ABSTRACT Priming with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contributes positively to the increase of salt tolerance in plants. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of H2O2 as an attenuator of the negative effects induced by salinity on coriander plants grown in a hydroponic system. The coriander seeds were pretreated with different H2O2 concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mM). The coriander plants were grown in nutrient solutions without presence of NaCl for control treatment (T1), while the other five treatments received 50 mM NaCl: T2 (absence of H2O2 in seed pretreatment), T3, T4, T5, and T6 corresponding to seed pretreatment with H2O2 at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mM, respectively, in a completely randomized design with four replicates. In general, salinity reduced the production of shoot fresh and dry mass of coriander plants. However, the pretreatment with H2O2 significantly increased the salt tolerance of plants. H2O2 acted as a metabolic signal, improving the ion homeostasis by decreasing Na+ and/or Cl- contents and increasing K+ content in leaves. The multivariate analysis revealed an opposite effect between the Na+ and K+ contents, in addition, to indicating that these results can directly affect the growth of coriander plants.

RESUMO O pré-tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) contribui positivamente para o aumento da tolerância ao sal em plantas. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito do H2O2 como atenuador do efeito negativo induzido pela salinidade em plantas de coentro cultivadas em sistema hidropônico. As sementes de coentro foram pré-tratadas com diferentes concentrações de H2O2 (0,1, 1, 10 e 100 mM). As plantas de coentro foram cultivadas em soluções nutritivas sem a presença de NaCl para o tratamento controle (T1), enquanto nos outros cinco tratamentos receberam 50 mM de NaCl: T2 (ausência de H2O2 no pré-tratamento das sementes), T3, T4, T5 e T6 correspondendo ao pré-tratamento de sementes com H2O2 nas concentrações de 0,1, 1, 10 e 100 mM, respectivamente, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Em geral, a salinidade reduziu a produção de massa fresca e seca da parte aérea das plantas de coentro. No entanto, o pré-tratamento com H2O2 aumentou significativamente a tolerância das plantas ao sal. O H2O2 atuou como sinalizador metabólico, melhorando a homeostase iônica diminuindo o teor de Na+ e/ou Cl- e aumentando o teor de K+ nas folhas. A análise multivariada revelou um efeito oposto entre os teores de Na+ e K+, além disso, indicou que esses resultados podem afetar diretamente o crescimento das plantas de coentro.

This investigation describes the synthesis of eugenol analogs presenting 1,2,3-triazole fragments and evaluation of their antileishmanial activity. The alkylation of guaiacol (1) with allyl bromide afforded 1-(allyloxy)-2-methoxybenzene (2) (93% yield). The Claisen rearrangement conducted with 1 gave ortho eugenol (3) (82% yield). Alkylation procedures performed with 3 produced 1-allyl-3-methoxy-2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)benzene (4) (73% yield) and 1-allyl-3-methoxy-2-(pent-4-yn-1-yloxy)benzene (6) (53% yield). The copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions involving alkynes 4 and 6 with different benzylic azides afforded twenty-two eugenol analogs with 1,2,3-triazole functionalities (48-93% yield). We screened the compounds at 10 μmol L 1 against Leishmania braziliensis intracellular amastigotes during macrophage infection. The action of these compounds was compared with the known leishmanicidal drug amphotericin B. None of the analogs were toxic to macrophages at 10 μmol L-1. The cytotoxic concentration at 50% (CC50), effective concentration at 50% (EC50), and selectivity index (SI) were determined to the best compounds 4-((2-allyl-6-methoxy)phenoxymethyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (8c) and 4-((2-allyl-6-methoxy)phenoxymethyl)-1-(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazole (8h). They showed a significant leishmanicidal effect, with EC50 of 28.09 µmol L-1 (8c) and 52.03 µmol L-1 (8h). The SIs were 9.7 for 8c and > 5.7 for 8h. These compounds have the potential as new leishmanicidal agents against L. braziliensis and may represent a starting point for the development of alternative treatments for cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Abstract The black aphid Aphis craccivora Koch is one of the main pests of the caupi-bean crop Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Due to the need to find effective and safe methods of control, there has been an increase in research seeking natural alternatives. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of essential oils from jatoba Hymenaea courbaril, copaiba Copaifera langsdorffii and aroeira Schinus terebinthifolius to control nymphs and adults of A. craccivora. The oils were extracted from the leaves by the hydrodistillation method, diluted to 0.1% in distilled water with 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Each treatment had four repetitions, plus a control with distilled water + 2% DMSO. The biotests were conducted in two stages: the first was conducted in the laboratory, under controlled conditions of temperature, relative humidity and photophase, and the second was conducted in the greenhouse, using only the treatment with the best laboratory test results. After 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours of exposure, the insect mortalities were checked. In the first phase of the experiment, the aroeira oil showed 83.33% and 75.75% efficiency of mortality in nymphs and adults, respectively. In the greenhouse tests, this same oil showed 73.52% in nymphs and 62.85% in adults, opening new perspectives regarding its use as a natural insecticide for the control of the black aphid of the bean.

