Utilizaram-se 75.567 registros de produção de leite, de 40.941 vacas da raça Holandesa, distribuídos em 561 rebanhos e obtidos no período de 1980 a 2002. Valores genéticos de vacas e touros, obtidos por meio de modelo animal, foram usados para estimação de tendências genéticas, considerando-se as quatro trilhas de seleção conectando duas gerações. Estimativas de componentes de variância e valores genéticos previstos foram obtidos por meio do sistema MTDFREML. O modelo de análise incluiu os efeitos fixos de rebanho-ano-estação de parto, grupo genético, idade da vaca ao parto como covariável (efeitos linear e quadrático) e os efeitos aleatórios de animal, permanente de meio e erro. O maior valor de ganho genético anual, 57,7kg/ano, foi para a trilha touros pais de touros no período de 1986 a 1991. Para a trilha vacas mães de touros, os valores foram negativos e para vacas mães de vacas passou de negativo de 1970 a 1985 para 16,9kg/ano, de 1986 a 1999. Quando as trilhas de seleção foram combinadas, o ganho genético anual estimado no período 1970 a 1999 foi 6,71± 3,78kg, correspondendo a 0,1% da média. As estimativas de tendência genética obtidas estão muito aquém do teoricamente possível.

Production records from 75,567 lactations of 40,941 Holstein cows in 561 herds from 1980 to 2002 were used. Predicted cow and sire breeding values from an animal model were used to estimate genetic trend considering the four selection paths connecting two generations. The variance component estimates and breeding value predictions were obtained using the MTDFREML program package. The model of analysis accounted for the fixed effects of herd-year-season of calving, genetic group, age of calving as covariate (linear and quadratic) and the random effects of animal, permanent environment and error. The greatest annual genetic gain estimate was 57.7kg/yr for the path of sires of bulls from 1986 to 1991. For the path of dams of bulls, estimates were negative and for dams of cows changed from negative from 1970 to 1985 to 16.9kg/yr, from 1986 to 1999. When all paths of selection were combined, estimated annual genetic gain from 1970 to 1999 was 6.71± 3.78kg, corresponding to 0.1% of the average production. Estimates of genetic trend were much less than theoretically possible.

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de determinar as exigências térmicas de Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov), sobre larvas da traça-das-crucíferas, Plutella xylostella (L.) em laboratório e estimar o número de gerações para localidades produtoras de crucíferas em Pernambuco. Lagartas de P. xylostella foram oferecidas a O. sokolowskii, por 24h e mantidas nas seguintes temperaturas: 15, 18, 22, 25, 28, 30 e 33ºC. A duração da fase imatura (ovo-larva-pupa) de O. sokolowskii variou de 12,9 a 31,6 dias a 28 e 18ºC, respectivamente. A sobrevivência da fase imatura também foi influenciada pela temperatura, sendo mais elevada a 28ºC (77,2%). Temperaturas abaixo de 22ºC e acima de 28ºC mostraram-se inadequadas à criação do parasitóide. O número de adultos emergidos por pupa de P. xylostella não foi afetado pela temperatura e variou de 7,3 a 12,0. A razão sexual variou de 0,86 a 0,91 e não apresentou diferença estatística entre as temperaturas. A temperatura base (Tb) e a constante térmica (K) para a fase imatura de O. sokolowskii foi de 11,6ºC e de 211,8 graus dias, respectivamente. A comparação desses resultados com as exigências térmicas de P. xylostella (Tb = 8,85 ºC e K = 299,67 GD) denota que, ao longo do ano, o número de gerações de O. sokolowskii é sempre mais elevado que de P. xylostella, sendo que O. sokolowskii pode desenvolver até 24 gerações por ano, enquanto P. xylostella pode alcançar 20 gerações anuais.

This research was carried out to determine the thermal requirements of Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) reared on the diamond back moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), and to estimate the number of generations under laboratory conditions in crucifers growing in Pernambuco State, Brazil. Fourth instar DBM larvae were exposed to parasitism by O. sokolowskii for 24h and maintained at the following temperatures: 15, 18, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 33ºC. Duration of O. sokolowskii immature phase (egg-larvae-pupae) was temperature dependent, ranging from 12.9 to 31.6 days, at 28ºC and 18ºC, respectively. Survival of O. sokolowskii immature phase was also influenced by temperature, being higher (77.2%) at 28ºC. Temperatures below 22ºC and above 28ºC were shown inadequate to rear the parasitoid. The number of adults emerged from DBM pupae was not affected by temperature and ranged from 7.3 to 12.0. The sexual ratio ranged from 0.86 to 0.91 and did not present difference among the temperatures. The lower threshold temperature (Tb) and the thermal requirements (K) for immature phase of O. sokolowskii were 11.6ºC and 211.8 degree-days, respectively. Comparison of these results to P. xylostella thermal requirements (Tb = 8,85ºC and K = 299,67 GD) denotes that along the year, the number of generations of O. sokolowskii is always higher than that of P. xylostella, evidencing that O. soklowskii could develop up to 24 generations an year, while DBM could reach 20 annual generations.

Calculations of the total dielectric functions and the optical bandgap energy (OBGE) of 4HSiC were performed by the full-potential linear muffin-tin-orbital method. The results are compared to spectroscopic ellipsometry dielectric measurements agreeing closely over in a wide range of energies. The obtained theoretical value of the (OBGE) agrees very closely with the measured ones obtained by transmission and photoacoustic spectroscopies at room temperature performed on 470 µm thick wafer and a 25 µm thick homoepitaxial layer of 4H-SiC samples grown (n-type, Siface) by hot wall CVD.

