ABSTRACT: Porcine enzootic pneumonia (PES), mainly caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is the main cause of respiratory problems in pigs. Infection by M. hyopneumoniae leads to production losses and the predisposition of affected animals to secondary infections, which may result in the condemnation of carcasses and organs due to lung lesions at the time of slaughter. The objective of the research was to evaluate the infection by M. hyopneumoniae in pigs submitted to slaughter in São Luís Island/MA, using molecular and histopathological diagnostic methods. One hundred fifty lung samples were collected from inspected (n=65) and non-inspected (n=85) slaughter pigs on São Luís Island, Maranhão, from July 2019 to August 2021. Of the 150 DNA samples collected, 121 showed an amplified product for Cyt B in the PCR assay. Thus, 121 samples were submitted to qPCR of M. hyopneumoniae, of which 44 (36.36%) showed positive results. The mean amount of bacterial load ranged from 1.20 × 101 to 7.20 × 104, with a mean of 1.73 × 104 copies. Of the reagent samples, 81.81% (36 samples) were obtained from non-inspected slaughter, while 18.18% (8 samples) were obtained from slaughterhouses. In the histopathological analysis, 44 positive qPCR samples were evaluated, of which 28 (63.63%) presented results compatible with the main inflammatory process associated with the presence of M. hyopneumoniae, that is, bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia (BALT). Three samples that showed the highest bacterial load (qPCR: 5.63 × 10³, 2.19 × 104 and 7.23 × 104) showed more evident lesions in this study. The microscopic findings associated with the quantifications indicated a relationship between the amount of bacterial load and the presence of microscopic lesions; higher bacterial load in lung tissue is associated with increased histopathologic staining for BALT hyperplasia. In conclusion, the results point to the circulation of the etiological agent in the sampled animals and the need for preventive measures on pig farms in Maranhão with the involvement of producers, sanitary defense and inspection agencies.

RESUMO: A pneumonia enzoótica suína (PES), causada principalmente pela bactéria Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, é a principal causa de problemas respiratórios em suínos. A infecção por M. hyopneumoniae leva a perdas produtivas e a predisposição dos animais acometidos a infecções secundárias, o que pode resultar em condenação de carcaças e órgãos por lesões pulmonares no momento do abate. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a infecção por M. hyopneumoniae em suínos submetidos ao abate na Ilha de São Luís, por meio de métodos diagnósticos moleculares e histopatológicos. Para isso, foram coletadas 150 amostras de pulmão de suínos de abate inspecionado (n=65) e não inspecionado (n=85) na Ilha de São Luís/Maranhão, no período de julho de 2019 a agosto de 2021. Das 150 amostras de DNA coletadas, 121 apresentaram produto amplificado para Cyt B no ensaio de PCR. Assim, 121 amostras foram submetidas à qPCR de M. hyopneumoniae, das quais 44 (36,36%) apresentaram resultados positivos. A quantidade média de carga bacteriana variou de 1,20 × 101 a 7,20 × 104, com média de 1,73 × 104 cópias. Das amostras reagentes, 81,81% (36 amostras) foram obtidas de abate não inspecionado, enquanto 18,18% (8 amostras) foram obtidas em abatedouro. Na análise histopatológica, foram avaliadas 44 amostras positivas para qPCR, das quais 28 (63,63%) apresentaram resultados compatíveis com o principal processo inflamatório associado à presença de M. hyopneumoniae, ou seja, hiperplasia do tecido linfóide associado ao brônquio (BALT). Três amostras que apresentaram maior carga bacteriana (qPCR: 5,63 × 10³, 2,19 × 104 e 7,23 × 104) foram mais evidentes neste estudo. Os achados microscópicos associados às quantificações indicaram uma relação entre a quantidade de carga bacteriana e a presença de lesão microscópica; a maior carga bacteriana no tecido pulmonar está associada a maior alteração histopatológica para hiperplasia BALT. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos sinalizam para a circulação do agente etiológico nos animais amostrados e a necessidade de medidas preventivas nas criações de suínos do estado do Maranhão com envolvimento dos produtores, órgãos de defesa sanitária e inspeção.

