Abstract This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and extent of bleeding on probing and calculus in 12-year-old schoolchildren of Quito, Ecuador, and evaluate the associated factors. We conducted an epidemiological survey with a representative sample of 1,100 12-year-old schoolchildren from public schools in the urban area of Quito, Ecuador. We assessed the periodontal health using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The prevalence and extent of the periodontal condition was based on the presence of at least one site with bleeding on probing (BOP), and the presence of dental calculus was also evaluated. We used univariate and multiple multilevel Poisson regression analyses to verify the association between the independent variables and the number of sextants with BOP and calculus. The prevalence of BOP and calculus was 92% and 69.9%, respectively. The adjusted mean of the affected sextants was 4.3 and 2.2 for BOP and calculus, respectively. The mother’s schooling and malocclusion were associated with the number of sextants with bleeding. The mother’s schooling and dental caries experience were associated with calculus. Gingival bleeding and the presence of dental calculus are highly prevalent in 12-year-old schoolchildren from Quito. Gingival bleeding is associated with maternal education and malocclusion, and dental calculus is associated with maternal education and dental caries.

RESUMEN: Las proteínas S100 pertenecen al grupo de proteínas fijadoras de calcio y están presentes en actividades reguladoras fisiológicas intracelulares y extracelulares, como la diferenciación celular, y actúan en procesos patológicos inflamatorios y neoplásicos. Recientemente, sus expresiones en el sistema nervioso han sido ampliamente estudiadas, buscando dilucidar su acción a nivel del tálamo: una estructura del sistema nervioso central que forma parte de importantes circuitos, como el somatosensorial, conductual, de memoria y cognitivo, así como además de ser responsable de la transmisión y regulación de la información a la corteza cerebral. Este artículo es una revisión integradora de la literatura científica, que analizó 12 estudios presentes en Pubmed. El análisis mostró que la relación de las proteínas S100 y el tálamo ha sido descrita en procesos neoplásicos, trastornos mentales, hipoxia, trauma, estrés, infección, enfermedad de Parkinson y epilepsia. En resumen, es posible concluir que esta familia de proteínas es relevante como marcador en procesos de lesión talámica, requiriendo más estudios para comprender mejor su significado clínico, preclínico y su valor pronóstico.

SUMMARY: S100 proteins belong group of calcium-binding proteins and are present in physiological intracellular and extracellular regulatory activities, such as cell differentiation, and act in inflammatory and neoplastic pathological processes. Recently, its expressions in the nervous system have been extensively studied, seeking to elucidate its action at the level of the thalamus: A structure of the central nervous system that is part of important circuits, such as somatosensory, behavioral, memory and cognitive, as well as being responsible for the transmission and regulation of information to the cerebral cortex. This article is an integrative review of scientific literature, which analyzed 12 studies present in Pubmed. The analysis showed that the relationship of S100 proteins and the thalamus has been described in neoplastic processes, mental disorders, hypoxia, trauma, stress, infection, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. In summary, it is possible to conclude that this protein family is relevant as a marker in processes of thalamic injury, requiring further studies to better understand its clinical, preclinical meanings and its prognostic value.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the perceptions of students and teachers regarding remote teaching modality in comparison with the traditional face-to-face method. Methods In this observational, retrospective, comparative, single-center study, questionnaires containing three major assessment domains were sent to two groups: university professors and undergraduate and graduate students. The first domain collected demographic and general data on the platforms used. The second and third domains contained questions that compared the perception of the quality of information offered by the two systems. Results Between May and September 2020, 162 students and 71 teachers participated in the study. A greater proportion of students demonstrated previous contact with the online method, while professors had presented a greater number of courses. Most participants reported that their expectations regarding the remote teaching method were met (students, 80.3%; teachers, 94.4%). A significant number of students (83.3%) and teachers (88.7%) rated the classes as easier to attend and manage. Despite difficulties, such as concentration retention, most of the participants agree (at least partially) that the format should be maintained. Conclusion The remote teaching methodology, although still incipient in Brazil, has become a reality in light of current health restrictions. Our study demonstrated a high level of overall satisfaction and a high sense of learning from both students and faculty. However, new challenges associated with this system have been identified, such as retention of attention and interference from the external environment. Longitudinal comparative studies that incorporate various aspects of medical education in all cycles are necessary to corroborate the findings of this study. Design Retrospective comparative study, level III evidence.

