suitable application of geophysical electrical methods can improve their structure evaluation, allowing several correlations between direct analyses and the resistivity anomaly pattern. Considering this synergy, twenty-three electrical resistivity sections (ERT) were acquired along the beach, abutments, and central part of a dam, totalizing 10,776 m of dataset. After the interpretation of each ERT section, comparing the anomaly ranges with the water level meters measurements, three resistivity zones were defined: Zones of low resistivity (<64 ohm-m), correlated to regions of high humidity; zones of high resistivity (> 357 ohm-m), interpreted as dry zones, and regions with intermediate resistivity values, located between these limits. The groundwater surface generated from the interpretation of the electrical resistivity dataset and the groundwater surface acquired from the water level gauges were almost coincident. On the right abutment, the conductive anomalies showed remarkable continuity, suggesting a high moisture content in this region with strong gradients (200 mV) directed towards the zone of low resistivity values identified in the sections. The analysis showed a robust correlation of the ERT data with localized physical geotechnical measurements, valuable for monitoring dam integrity, overseeing the structure's response to climate and operational changes, and ultimately mitigating the risks of failure. The results of this study support the adoption of a seasonal 4D electrical resistivity survey as an effective tool to monitor and manage surface and high humidity zones, key indicators of dam integrity throughout the entire structure.

Abstract Objectives: Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat obstructive salivary gland diseases. Previous studies in the topic have shown mixed results. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sialendoscopy through previous systematic reviews for different outcomes of several diseases. We also aimed to assess studies’ methodological quality and heterogeneity. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature search of Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs and Cochrane Library. We included systematic reviews and meta-analyses that used sialendoscopy to treat both lithiasic and alithiasic salivary glands diseases. Data extraction included studies' characteristics and results. We assessed studies' methodological quality using the AMSTAR-2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2) tool. Results: 13 studies were included in the review, being 9 in adult populations and 4 in pediatric populations. Sialendoscopy proved to be effective at the treatment of different lithiasic and other obstructive diseases, but with important heterogeneity. The technique was also considered highly safe in most studies. However, studies had a critically low quality of evidence. Conclusions: Most studies demonstrated high efficacy and safety of sialendoscopy, but with critically low quality of evidence. We still lack randomized studies in this field, and future systematic reviews on the topic should follow current guidelines to improve conduction and reporting.

ABSTRACT The production of seedlings of forest species for reforestation of biomes is a practice that restores the conditions of the environment, but water and substrates that favor the growth of seedlings are required. However, in the semi-arid region, water is a limiting factor, requiring the use of alternative sources such as treated domestic sewage. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the growth of Anadenanthera colubrina L. seedlings produced in substrates (soil + bovine manure and soil + coconut fiber) fertilized with treated domestic sewage effluent diluted in public-supply water in proportions (100, 75, 50 and 25% of domestic effluent) and using water from the supply network as a control. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, in a split-plot with three replicates. The treated domestic effluent (TDE) used in the experiment came from the domestic sewage treatment plant of the decanter-digester type of the Projeto de Assentamento Milagre Apodi/RN. The study was conducted in a seedling production nursery at UFERSA, with growth and vigor evaluations at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting. The production of seedlings fertigated with domestic effluent caused differences in all growth variables, with improvement in phytomass production. Seedlings fertigated with a dilution of 50% TDE and 50% water supply showed better results when produced with substrate composed of soil and coconut fiber. The seedlings showed good quality, and those cultivated with 50% and 75% of wastewater showed better quality after 120 days of cultivation.

RESUMO A produção de mudas de espécies florestais para reflorestamento de biomas é uma prática que restaura as condições do meio, porém é necessário água e substratos que favoreçam o crescimento das mudas. Entretanto, na região semiárida a água é um fator limitante sendo necessário uso de fontes alternativas como os esgotos domésticos tratados. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento de mudas de angico produzidas em substratos (solo + esterco bovino e solo + fibra de coco) fertigadas com efluente de Esgoto Doméstico Tratado (EDT) e diluídos em água de abastecimento nas proporções (100, 75, 50 e 25% do EDT) e água de abastecimento (testemunha). Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. O efluente EDT utilizado no experimento foi proveniente da estação de tratamento de esgoto doméstico do tipo decanto digestor do Projeto de Assentamento Milagre Apodi/RN. O estudo foi realizado em viveiro de produção de mudas da UFERSA, sendo realizadas avaliações de crescimento e vigor aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias após o transplantio. A produção de mudas fertigadas com efluente doméstico promoveu diferenças em todas as variáveis de crescimento com melhoria na produção de fitomassa. As mudas fertigadas com diluição de 50% do EDT e 50% água de abastecimento proporcionaram melhores resultados quando produzidas com o substrato composto por solo e fibra de coco. As mudas apresentaram-se como de boa qualidade e as cultivadas com 50% e 75% de água residuária mostraram-se com maior qualidade aos 120 dias de cultivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Distension of the rectum wall and subsequent momentary relaxation of the internal anal sphincter (IAS) trigger a reflex called the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR). This same rectal distension causes a reflex contraction of the external anal sphincter (EAS), responsible for conscious continence called rectoanal excitatory reflex (RAER). This set of reflexes are named sampling reflex. Objectives: The sampling reflex is necessary to initiate defecation or flatulence. The objective of this study is to evaluate the sampling reflex and its practical applicability as a manometric marker of the main defecation disorders. Methodology: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) items. The development method consisted of searching for articles in the research platforms BVS, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO and ScienceDirect and for the selection of articles the Rayyan Platform was used. The articles resulting from the search strategies were added to the platform and five collaborators were invited for the blind selection. Finally, 6 articles were included in the final review. Results: An intact sampling reflex allows the individual to facilitate discrimination between flatus and stool and to choose whether to discharge or retain rectal contents. On the other hand, an impaired sampling reflex can predispose an individual to incontinence. Therefore, it was observed that patients with defecation disorders had an impaired sampling reflex, since it was found that constipated patients have incomplete opening of the IAS, lower amplitude of RAIR and increase of RAER. Most incontinent patients present a failure in the recruitment of the EAS, a decrease in the RAER and an increase in the RAIR, in duration and amplitude.

Abstract A thermosetting epoxy polymer composed of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and triethylenetetramine (DGEBA/TETA) was modified by incorporating flexographic photopolymer plate residues (rubber microparticles). The photopolymer plate residues were processed in two ways: (a) by grinding and performing particle size classification (where the resulting samples were denoted PP) and (b) by polyester layer separation and grinding the elastomeric fraction by cryogenic grinding (where the resulting samples were denoted ER). Both residual particles were incorporated into the epoxy at concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt%. The main results indicate that PP was not efficient as a modifier of the epoxy system. A reduction in mechanical properties (maximum tensile strength and deformation) was observed in the samples produced with PP in different concentrations. But, when the ER is incorporated, an increase in tensile property and in the deformation capacity, as well as impact resistance was observed in samples produced with ER. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed a greater presence of voids in formulations produced with PP, which corroborates the decrease in the tensile strength of these samples.