RESUMO As características morfológicas da genitália externa do touro podem contribuir para a etiopatogenia de enfermidades prepuciais que desencadeiam a impotência coeundi e prejuízos nos criatórios. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer parâmetros morfométricos do óstio prepucial, do folheto prepucial interno (FPI), da parte livre e da glande do pênis; descrever as características histológicas do FPI; realizar contagem de glândulas sebáceas prepuciais; e comparar essas variáveis entre touros Aberdeen Angus e Nelore, com 24 meses de idade. No abatedouro, colheram-se 20 peças prepuciais de cada raça. Elaborou-se um dispositivo composto por base, haste, anel e funil para sustentar cada peça suspensa e distendida. Realizou-se medição do FPI, da parte livre do pênis e da glande. Aferiu-se diâmetro do óstio, e calculou-se o raio, o perímetro e a área do óstio prepucial. Colheram-se amostras nas regiões dorsal e ventral e das porções cranial, medial e caudal do FPI. Por microscopia eletrônica e óptica, fez-se a caracterização do FPI e a contagem de glândulas sebáceas. Realizou-se análise de variância pelo teste F a 5%. Concluiu-se que touros Nelore possuem o FPI e a parte livre do pênis mais extensos e mais glândulas sebáceas prepuciais que touros Aberdeen Angus. Nas duas raças, há mais glândulas na região ventral do óstio.

ABSTRACT The morphological characteristics of the external genitalia of the bull may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of preputial diseases that trigger the impotence coeundi and losses in farms. The goal of this study was to establish morphometric parameters of the preputial ostium, the internal preputial leaflet (IPL), the free part and glans of the penis; describe the histological characteristics of the IPL; perform a count of the preputial sebaceous glands and compare these variables between 24-month-old Aberdeen Angus and Nellore bulls. At the slaughterhouse, 20 preputial pieces were collected from each breed. A device composed of base, rod, ring, and funnel was designed to hold each suspended and distended part. The IPL, the free part of the penis and the glans were measured. The ostium diameter was measured, and the radius, perimeter, and area of the preputial ostium were calculated. Samples were collected from the dorsal and ventral regions and from the cranial, medial, and caudal portions of the IPL. By electronic and optical microscopy, IPL characterization and sebaceous gland counts were performed. Analysis of variance was performed using the F test at 5%. It was concluded that Nellore bulls have a more extensive IPL and free part of the penis and more preputial sebaceous glands than Aberdeen Angus bulls. In both breeds, there are more glands in the ventral region of the ostium.

Constitutional genomic imbalances are known to cause malformations, disabilities, neurodevelopmental delay, and dysmorphia and can lead to dysfunctions in the cell cycle. In extremely rare genetic conditions such as small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC), it is important to understand the cellular consequences of this extra marker, as well the factors that contribute to their maintenance or elimination through successive cell cycles and phenotypic impact. The study of chromosomal mosaicism provides a natural model to characterize the effect of aneuploidy on genome stability and compare cells with the same genetic background and environment exposure, but differing in the presence of sSMC. Here, we report the functional characterization of different cell lines from two familial patients with mosaic sSMC derived from chromosome 12. We performed studies of proliferation dynamics, stability, and variability of these cells using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and conventional staining. We also quantified the telomere-related genomic instability of sSMC cells using 3D telomeric profile analysis by quantitative-FISH. sSMC cells exhibited differences in the cell cycle dynamics compared to normal cells. First, the sSMC cells exhibited lower proliferation index and higher frequency of SCE than normal cells, associated with a higher level of chromosomal instability. Second, sSMC cells exhibited more telomeric-related genomic instability. Lastly, the differences of sSMC cells distribution among tissues could explain different phenotypic repercussions observed in patients. These results will help in our understanding of the sSMC stability, maintenance during cell cycle, and the cell cycle variables involved in the different phenotypic manifestations.