Abstract Background Amaranthus palmeri is an economically important plant species worldwide. The rapid growth and competitive potential of crops make A. palmeri a major problem. Studies on the dissemination potential of this weed in Brazil and worldwide are necessary to identify the regions with high climatic potential. Similarly, we analyzed the behavior of the species in the face of predicted climate change. Studies of this type can be performed using ecological niche modeling. Objective This work aimed to determine areas with climatic suitability for A. palmeri in the present and future climates in Brazil and globally. Methods We projected the potential distribution of A. palmeri based on the environmental requirements and stress parameters that limit this species in Brazil. Results For the current climate, our model identified regions with favorable climatic suitability for A. palmeri on most continents. The results showed that the suitability of A. palmeri in the Brazilian territory will decrease owing to predicted climate change. The future model highlighted decreases in the suitable northern, northeastern, and midwestern areas. An annual study of the occurrence of A. palmeri using the weekly growth index predicted by the model showed great potential for the species throughout the year, with a decrease in the driest months (July to August), indicating the preference of the species for moist soils. Tropical and subtropical zones are currently experiencing a reduction in suitable areas because of climate change in northeastern Brazil and western Australia. Temperate zone sites have potential areas of expansion for A. palmeri (northern USA, Russia, and China) under climate change. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, management strategies should be planned to contain the global spread of A. palmeri.

Resumen Introducción: El Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica es una región diversa y productiva; sin embargo, tenemos un escaso conocimiento sobre el estado de los recursos marinos y la dinámica pesquera, particularmente de la pesca artesanal en el Golfo de Santa Elena, uno de los principales caladeros de la zona. Objetivo: Caracterizar la dinámica de esta pesquería. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos recopilados por el Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura y las facturas pesqueras de los sitios de desembarque para el período 2010-2019. Resultados: Hubo una alta variación en la biomasa desembarcada, sin embargo, la captura total por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE; kg/día) y de las principales especies objetivo no disminuyó significativamente. En general, hubo una CPUE más baja en los meses de surgencia (diciembre-abril). De las 42 especies comerciales reportadas, la mayor biomasa provino del pargo mancha (Lutjanus guttatus; 22 % de la biomasa), el pargo seda (L. peru; 18 %), las cabrillas (Epinephelus spp.; 15 %) y el pulpo (Octopus spp., 13 %). Conclusiones: La CPUE en Santa Elena no ha disminuido significativamente de 2010 a 2019, pero disminuye en la época de surgencia.

Abstract Introduction: The North Pacific of Costa Rica is a diverse and productive region; however, we have a poor understanding of the status of marine resources and fisheries dynamics, particularly for the artisanal fishery in the Gulf of Santa Elena, one of the main fishing grounds of the area. Objective: To characterize the dynamics of this fishery. Methods: We analyzed data collected by the Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura, and sales invoices from landing sites for the period 2010-2019. Results: There was high variation in the landed biomass, however, total catch per unit effort (CPUE; kg/day) and of the main targeted species did not decrease significantly. Overall, there was a lower CPUE in upwelling months (December-April). For the 42 commercial species reported, most biomass was from the spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus; 22 % of biomass), the Pacific red snapper (L. peru; 18 %), groupers (Epinephelus spp.; 15 %) and octopuses (Octopus spp., 13 %). Conclusions: CPUE at Santa Elena has not declined significantly from 2010 to 2019, but it falls in the upwelling season.