Resumo O pulgão preto Aphis craccivora Koch é uma das principais pragas da cultura do feijão-caupi Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Em virtude da necessidade de encontrar métodos eficazes e seguros de controle, tem-se aumentado as pesquisas buscando alternativas naturais. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial dos óleos essenciais de jatobá Hymenaea courbaril, copaíba Copaifera langsdorffii e aroeira Schinus terebinthifolius para controlar ninfas e adultos de A. craccivora. Os óleos foram extraídos das folhas pelo método de hidrodestilação, diluídos a 0,1% em água destilada com Dimetilsufóxido a 2% (DMSO). Cada tratamento possuiu quatro repetições, além da testemunha com água destilada + DMSO 2%. Os biotestes foram conduzidos em duas etapas: a primeira foi realizada em laboratório, sob condições controladas de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e fotofase e a segunda foi realizada em casa de vegetação, utilizando apenas o tratamento com melhor resultado do teste em laboratório. Depois de transcorridos 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas de exposição, foram verificadas as mortalidades dos insetos. Na primeira fase do experimento, o óleo de aroeira apresentou 83,33% e 75,75% de eficiência de mortalidade em ninfas e adultos, respectivamente. Nos testes em casa de vegetação, esse mesmo óleo apresentou 73,52% em ninfas e 62,85% e em adultos, abrindo novas perspectivas quanto à sua utilização como inseticida natural para o controle do pulgão preto do feijoeiro.

RESUMO Introdução Existem poucos estudos sobre a eficácia de modelos de treinamento com conjuntos de alto volume por sessão em grupos musculares específicos. Objetivos O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes repetições do treinamento de resistência (TR) com volumes equalizados nas adaptações musculares. Métodos Este estudo tem desenho experimental com 47 voluntários que realizaram oito semanas de TR depois de serem distribuídos randomicamente em três grupos: dez séries de três repetições máximas (10x3), três séries de dez repetições máximas (3x10) e cinco séries de seis repetições máximas (5x6) para cada grupo muscular por sessão de treinamento. A força máxima (teste de 1RM) e a espessura muscular (EM) foram avaliadas como desfecho. Resultados Verificou-se efeito significativo (p = 0,001) sobre o tempo na força máxima nos três grupos, contudo, nenhuma significância (p > 0,05) foi observada nas interações entre tempo e grupo. Constatou-se efeito significativo (p = 0,001) do tempo sobre a EM para bíceps, tríceps e vasto lateral, sem diferenças significativas nas interações entre tempo e grupo. Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre força máxima e espessura muscular depois das análises estatísticas gerais para todos os protocolos. Conclusões A melhora da força máxima e da espessura muscular é semelhante quando o volume de repetições é equalizado considerando o número de séries e repetições. Nível de evidência I; Estudos terapêuticos, investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction There are few studies on the effectiveness of training models with high volume sets per session in particular muscle groups. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different resistance training (RT) repetitions with equalized volumes on muscle adaptations. Methods This study used an experimental design in which forty-seven volunteers underwent 8 weeks of RT after having been distributed randomly into three groups: ten sets of three maximum repetitions (10x3), three sets of ten maximum repetitions (3x10) and five sets of six maximum repetitions (5x6) for each muscular group per training session. Maximum strength (1RM test) and muscle thickness (MT) were evaluated as outcomes. Results A significant main effect (p=0.001) of time on maximum strength was observed for the three groups, but no significance was observed (p>0.05) in time x group interactions. A significant main effect (p=0.001) of time was observed on MT for biceps, triceps and vastus lateralis, without significant differences for time x group interactions. Significant correlations were found between maximum strength and muscle thickness after general statistical analyses for all protocols. Conclusion Improvements in maximum strength and muscle thickness are similar when repetition volumes are equalized through the number of series and repetitions. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic studies, investigation of treatment results.