RESUMO: A interferência entre sistemas de raízes ocorre abaixo da superfície do solo muito antes que a competição entre plantas se expresse na parte aérea. Entre os recursos de competição, os nutrientes são destacados pela limitação nos solos, tornando necessária a suplementação, especialmente do fósforo (P). Dessa forma, objetivou-se neste estudo estimar, a partir da semeadura, características visuais nos sistemas de raízes do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) de variedade Carioca, em competição com braquiária (Urochloa brizantha), considerando-se ainda a aplicação de fósforo P2O5. Utilizou-se esquema fatorial com seis tratamentos, resultantes da combinação de três esquemas de cultivo (feijoeiro em cultivo isolado ou em competição com uma ou duas plantas de braquiária) e aplicação ou não de adubação fosfatada (90 kg ha-1 de P2O5), conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em casa de vegetação com ambiente controlado, com quatro repetições. Após a semeadura das espécies, os resultados da visualização foram tomados a cada 12 horas, por meio do registro fotográfico do desenvolvimento do sistema radicular em rizotrons. Foi observado maior crescimento e área total do sistema radicular quando em monocultivo e em competição com uma planta de braquiária em presença de adubação fosfatada. Em contrapartida, o feijão em recipiente com duas plantas de braquiária investiu recursos em maior comprimento e área total do sistema radicular em ausência do fertilizante. Pode-se afirmar a existência de indícios da interferência a partir de três dias após a semeadura das espécies.

ABSTRACT: Interference between root systems occurs below the ground surface long before the competition between plants is expressed in the shoot. Nutrients stand out for being limited in the soil, requiring supplementation, especially phosphorus. Thus, this study aimed at estimating, from sowing, visual characteristics in the root systems of bean plants from the Carioca variety (Phaseolus vulgaris) when in competition with brachiaria (Urochloa brizantha), considering also the application of phosphorus P2O5. A factorial design with six treatments was used resulting from the combination of three cultivation schemes (beans in isolated crops or in competition with one or two brachiaria plants), and the application or not of phosphate fertilizer (90 kg ha-1 of P2O5), in a completely randomized design with four replications. After the sowing of the species, the visualization results were taken at every 12 hours, by means of the photographic record of the development of the root system in rhizotrons. Greater growth and greater total area of the root system were observed in bean monocultures and when competing with one brachiaria plant in the presence of phosphate fertilization. In contrast, the bean plant in the container with two brachiaria plants invested its resources in greater length and total area of the root system when in the absence of the fertilizer. It can be stated that there is evidence of interference starting three days after the sowing of the species.

RESUMO: O glyphosate, herbicida mais utilizado na cultura do café, inibe indiretamente a rota de biossíntese de metabólitos secundários, responsáveis por estruturas e substâncias de defesa das plantas. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a morfoanatomia foliar, fenóis totais, flavonoides e cafeína em folhas de café arábica submetidas a diferentes subdoses de glyphosate. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de três cultivares de café (MGS Travessia, Oeiras MG 6851 e Catuaí IAC 144) e cinco subdoses de glyphosate (0,0; 57,6; 115,2; 230,4 e 460,8 g e.a. ha-1). Aos 30 dias após a pulverização, avaliou-se a espessura total da lâmina foliar, espessura das epidermes adaxial e abaxial, parênquima paliçádico e lacunoso, além das concentrações de fenóis totais, flavonoides totais e cafeína. O cultivar Catuaí teve redução na espessura foliar total, enquanto os demais cultivares tiveram incremento. As epidermes adaxial e abaxial e o parênquima paliçádico reduziram em espessura e o parênquima lacunoso aumentou com o incremento das doses de glyphosate, independentemente do cultivar. Houve aumento de fenóis totais até 115,2 g ha-1 de glyphosate; acima desta dose as concentrações de fenóis foram reduzidas. Verificou-se redução de flavonoides até 115,2 g ha-1 nos cultivares Travessia e Oeiras; acima desta dose, a concentração de flavonides aumentou. O cultivar Catuaí teve comportamento contrário da concentração de flavonoides. Oeiras e Catuaí tiveram diminuição da cafeína até 115,2 g ha-1 de glyphosate e aumento em doses superiores. Travessia mostrou aumento de cafeína a partir de 115,2 g ha-1. Os três cultivares apresentaram maior concentração de fenóis no parênquima paliçádico após a aplicação da deriva de glyphosate. O glyphosate reduz a espessura das epidermes adaxial e abaxial e do parênquima paliçádico e aumenta a espessura de parênquima lacunoso. Doses acima de 230,4 g ha-1 de glyphosate resultam em redução da concentração de fenóis totais. A concentração de flavonoides e cafeína possui efeitos variados com aplicação de glyphosate.