Resumo Este artigo é a segunda parte de nossa discussão sobre a “política da consideração” proposta por José Kelly e Marcos Matos, e sua relação com as nossas teorias da maestria. Na primeira parte, publicada no número anterior deste periódico, analisamos as premissas dos autores e reinterpretamos os dados etnográficos nos quais estas se sustentam. Nesta segunda parte, reivindicamos o lugar central dos esquemas relacionais da maestria na etnologia indígena, e traçamos sua pertinência em diferentes contextos etnográficos. Em seguida, nós nos voltamos para a região do médio Juruá-Purus e dos povos Arawá e Katukina que habitam a região para oferecer uma análise diferente da suposta ‘alternância’ e ‘mutualidade’ que vigorariam na região segundo a ótica da política da consideração. Por fim, refletimos sobre a importância política da figura do ‘mestre’ ou ‘dono’ nas relações dos povos indígenas com os Estados-nações em que vivem.

Abstract This is the second part of our discussion of José Kelly and Marcos Matos’s “politics of regard” and its relation to our theories of mastery. In the first part, published in the previous issue of this journal, we analysed the authors’ premisses and reinterpreted the ethnographic data that they use to support it. In this second part, we reclaim the central place of the relational schema of mastery in lowland South American anthropology, and trace its pertinence in different ethnographic contexts. We then shift the middle course of the Juruá and Purus rivers, and the Arawá and Katukina speaking people that inhabit it, to provide a different analysis of the purported ‘alteration’ and ‘mutuality’ that would characterise the region according to politics of regard. Finally, we consider the political importance of the figure of ‘master’ or ‘owner’ in the relations that Indigenous peoples sustain with the nation states in which they live.

Resumen Este artículo es la segunda parte de nuestra discusión sobre la “política de la consideración” propuesta por José Kelly y Marcos Matos, y su relación con nuestras teorías de la maestría. En la primera parte, publicada en el número anterior de esta revista, analizamos las premisas de los autores y reinterpretamos los datos etnográficos sobre los cuales estos se sustentan. En esta segunda parte, reivindicamos el lugar central de los esquemas relacionales de la maestría en la etnología indígena, y trazamos su pertenencia en diferentes contextos etnográficos. En seguida, nos dedicamos a la región del medio Juruá-Purus, y de los pueblos Arawá y Katukina que habitan la región, para ofrecer un análisis diferente de la supuesta “alternancia” y “mutualidad” que adquirirían vigor en la región desde la óptica de la política de la consideración. Por último, reflexionamos sobre la importancia política de la figura del “maestro” o “dueño” en las relaciones de los pueblos indígenas con los estados-nación en los que viven.

Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess whether favorable factors related to school characteristics have a positive effect on the impact of traumatic dental injury (TDI) on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). An epidemiological survey of oral health was conducted with 12-year-old schoolchildren from Quito, Ecuador. Children were examined for TDI, dental caries, and malocclusion. Individual socioeconomic data were also collected. Information on the physical environment, health practices, and occurrence of negative episodes at school was collected from the school coordinators. The Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ11-14) was used to evaluate the OHRQoL (outcome variable). Multilevel Poisson regression analysis was conducted. Severe TDI was associated with higher CPQ11-14 scores, even in the multiple model adjusted for oral health conditions, sex, individual socioeconomic variables, and school-related variables. Children from schools that had an appropriate tooth-brushing environment for their students exhibited a lower impact on OHRQoL, even after adjustment for the occurrence of TDI and other variables. A favorable school environment may exert a positive effect on OHRQoL, independent of the occurrence of TDI.

RESUMO Estima-se que a população mundial irá aumentar consideravelmente nos próximos anos. Diante disso, existe a necessidade de maximizar a produção de proteína animal, da qual o sistema de produção a pasto é a forma mais econômica. Porém, os fatores abióticos interferem na produção animal, em que o déficit hídrico é o fator que mais limita o desenvolvimento de forrageiras. Este estudo visou avaliar a tolerância de genótipos de Urochloa spp. sob períodos em condição de déficit hídrico. O experimento foi realizado sob delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial. Foram avaliados 12 genótipos forrageiros em três períodos de estresse hídrico, com três repetições. Não houve efeito de interação entre os fatores genótipos e tempo de estresse por déficit hídrico para todas as variáveis. Constatou-se redução na produção de forragem com o aumento do tempo em restrição hídrica, com diminuição de 23% para massa de folhas e 30% para colmos. No caso dos atributos da folha, foi verificada redução de 28% na área e 21% no comprimento foliar. Para o fator genótipo o material G11 se destacou em relação aos demais por apresentar melhores características agronômicas. Entretanto, são necessários estudos a fim de demonstrar a superioridade desse material em sistemas de produção.