The optical bandgap energies (OBGE) of 3C, 15R, 6H and 4H-SiC have been investigate experimentally by transmission and photoacoustic spectroscopies. The measurements were performed on 470 mum thick wafers. The OBGE obtained from both spectroscopies for different polytypes show very good agreement. In order to have a better understanding of these materials calculations of eletronic band structure were performed by the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FPLAPW) method. For the OBGE the results are compared to the measurements agreeing closely over the energies of those polytypes.

Os objetivos do estudo foram estimar os parâmetros genéticos e as tendências fenotípica, genética e de ambiente para produção de leite (PL), duração da lactação (DL), produção de gordura (PG) e porcentagem de gordura (CG) no leite, na raça Gir, utilizando análises uni e bivariadas sob o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, por meio de algorítmo livre de derivadas (MTDFREML), ajustando modelos-animal. O modelo matemático adotado para as quatro características produtivas incluiu os efeitos fixos de rebanho-ano de parto, época de parto e idade ao parto como covariável (linear e quadrática) e, além do resíduo, os efeitos aleatórios de animal e ambiente permanente. Por meio de análises bivariadas, as estimativas de herdabilidade foram, respectivamente: PL e DL, 0,21 e 0,11; PL e PG, 0,22 e 0,21; PL e CG, 0,19 e 0,12. As estimativas de repetibilidade foram PL, 0,51; DL, 0,32; PG, 0,47; e CG, 0,13. As correlações fenotípicas, genéticas e de ambiente foram, respectivamente: para PL e DL, 0,62, 0,76 e 0,57; para PL e PG, 0,93, 0,97 e 0,91; para PL e CG, -0,02, -0,11 e -0,01. As estimativas das mudanças anuais fenotípica, genética e de ambiente para as características produtivas estudadas foram, respectivamente: para PL, 66,93± 7,06 (P<0,01), 10,46± 1,08 (P<0,01) e 56,47 kg/ano na população de vacas, e 29,63± 14,34 (P<0,05), 19,29± 5,27 (P<0,01) e 10,34 kg/ano na população de touros; para DL, -0,16± 0,31 (P>0,05), 0,21± 0,09 (P<0,05) e -0,37 dias/ano na população de vacas, e -0,69± 0,44 (P>0,05), -0,10± 0,28 (P>0,05) e -0,59 dias/ano na população de touros; para PG, 3,53± 0,58 (P<0,01), 0,40± 0,09 (P<0,01) e 3,13 kg/ano na população de vacas, e 1,37± 0,95 (P>0,05), 0,47± 0,29 (P>0,05) e 0,90 kg/ano na população de touros; para CG no leite, 0,039± 0,014 (P<0,05), 0,001± 0,001 (P>0,05) e 0,038 %/ano na população de vacas, e 0,010± 0,011 (P>0,05), 0,000± 0,003 (P>0,05) e 0,010 %/ano na população de touros.

The aims of the present study were to estimate genetic parameters, as well as phenotypic, genetic and environmental trends for milk yield (MY), lactation length (LL), fat yield (FY) and fat content (FC) on Gyr dairy breed, using a multivariate derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood (MTDFREML) with an animal model. The mathematical model included herd-year of calving, calving season, and age of cows as fixed effects, and animal, permanent environmental and error as random effects for milk yield, lactation length, fat yield and fat content. Through the bivariate analysis, estimates of heritability for productive characteristics were, respectively: MY and LL, 0.21 and 0.11; MY and FY, 0.22 and 0.21; MY and FC, 0.19 and 0.12. The estimates of repeatability were: MY, 0.51; LL, 0.32; FY, 0.47; and FC, 0.13. The phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations for productive characteristics were, respectively: MY and LL, 0.62, 0.76 and 0.57; MY and FY, 0.93, 0.97 and 0.91; MY and FC, -0.02, -0.11 and -0.01. The annual phenotypic, genetic and environmental trends for MY were positives with the following values, respectively: 66.93± 7.06 (P<0.01), 10.46± 1.08 (P<0.01) and 56.47 kg/year, by cows’ breeding values, and 29.63± 14.34 (P<0.05), 19.29± 5.27 (P<0.01) and 10.34 kg/year, by bulls’ breeding values. The annual phenotypic, genetic and environmental trends for LL were, respectively: -0.16± 0.31 (P>0.05), 0.21± 0.09 (P<0.05) and -0.37 days/year, by cows’ breeding values, and -0.69± 0,44 (P>0.05), -0.10± 0.28 (P>0.05) and -0.59 days/year, by bulls’ breeding values. The annual phenotypic, genetic and environmental trends for FY were, respectively: 3.53± 0.58 (P<0.01), 0.40± 0.09 (P<0.01) and 3.13 kg/year, by cows’ breeding values, and 1.37± 0.95 (P>0.05), 0.47± 0.29 (P>0.05) and 0.90 kg/year, by bulls’ breeding values. The annual phenotypic, genetic and environmental trends for FC were positive with the following values, respectively: 0.039± 0.014 (P<0.05), 0.001± 0.001 (P>0.05) and 0.038 %/year, by cows’ breeding values, and 0.010± 0.011 (P>0.05), 0.000± 0.003 (P>0.05) and 0.010%/year, by bulls' breeding values.

A frequency-domain method for nonlinear analysis of structural systems with viscous, hysteretic, nonproportional and frequency-dependent damping is presented. The nonlinear effects and nonproportional damping are considered through pseudo-force terms. The modal coordinates uncoupled equations are iteratively solved. The treatment of initial conditions in the frequency domain which is necessary for the treatment of the uncoupled equations is initially adressed.