RESUMEN Introducción Existen pocos estudios sobre la eficacia de modelos entrenamiento con conjuntos de alto volumen por sesión en grupos musculares específicos. Objetivos El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos de diferentes repeticiones del entrenamiento de resistencia (ER) con volúmenes ecualizados en las adaptaciones musculares. Métodos Este estudio tiene diseño experimental con 47 voluntarios que realizaron ocho semanas de ER después de ser distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos: diez series de tres repeticiones máximas (10x3), tres series de diez repeticiones máximas (3x10) y cinco series de seis repeticiones máximas (5x6) para cada grupo muscular por sesión de entrenamiento. La fuerza máxima (test de 1RM) y el espesor muscular (EM) fueron evaluados como conclusión. Resultados Se verificó efecto significativo (p = 0,001) sobre el tiempo en la fuerza máxima en los tres grupos, sin embargo, ninguna significancia (p> 0,05) fue observada en las interacciones entre tiempo y grupo. Se constató efecto significativo (p = 0,001) del tiempo sobre el EM para bíceps, tríceps y vasto lateral, sin diferencias significativas en las interacciones entre tiempo y grupo. Fueron encontradas correlaciones significativas entre fuerza máxima y espesor muscular después de los análisis estadísticos generales para todos los protocolos. Conclusiones La mejora de la fuerza máxima y del espesor muscular es semejante cuando el volumen de repeticiones es ecualizado considerando el número de series y repeticiones. Nivel de evidencia I; Estudios terapéuticos, investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Abstract AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the effects of previous carbohydrate supplementation on high-volume resistance exercise performance METHODS Twenty males physically independent adults aged ≥18 years participated in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Sixty minutes before the experimental protocol, each participant ingested 0,6 g.kg of body mass-1 of carbohydrate supplementation or placebo. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction tests were performed before and after the dynamic fatigue induction protocol consisting of 10 sets of 8 repetitions of right leg knee extensors at 120º s-1. RESULTS Lower decrement of the isometric peak torque (p<0,001) and of the rate of torque development (p<0,001) was observed in carbohydrate supplementation after the dynamic protocol. Both concentric and eccentric peak torque differed significantly (p<0,001) between carbohydrate supplementation and placebo treatments from the second set, although the slope of the force-repetitions curve was not different between them. Additionally, the carbohydrate supplementation resulted in a lower session rating of perceived exertion (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONS Previous carbohydrate supplementation attenuates muscle fatigue and internal load exercise in a high-volume isokinetic leg protocol.

Abstract Aim: To determine how EMG, anthropometric, and psychological factors, and physical activity levels affect isokinetic peak torque performance (IPT) of multiple set exercise sessions. Methods: 20 participants (27±7 years old), classified as active (A=10) and inactive (I=10), performed 10x10:40secs of maximal unilateral knee flexions and extensions at 120o.s-1. The IPT, EMG, glucose, LDH, and lactate concentrations and perceptions of pain, effort, recovery. Results: Active volunteers showed higher muscularity (52±5 vs 47±4 cm; p<0.05), PTI (262±4 vs 185±4 Nm; p<0.05), relative lower drop in performance (14±2 vs 27±3% ; p<0.05), major MDF (83±1 vs 76±1 Hz; p<0.05), lower log -Fins5 (-12.9±0.3 vs -12.7 ± 0.3 Hz; p<0.05), smaller subjective perception of effort (14.8±0.3 vs 17.0±0.3) and higher subjective perception of recovery (14.2±0.2 vs 12.3±0.3). There was a significant interaction between relative fatigue and the number of sets (F=6.18; p<0.001). Stepwise multiple regressions revealed that subjective perception of recovery best explained the fatigue level generated in the active volunteers [fatigue level= 85.084-5255(SPR)] while for body mass was the best determinant for the inactive group [fatigue level = -21.560 +1.828(BMI)]. Conclusion: Data from the present analysis suggest that physically active individuals show higher torque development and a smaller fatigability index when compared to inactive individuals. Among the fatigue models studied, it is possible that alterations in biochemical components, psychophysiological and EMG are not sensitive to the direct influence of the fatigue dynamics protocol, both in active or inactive individuals.