ABSTRACT It is estimated that World population will increase considerably in the coming years. Thus, there is a need to maximize the production of animal protein, of which the pasture production system is the most economical way. However, abiotic factors influence animal production, with water deficit being the factor that most limits the development of forages. This research aimed to investigate the tolerance of Urochloa spp. genotypes under periods with water deficit conditions. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, under a factorial design. Twelve forage genotypes were evaluated in three periods of water stress, with three replications. There was no interaction effect between the genotype factors and time of stress due to water deficit for all variables. There was a reduction in forage production with the increase of time in water restriction, and a decrease of 23% in leaf mass and 30% in stem. In the case of leaf attributes, there was a decrease of 28% in the area and 21% in the leaf length. For the genotype factor, the G11 material stood out in relation to the others for presenting better agronomic characteristics. However, studies are needed to demonstrate the superiority of this material in production systems.

Resumen El trauma renal y de las vías urinarias se presenta con relativa frecuencia en pacientes con trauma penetrante. El estándar actual de manejo es realizar una evaluación imagenológica, por medio de tomografía computarizada y un abordaje vascular, a través de técnicas de angiografía/embolización. Sin embargo, el manejo de un paciente hemodinámicamente inestable con criterios de laparotomía de emergencia, con hallazgos de trauma renal o de vías urinarias es aún tema de discusión. El siguiente articulo presenta el consenso del grupo de Cirugía de Trauma y Emergencias (CTE) de Cali respecto al manejo del trauma penetrante renal y de vías urinarias mediante cirugía de control de daños. Las características intra quirúrgicas del hematoma perirrenal tales como si es expansivo o si tiene signos de sangrado activo, son puntos de referencia para decidir entre un abordaje conservador, por estudios imagenológicos posteriores. En cambio, si existe la sospecha de un trauma renal severo, se debe realizar exploración quirúrgica con alta probabilidad de una nefrectomía. El manejo de control de daños de las vías urinarias debe ser conservador y diferido, la lesión de estos órganos no representa un riesgo en el manejo agudo del trauma.

Abstract Urologic trauma is frequently reported in patients with penetrating trauma. Currently, the computerized tomography and vascular approach through angiography/embolization are the standard approaches for renal trauma. However, the management of renal or urinary tract trauma in a patient with hemodynamic instability and criteria for emergency laparotomy, is a topic of discussion. This article presents the consensus of the Trauma and Emergency Surgery Group (CTE) from Cali, for the management of penetrating renal and urinary tract trauma through damage control surgery. Intrasurgical perirenal hematoma characteristics, such as if it is expanding or actively bleeding, can be reference for deciding whether a conservative approach with subsequent radiological studies is possible. However, if there is evidence of severe kidney trauma, surgical exploration is mandatory and entails a high probability of requiring a nephrectomy. Urinary tract damage control should be conservative and deferred, because this type of trauma does not represent a risk in acute trauma management.

ABSTRACT This paper presents an experimental study, which compares the effect of the sensitivity against the cementation in the recovering of the stress-strain properties in clayey soils from "Sabana de Bogotá". The work methodology included three phases: (i) extraction of samples; (ii) properties assessment of the undisturbed samples; and (ii) stabilization and analysis of the resistance of the stabilized samples with cemented materials. An experimental plan, which included physical and mechanical tests, was developed. The plan had an emphasis on the assessment of the undrained shear strength and the elastic modulus through unconfined compression tests. The samples were compacted and stabilized with the addition of two solid chemical products, calcium carbonate and iron oxide. Results between natural, remoulded and stabilized were compared by means of statistical methods. Therefore, it was found that the use of iron oxide in this kind of soil allows obtaining stress-strain parameters close to the undisturbed state after the compaction process.