ABSTRACT: The most widely used herbicide in coffee crop is glyphosate, it inhibits the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, responsible for structures and substances of plant defense. This work aimed to evaluate the morphoanatomy, total phenols, flavonoids and caffeine in leaves of Arabica coffee submitted to different sub-doses of glyphosate. The treatments were combinations of three coffee cultivars (MGS Travessia, Oeiras MG 6851 and Catuaí IAC 144) and five sub-doses of glyphosate (0.0, 57.6, 115.2, 230.4 and 460.8 g a.e. ha-1). The total thickness of the leaf blade, thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis, palisade and spongy parenchyma, in addition to the total phenol, total flavonoids and caffeine were evaluated 30 days after spraying. Catuaí showed a reduction in the total leaf thickness, while the others cultivars had an increase. The thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma was reduced, and the spongy parenchyma increased with increasing doses of glyphosate, regardless of the cultivars. There was an increase on the total phenols up to 115.2 g ha-1 glyphosate, and above this dose, the concentrations of phenols were reduced. The Travessia and Oeiras cultivars obtained a reduction of flavonoids up to 115.2 g ha-1; and above this dose, the concentration of flavonoids increased. The Catuaí cultivar showed an opposing behavior of the concentration of flavonoids. Oeiras and Catuaí showed a decrease of caffeine up to 115.2 g ha-1 and an increase at higher doses. Travessia showed an increase of caffeine in sub-doses above 115.2 g ha-1. The three cultivars showed a higher concentration of phenols in the palisade parenchyma after the application of glyphosate drift. Glyphosate reduces the thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma, and increases the thickness of spongy parenchyma. Doses of glyphosate above 230.4 g ha-1 result in the reduction of total phenols. The concentration of flavonoids and caffeine has varying effects with glyphosate application.

ABSTRACT The Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation, a lithostatigraphic unit attributed to a marine intrusion, is famous for its preserved fossils in calcareous concretions, which stand out for their diversity and excellent preservation levels. This paper aims to record the first occurrence of the Class Insecta in the Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation of the Araripe Basin, as well as to describe and discuss the paleo-ecological implications of such finding. The first occurrence of the order Orthoptera (family Gryllidae) is presented for this unit. This new species is attributed to the genus Araripegryllus, that lasted throughout the deposition of the Crato Member, which is under the Romualdo Member. In reference to its statigraphic origin, the specimens was named Araripegryllus romualdoi sp. nov.

RESUMO Identificaram-se quais indicadores de desempenho determinam a variação na lucratividade de 159 fazendas da região Triângulo Mineiro-Alto Paranaíba de Minas Gerais. A lucratividade foi mensurada pela renda líquida anual (RL), RL sobre o valor dos bens e RL sobre a renda bruta. Cento e dezenove fazendas com lucratividade positiva produziram mais leite por mão de obra e por vaca, tinham maior proporção de vacas em lactação e maior proporção de custo com concentrados, custo com mão de obra com menor proporção do custo de produção e menor relação entre o custo com mão de obra e o custo com concentrados do que as 40 fazendas com lucratividade negativa (P<0,01). A análise de componentes principais mostrou que os principais determinantes da variação na lucratividade entre fazendas foram: relação entre o custo com mão de obra e o com concentrados, custo de mão de obra por litro de leite, produção de leite por mão de obra, produção de leite por vaca e proporção de vacas lactantes no rebanho. Maior lucratividade foi associada ao uso mais eficiente da mão de obra, ao maior investimento em concentrados e ao ganho na produção por vaca.