RESUMO Introdução: A trombose arterial é considerada uma doença multifatorial, resultante da interação de fatores de risco genéticos e adquiridos. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença dos polimorfismos nos genes do inibidor da ativação do plasminogênio tipo 1 (PAI-1) e da apolipoproteína E (ApoE), bem como suas interações com níveis de PAI-1 e lipídios e perfis de apolipoproteína, respectivamente, além das frequências desses polimorfismos e sua associação com trombose. Métodos: Noventa e sete pacientes [48 com acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico arterial (AVC) e 49 com doença arterial periférica (DAP)], tratados no serviço médico de hematologia, foram incluídos neste estudo. Os polimorfismos também foram investigados em 201 indivíduos-controle. Os polimorfismos foram investigados por reação em cadeia da polimerase-fragmento de restrição polimorfismo (PCR-RFLP). Resultados: Para o polimorfismo PAI-1, havia 54,2% genótipos heterozigotos (HT) e 12,5% genótipos de homozigoto (HM) no grupo dos pacientes, e 52,7% genótipos HT e 21,3% genótipos HM nos grupos-controle. Para o polimorfismo da ApoE, havia 56,3% (ε3ε3), 6,3% (ε4ε4), 8,3% (ε2ε3), 4,2% (ε2ε4) e 24,9% (ε3ε4) nos pacientes, e 61,2% (ε3ε3), 4,5% (ε4ε4), 8% (ε2ε3), 4,5% (ε2ε4) e 21,8% (ε3ε4) nos controles. Conclusão: Nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada comparando pacientes e controles. Neste estudo, não foi encontrada associação entre a presença dos polimorfismos avaliados e a ocorrência de eventos trombóticos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Arterial thrombosis is considered a multifactorial disease, resulting from the interaction of genetic and acquired risk factors. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of the polymorphism in inhibitor of plasminogen activator type 1 (PAI-1) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genes and its interactions with PAI-1 levels and lipids and apolipoprotein profiles, respectively, as well as the frequencies of these polymorphisms and their association with thrombosis. Methods: Ninety-seven patients [48 with arterial ischemic stroke (IS) and 49 with peripheral arterial disease (PAD)], treated at the hematology medical service were included in this study. Polymorphisms were also investigated in 201 control subjects. Polymorphisms were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: For the PAI-1 polymorphism, there were 54.2% heterozygous (HT) genotypes and 12.5% homozygous (HM) genotypes in the patients' group, and 52.7% HT genotypes and 21.3% HM genotypes in the controls. For the ApoE polymorphism, there were 56.3% (ε3ε3), 6.3% (ε4ε4), 8.3% (ε2ε3), 4.2% (ε2ε4) and 24.9% (ε3ε4) in the patients, and 61.2% (ε3ε3), 4.5% (ε4ε4), 8% (ε2ε3), 4.5% (ε2ε4) and 21.8% (ε3ε4) in the controls. Conclusion: No significant difference was observed by comparing patients and controls. In this study, no association was found between the presence of the evaluated polymorphisms and the occurrence of thrombotic events.

Abstract AIM the aim of this study was to analyze the weekly sets volume (WSV) performed by trained men and women for each muscle group in muscle hypertrophy programs. METHODS One hundred and five resistance training practitioners of both sex (42 women, 29.8±5.7 years; 63 men, 28.5±5.7 years) consented to the analysis of their current training programs. Their training plains were analyzed by a researcher that used the following equation to determine the WSV performed for each muscle group: "number of exercises per muscle group per training session X number of sets per exercise in each training session X weekly training frequency per muscle group". The median values by each muscle group were compared within and between genders. RESULTS Between group analysis demonstrated that men performed higher WSV for upper body (UB) muscles than women (47.2±14,6 vs. 18.2±7.4 sets). Conversely, women performed a higher WSV for lower body (LB) muscle groups than men (23.8±11.2 vs. 11.5±7.0 sets). The training volume for the abdominal muscles did not differ between groups. When comparing the WSV for the UB, LB and core musculature within groups, men perform higher training volumes for the UB compared to the LB and core, while women train the LB with a higher volume compared to the other musculature. CONCLUSION For some muscle groups, the WSV is higher than recommended in the literature for muscle hypertrophy. Men emphasize the UB training, while women emphasize training the LB. Moreover, the WSV performed by subjects of both genders is disproportionate between different muscle groups.