RESUMEN En este artículo se presenta un estudio experimental que compara el efecto de la sensitividad contra el de la cementación, en la recuperación de las propiedades esfuerzo deformación en suelos arcillosos de la Sabana de Bogotá. La metodología de trabajo incluyó tres fases: (i) extracción de muestras; (ii) evaluación de las propiedades de los suelos en estado inalterado; y (iii) estabilización y análisis de resistencia de dichas muestras modificados materiales cementantes. Las muestras de suelo fueron tomadas en el municipio de Madrid (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Se desarrolló un plan experimental que incluyó ensayos de caracterización física y mecánica. En dicho plan se hizo énfasis en la evaluación de la resistencia al corte no drenada y los parámetros elásticos mediante ensayos de compresión inconfinada. Los suelos fueron compactados y estabilizados mediante la adición de dos productos químicos sólidos, carbonato de calcio y óxido de hierro. Los resultados entre las muestras naturales, remoldeadas y mejoradas fueron comparados mediante técnicas de análisis estadístico. De esta manera, se encontró que la implementación del óxido de hierro en este tipo de suelos permite obtener parámetros esfuerzo-deformación cercanos a los del estado inalterado después del proceso de remoldeo.

Abstract The chromosomes of two freshwater stingrays, Potamotrygon motoro and Potamotrygon sp., from the Amazon River basin in Brazil were investigated using integrated molecular (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1) and cytogenetic analyses. Potamotrygon motoro presented intraspecific variation in the diploid number, with 2n=66 in the females and 2n=65 in the males, while Potamotrygon sp. had a karyotype with 66 chromosomes, in both sexes. The C-banding revealed the presence of heterochromatic blocks accumulated in the centromeric region of all the chromosomes in both species. The FISH assays with 18S DNA probes highlighted the terminal region of three or four chromosome pairs in P. motoro and seven chromosomes in Potamotrygon sp. The rDNA 5S sequences were found in only one chromosomal pair in both species. The interspecific genetic distance based on the COI sequences, between P. motoro and Potamotrygon sp. from Amazon River was 10.8%, while that between the Amazonian P. motoro and Potamotrygon amandae from the Paraná River was 2.2%, and the genetic distance between Potamotrygon sp. and P. amandae was 11.8%. In addition to the new insights on the cytogenetics of the study species, the results of the present study confirmed the existence of heteromorphic sex-linked chromosomes in P. motoro.

Resumo Este artigo promove uma discussão crítica sobre a “política da consideração” proposta por Kelly e Matos, em texto publicado nesta revista. O objetivo é comparar interpretações alternativas sobre o mundo indígena amazônico e daí tirar algumas consequências teórico-etnográficas. O artigo será publicado em duas partes. Na primeira, analisam-se as premissas dos autores, bem como os dados etnográficos que sustentam seus argumentos. Na segunda, esclarecem-se equívocos na interpretação da “teoria da maestria”, bem como avançam-se algumas figuras alternativas da ação e agência na Amazônia indígena. Ao final, pergunta-se a que serve uma política de donos.

Abstract This article is a critical discussion of the “politics of regard” proposed by Kelly and Matos in an article published in this journal. Our aim is to compare alternative interpretations of Indigenous Amazonia, and to highlight their theoretical-ethnographic consequences. The article will be published in two parts. In the first part we analyse the authors’ premises, as well as the ethnographic data that supports their arguments. In the second, we will clarify equivocations in their interpretation of the ‘theory of mastery’, and suggest alternative figure for action and agency in Indigenous Amazonia. In conclusion, we will enquire into what a politics of ownership achieves.

Resumen Este artículo propone una discusión crítica sobre la "política de la consideración" planteada por Kelly y Matos en un texto publicado en esta revista. El objetivo es comparar interpretaciones alternativas sobre el mundo indígena amazónico y extraer algunas consecuencias teórico-etnográficas. El artículo será publicado en dos partes. En la primera, se analizan las premisas de los autores, así como los datos etnográficos que apoyan sus argumentos. La segunda parte aclara malentendidos en la interpretación de la "teoría de la maestría" y avanza algunas figuras alternativas de la acción y la agencia en la Amazonía indígena. Al final, nos preguntamos para qué sirve una política de dueños.