ABSTRACT We identified which performance indicators determined the variation in profitability of 159 farms of the Triângulo Mineiro-Alto Paranaíba region of Minas Gerais. Profitability was measured by annual net income (RL), RL over assets value, and RL over gross income. The 119 farms with positive profitability produced more milk per labor and per cow, had a greater proportion of lactating cows in the herd, had concentrates cost as a greater proportion and labor cost as a smaller proportion of the production cost, and had smaller ratio of labor cost to concentrates cost than the 40 farms with negative profitability (P<0.01). Principal component analysis showed that the key determinants of profitability variation among farms were: The ratio of labor cost to concentrates cost, labor cost per liter of milk, milk yield per labor, milk yield per cow, and the proportion of lactating cows in the herd. Increased profitability was associated with more efficient labor usage, the result of larger investment in concentrates and greater yield per cow.

The process of drug development involves non-clinical and clinical studies. Non-clinical studies are conducted using different protocols including animal studies, which mostly follow the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations. During the early pre-clinical development process, also known as Go/No-Go decision, a drug candidate needs to pass through several steps, such as determination of drug availability (studies on pharmacokinetics), absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) and preliminary studies that aim to investigate the candidate safety including genotoxicity, mutagenicity, safety pharmacology and general toxicology. These preliminary studies generally do not need to comply with GLP regulations. These studies aim at investigating the drug safety to obtain the first information about its tolerability in different systems that are relevant for further decisions. There are, however, other studies that should be performed according to GLP standards and are mandatory for the safe exposure to humans, such as repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity and safety pharmacology. These studies must be conducted before the Investigational New Drug (IND) application. The package of non-clinical studies should cover all information needed for the safe transposition of drugs from animals to humans, generally based on the non-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) obtained from general toxicity studies. After IND approval, other GLP experiments for the evaluation of chronic toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, are carried out during the clinical phase of development. However, the necessity of performing such studies depends on the new drug clinical application purpose.

This review presents a historical overview of drug discovery and the non-clinical stages of the drug development process, from initial target identification and validation, through in silico assays and high throughput screening (HTS), identification of leader molecules and their optimization, the selection of a candidate substance for clinical development, and the use of animal models during the early studies of proof-of-concept (or principle). This report also discusses the relevance of validated and predictive animal models selection, as well as the correct use of animal tests concerning the experimental design, execution and interpretation, which affect the reproducibility, quality and reliability of non-clinical studies necessary to translate to and support clinical studies. Collectively, improving these aspects will certainly contribute to the robustness of both scientific publications and the translation of new substances to clinical development.

O estudo morfométrico dos dígitos de bovinos e bubalinos pode colaborar para o entendimento da etiopatogenia das enfermidades podais. Este estudo objetivou descrever as características morfométricas dos dígitos de bovinos das raças Curraleira (Bos taurus), Pantaneira (Bos taurus), Nelore (Bos indicus) e de bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis) da raça Murrah e estabelecer possível relação entre tais medidas e a ocorrência de enfermidades digitais. Na pesquisa foram utilizados dez animais, saudáveis, de cada raça e espécie. Foram avaliados dois membros de cada animal, sendo um torácico e outro pélvico, totalizando 80 extremidades distais. As medidas morfométricas foram obtidas com auxílio de um paquímetro mecânico graduado e os ângulos das pinças conferidos por meio de transferidor metálico. Os principais parâmetros digitais avaliados foram o ângulo dorsal do casco (A), comprimento da parede dorsal (B), altura do talão (C), altura da pinça (D), comprimento do casco (E), comprimento diagonal do casco (F), largura do dígito lateral (G), largura do dígito medial (H), comprimento do dígito lateral (I) e comprimento do dígito medial (J). Para a comparação de médias dos resultados obtidos entre as raças foi utilizado o teste de Tukey (p<0,05). A análise multivariada para as representações gráficas das variáveis canônicas foi empregada para expressar a similaridade das medidas estudadas entre os grupos, no qual se utilizou o software R. Os resultados revelaram que os bubalinos apresentam as maiores medidas morfométricas para as variáveis B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I e J e apenas na variável A apresentaram medidas inferiores entre as diferentes raças de bovinos estudadas. Existe similaridade entre as três raças de bovinos estudadas em relação às variáveis, altura da pinça (D), largura do dígito lateral (G) e largura do dígito medial (H) as quais se distanciam dos valores encontrados para essas variáveis nos bubalinos, Concluiu que a morfometria digital pode influenciar na ocorrência de enfermidades digitais, mas não age como fator isolado, necessitando da interação com outros fatores estruturais, ambientais e de manejo para a manifestação dessas doenças.