OBJECTIVES: To describe external training load and internal training load through sets of a single session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) body work. METHODS: Twenty male individuals (24±3 years) performed a HIIT body work protocol consisting of a single bout of exercise with 1:1 stimuli. The exercises used were 30 min in duration with “all-out” intensity. The exercises included jumping jacks, mountain climbers, burpees and squat jumps, totaling 20 min of exercise. During exercise, total movement capacity, blood lactate measurement, ratings of perceived exertion and recovery, training load and intensity were monitored. RESULTS: The single bout examined showed a total of 382±89 movements. Differences (p<0.01) in the total amount of movement for each exercise were noted, reflecting the difficulty of maintaining exercise over time. Increases in lactate concentrations (before: 0.98±0.16, after: 14.10±1.66; mmol/L) were found postexercise. Significant differences (p<0.01) were found after the fifth set, and the values for movement capacity remained higher than the values of the first set, demonstrating high load in a single session. No differences in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during the sets were found. However, the ratings of perceived recuperation from the second set were significantly (p<0.01) lower than those from the first set. CONCLUSIONS: The exercise protocol used in this study was of high intensity and produced large values for stress during performance, with increases recorded for the internal load indicators.

RESUMO Para o desenvolvimento adequado da planta e obtenção de produtividade satisfatória é essencial a reposição de água e nutrientes na quantidade ideal e no momento oportuno. Ante o exposto objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os efeitos de níveis de potencial de água no solo e doses de lithothamnium sobre o crescimento e a produção de frutos de pimentão cultivado em sistema de produção orgânico. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 5 x 4 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam à aplicação de cinco doses de lithothamnium (0; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4 g dm-3) e quatro potenciais de água no solo (-6, -24, -42 e -60 kPa). A aplicação de doses crescentes de lithothamnium e irrigações manejadas com base em valores crescentes de potenciais de água produziram aumento linear nas características de crescimento e produção do pimentão. A máxima eficiência econômica do fertilizante lithothamnium foi obtida com a aplicação da dose de 0,54 g dm-3 correspondendo à produção de frutos de 491,26 g planta-1. Irrigações mais frequentes favorecem o aumento do crescimento e da produtividade do pimentão cultivado sob sistema orgânico.

ABSTRACT For proper plant growth and achievement of satisfactory yield, it is essential to replenish water and nutrients, in the right amount and time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil water potential and lithothamnium doses on the growth and yield of bell pepper fruits in an organic production system. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments were five lithothamnium doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 g dm-3) and four soil water potentials (-6, -24, -42 and -60 kPa). Increasing lithothamnium doses and irrigations based on increasing soil water potentials produced linear increase in plant growth and fruit production. The maximum economic efficiency of the lithothamnium fertilizer was obtained with the application of 0.54 g dm-3, corresponding to the fruit yield of 491.26 g plant-1. More frequent irrigations favor the increase in growth and yield of bell pepper in organic system.

OBJECTIVES:The assessment of early sucking by preterm infants provides information on the ability of these infants to efficiently and safely receive nutrients via an oral route (oral feeding). To analyze the application and reliability of an instrument in assessing non-nutritive sucking that indicates a capacity for oral feeding in the routine care of different neonatal units.METHODS:A multicenter, prospective cohort study was conducted in seven neonatal units. A non-nutritive sucking assessment with a formulary validated by Neiva et al (2008) (variables evaluated: rooting reaction; easy initiation of sucking; labial sealing; tongue central groove; peristaltic tongue movements; jaw raising and lowering movements; labial, tongue and jaw coordination; sucking strength; sucking rhythm; bites; excessive jaw excursion; stress signals) was applied to 199 pre-term newborns, who had a chronological age ≥ 2 days and were clinically stable. These infants were divided into two groups based on their corrected gestational age at the first assessment, as follows: Group I-infants with a gestational age ≤ 33 weeks and Group II-infants with a gestational age between 34 and 36 6/7 weeks.RESULTS:The mean gestational age was 31.66±2 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 1494 ± 373 g. The mean scores on the non-nutritive sucking assessment were 46 ± 25 in Group I and 49 ± 24 in Group II. The beginning of oral feeding was successful in 43 (67.2%) infants in Group I and 64 (81%) infants in Group II (p= 0.089).CONCLUSION:The method identified preterm infants who were able to feed orally based on 33 points in the non-nutritive sucking assessment and a corrected gestational age of 32 weeks or more. The corrected gestational age was the most important factor in predicting the success of oral feeding.