Abstract Familial temporal lobe epilepsy is a heterogeneous genetic syndrome, initially recognized in studies with twins. In this condition, many members of a family are affected by psychic or autonomic auras and focal seizures with altered consciousness. We describe two brothers, children of non-blood parents, with different phenotypes of familial temporal lobe epilepsy and drug resistance who were referred to our center for epilepsy and functional neurosurgery. The family, of Mayan descent, has a history of epilepsy in other relatives. Epilepsy surgery was performed on the two brothers while remaining seizure-free today. The histological findings in both cases were consistent with cortical focal dysplasia IIIa. It is the first Latin American report of siblings with evidence of a correlation between familial temporal lobe epilepsy and histological changes suggestive of cortical focal dysplasia IIIa.

Resumen La epilepsia del lóbulo temporal familiar es un síndrome genético heterogéneo, inicialmente reconocido en estudios con gemelos. En esta condición, muchos miembros de una familia se ven afectados por auras psíquicas o autonómicas y crisis focales con alteración de la conciencia. Describimos dos hermanos, hijos de padres no consanguíneos, con diferentes fenotipos de epilepsia familiar del lóbulo temporal y farmacorresistencia que fueron remitidos a nuestro centro de epilepsia y neurocirugía funcional. La familia, de ascendencia maya, presenta antecedentes de epilepsia en otros familiares. Se realizó cirugía de epilepsia en los dos hermanos permaneciendo libres de crisis hasta la actualidad. Los hallazgos histológicos en los dos casos fueron compatibles con displasia focal cortical IIIa. Es el primer informe latinoamericano de hermanos con evidencia de una correlación entre la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal familiar y los cambios histológicos sugestivos de displasia focal cortical IIIa.

As the global COVID-19 pandemic advances, it increasingly impacts the vulnerable populations who already bear a heavy burden of neglected tropical diseases. Chagas disease (CD), a neglected parasitic infection, is of particular concern because of its potential to cause cardiac, gastrointestinal, and other complications which could increase susceptibility to COVID-19. The over one million people worldwide with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy require special consideration because of COVID-19’s potential impact on the heart, yet the pandemic also affects treatment provision to people with acute or chronic indeterminate CD. In this document, a follow-up to the WHF-IASC Roadmap on CD, we assess the implications of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of CD. Based on the limited evidence available, we provide preliminary guidance for testing, treatment, and management of patients affected by both diseases, while highlighting emerging healthcare access challenges and future research needs.

Abstract Background The heterogeneity in detection rates of Human immunodeficiency virus, (HIV), Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis B and C infections among pregnant women and the continuous exposure to risk factors limits the adoption of preventive and control actions. Objective To evaluate the HIV, HTLV, Hepatitis B and C seroprevalence rates, and associated risk factors in parturient women in Salvador, Brazil. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in 2099 parturient women attended in two public maternity hospitals in Salvador, Brazil. One blood sample was drawn for serological screening and socio-demographic, obstetric and clinical data were collected. Results HIV seroprevalence rate was 1.5% (of which 0.6% were new cases); seroprevalence rates for HTLV, HBV, and HCV were 0.4%, 0.4%, and 0.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed a significant association between socio-demographic and behavioral factors with retroviral infections, while viral hepatitis was mainly associated with parenteral exposure. In a multivariate analysis, multiple sexual partners (OR 3.3; 95% CI: 1.1–9.2), history of sexual/domestic violence (OR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1–6.9), syphilis co-infection (OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0–6.9), use of alcohol or drugs (OR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2–5.5), and low schooling level (OR 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1–4.9) were independent risk factors for HIV infection. History of stillbirth and low birth weight infants was significantly associated with HTLV positive status, showing a negative impact on gestation. Conclusions The seroprevalence rates for HIV, HCV, HBV, and HTLV were similar to that found in previous studies in other Brazilian regions. The high individual, socioeconomic, and social vulnerability detected in seropositive parturient women indicates the need to improve coverage and effectiveveness of STDs control with prevention, detection and monitoring strategies, focusing in pregnant women exposed to high biopsychosocial risk.