Morfometric studies of bovine and buffalo digits can help to understand the etiopathogeny of digital diseases. This study described morphometric characteristics of digits of Curraleira (Bos taurus), Pantaneira (Bos taurus) Nelore (Bos indicus) breeds of cattle and Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and stablish possible relation among the parameters and digital infirmities. Were used ten animals of each breed and specie. Two limbs were evaluated, a toracic and a pelvic, in a total of 80 distal limbs. Morphometric measurements were obtained using a graduated paquimeter and angles using a metallic protactor. The main parameters evaluated were hoof dorsal angle (A), dorsal wall length (B), heel height (C), toe height (D), hoof length (E), hoof diagonal hoof (F), lateral digit width (H), medial digit width (I) and medial digit length (J). For results averages comparison among breeds were used Tukey test (p<0,05). Multivariate analysys for graphic representations of canonic variables was used to express similarity of measures studied among groups, using R software. Results shows tha bubaline present higher morphometric measures for the variables B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J, only for variable A presented lower measures comparing the bovine breeds studied. There is similarity between the three breeds of cattle studied about toe height (D), lateral digit width (G) and medial digit width (H), which differed of values observed in buffalo. It was concluded that digital morphometry can influence the occurence of digital infirmities, but doesn´t act as an isolated factor, needing interaction of other structural, environmental and management factors for its occurence.

Os compostos fenólicos encontrados no extrato das folhas de maracujazeiro doce (Passiflora alata Curtis) são os principais responsáveis pelos efeitos terapêuticos, incluindo a atividade ansiolítica. O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito de diferentes espécies de fungo micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) e doses de fósforo sobre a bioprodução de fenóis totais, bem como, o crescimento vegetal e os conteúdos de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na massa da matéria seca da parte aérea do maracujazeiro doce. O experimento, fatorial 4x2, foi conduzido em um telado com quatro tratamentos microbiológicos: Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, inóculo misto (Glomus clarum e Gigaspora margarita) e o controle sem fungo, e duas doses de fósforo: 0 e 50 mg kg-1 de solo. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As plantas foram colhidas 90 dias após a semeadura. Na ausência da adubação fosfatada, o conteúdo de fenóis totais, a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e o número de folhas foram maiores nos tratamentos inoculados com FMAs, quando comparados ao tratamento sem fungo. Plantas com inóculo misto apresentaram maior altura com ou sem adubação fosfatada. Os tratamentos inoculados com FMAs, tanto na dose 0 quanto na dose 50 mg kg-1 de P incrementaram os conteúdos de N, P e K na parte aérea do maracujazeiro doce, evidenciando a capacidade dos FMAs em promover o melhor estado nutricional das plantas.

The phenolic compounds found in extracts from leaves of sweet passion fruit (Passiflora alata) are mainly responsible for its therapeutic effects, such as the anxiolytic activity. This study evaluated the effects of different species of mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphorus levels on the bioproduction of total phenols, as well as plant growth and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the dry mass of shoots of sweet passion fruit. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. The factors were arranged in a :[(microbiological treatments: Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, mixed inoculum (Glomus clarum and Gigaspora margarita) and without fungus] x 2 (doses of phosphorus: 0 and 50 mg kg-1 soil) factorial arrangement, in a randomized block experimental design with four replications. The plants were harvested 90 days after seeding. In the absence of phosphate fertilization, the total phenol content, dry mass of shoot and leaf number were greater in treatments inoculated with AMF compared to the treatments without fungus. Mixed inoculum plants had higher plant height with or without phosphate fertilization. Treatments inoculated with AMF in both the 0 and 50 mg kg-1 doses of P increased the content of N, P and K in the shoots of sweet passion fruit, demonstrating the ability of AMF to promote better nutritional statusfin plants.