DgCr22.1b, um isolado endofítico de Talaromyces sp., foi coletado na Floresta Amazônica a partir da planta medicinal Duguetia stelechantha. Do fracionamento do extrato metanólico de sua massa micelial, foi isolada uma nova xantona dimérica talaroxantona. A estrutura deste novo composto foi elucidada com base em análises espectroscópicas incluindo experimentos de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) 2D.

DgCr22.1b, an endophytic isolate of Talaromyces sp., was collected in the Amazonian Rainforest from the medicinal plant Duguetia stelechantha. From the fractionation of the methanolic mycelial extract, a new xanthone dimer talaroxanthone was isolated. The structure of this new compound was elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses including 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments.

O reconhecimento oficial da fitoterapia na odontologia no Brasil veio acompanhado de diversas lacunas na pesquisa científica e na utilização de plantas medicinais, especificamente para espécies vegetais com aplicação nas doenças da cavidade oral. O estado do Amazonas, especificamente a cidade de Manaus, não possui um diagnóstico da aplicabilidade de plantas medicinais nos serviços de atenção Odontológica. Esse estudo propôs realizar um estudo do tipo quali-quantitativo, descritivo e exploratório visando o levantamento da comercialização de plantas medicinais e o estudo etnobotânico para identificação das principais plantas medicinais indicadas e utilizadas nas patologias orais nos atendimentos odontológicos ambulatoriais na cidade de Manaus. Foram entrevistados 197 usuários do serviço odontológico, 150 Cirurgiões-Dentistas, e 47 comerciantes credenciados na prefeitura Municipal de Manaus. A amostragem foi realizada por acessibilidade ou conveniência para os Cirurgiões-Dentistas, enquanto os usuários foram selecionados através de amostragem aleatória simples, e os comerciantes de plantas medicinais foram entrevistados em sua totalidade. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de comercialização de plantas medicinais para patologias orais, destacando-se as seguintes espécies: Pedra ume cãa (Aulomyrcia sphareocarpa), Crajiru (Arrabidae chica), além da planta, sem identificação botânica, conhecida popularmente como Sara tudo. Entre os Cirurgiões-Dentistas e entre os pacientes, apenas 8% e 7,61%, respectivamente, utilizaram plantas medicinais para alterações patológicas orais. Os autores concluíram que as plantas medicinais comercializadas na cidade de Manaus são utilizadas de maneira empírica e que, apesar da Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC), novas políticas públicas de saúde devem inserir plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos de uso oral na rede pública de saúde na cidade de Manaus.

The official recognition of herbal medicine in dentistry in Brazil was accompanied by several gaps in scientific research and the use of medicinal plants, specifically for plant species applied to diseases of the oral cavity. The state of Amazonas, specifically the city of Manaus, does not have a diagnosis of applicability of medicinal plants in Dental care services. This research intended to conduct a qualitative and quantitative-type, descriptive and exploratory study in order to conduct a survey on the commercialization of medicinal plants and an ethnobotanical study to identify the main medicinal plants indicated and used in oral pathologies in outpatient dental care in the city of Manaus. We interviewed 197 users of dental services, 150 dentists, and 47 accredited traders in the Municipality of Manaus. The sampling was performed by accessibility or convenience for surgeon-dentists, while users were selected through simple random sampling, and all traders of medicinal plants were interviewed. The results demonstrated that medicinal plants for oral diseases are commercialized, among which the following species are highlighted: Pedra ume Caa (Aulomyrcia sphareocarpa), Crajiru (Arrabidaea chica), in addition to an unidentified botanical plant popularly known as Sara Tudo. 8% of dentists and 7.61% of patients used medicinal plants for oral pathological changes. The authors concluded that medicinal plants commercialized in the city of Manaus are used empirically, and that, despite the rules from the National Policy on Integrative and Complementary Practices (PNPIC), new public health policies must add medicinal plants and herbal medicines for oral use to the public health system of the city of Manaus.

A family of entropy indices constructed in the framework of Tsallis entropy formalism is used to investigate ecological diversity. It represents a new perspective in ecology because a simple equation can incorporate all aspects of α-diversity, from richness to dominance and can be also related to a measure of species rarity. In addition, a generalized Kullback-Leibler distance, constructed in the framework of a nonextensive formalism, is recalled and used as a measure of β-diversity between two systems. These tools are applied to data relative to the macrophytes collected from two not far apart arms of Itaipu Reservoir, in Paraná River basin.