O sulfato de cobre e o hipoclorito de sódio são empregados na prevenção e tratamento das enfermidades digitais dos bovinos, mas os valores residuais desses elementos foram pouco estudados. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a presença de resíduos de cobre e cloretos totais no leite de vacas saudáveis após passagens dos animais em pedilúvio contendo soluções formuladas com estas substâncias e estimou-se os custos das soluções. Utilizou-se 14 vacas saudáveis distribuídas em dois grupos (GI e GII) de sete animais cada. Em GI, empregou-se solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e, em GII, sulfato de cobre a 5%. As amostras de leite foram colhidas antes da passagem pelo pedilúvio (M0), após 24 (M1), 48 (M2) e 72 (M3) horas, além de 15 dias (M15) subsequentes à última passagem. Na análise estatística, a comparação entre momentos dentro de cada grupo foi realizada com teste de Friedman, seguido pelo teste de Dunn's (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que os valores de cloretos totais e de cobre no leite de bovinos saudáveis, após passagens diárias dos animais em pedilúvio por um período de sete dias, apresentaram algumas variações consideradas insuficientes para provocarem danos à saúde humana e as soluções medicamentosas não apresentaram custos exorbitantes.

Copper sulfate and sodium hypochlorite are used in footbath solutions for the prevention and treatment of bovine digital diseases; however, data on the residues of such elements in milk are sparse in Brazil. This study evaluated the cost of applying the footbath treatment and the total amount of copper and chlorite residues in the milk of healthy cows after they had passed through these footbath solutions. Two groups of 7 cows each (GI and GII) were studied. In the case of GI, 1% sodium hypochlorite was used and for GII 5% copper sulfate was employed in the footbath. The milk samples were collected before the 7-day footbath treatment period (M0) and 24 h (M1), 48 h (M2), 72 h (M3) and 15 days (M15) after the last footbath. Statistical analysis to compare the different samples within each group was carried out by applying Friedman's test, followed by Dunn's test (p<0.05). It was concluded that the amount of total chlorites and copper in the milk of healthy cattle after routine daily footbaths for a period of 7 days presented some variations. However, the concentrations observed were considered insufficient to represent a risk to human health. The cost of the footbath solutions was found to be reasonable.

Avaliou-se o quanto fêmeas e machos contribuem para a variação total das taxas de fertilização e de eclosão em curimba (Prochilodus lineatus). Utilizou-se sêmen criopreservado proveniente de cinco machos para fertilizar ovócitos de seis fêmeas em um esquema fatorial cruzado 5x6, totalizando 30 famílias. Além das características reprodutivas dos machos e fêmeas, foram avaliadas as taxas de fertilização e eclosão para cômputo dos efeitos materno e paterno. Os componentes da variância foram estimados por meio da máxima verossimilhança restrita, sendo construídos intervalos Highest Posterior Density (HPD) para cada componente. Verificou-se que as fêmeas contribuíram muito mais para a variação total em relação aos machos para as taxas de fertilização e eclosão. Para a taxa de fertilização, as fêmeas contribuíram com 26,3% da variação total e os machos com 8,9%. Em relação à taxa de eclosão, as fêmeas contribuíram com 11,9% e os machos com 1,6%. Concluiu-se que houve efeito materno sobre as taxas de fertilização e eclosão e que o efeito paterno avaliado individualmente foi pouco expressivo ou até mesmo insignificante.

The aim of this study was to evaluate how much females and males contribute to the total variation of reproductive traits such as fertilization and hatching rate in curimba Prochilodus lineatus. Cryopreserved semen from five males was used to fertilize eggs from six females in a cross-factorial 5x6, totaling 30 families. In addition to the reproductive characteristics of males and females, fertilization and hatching rates were evaluated for computation of maternal and paternal effects. The variance components were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood, and the Highest Posterior Density (HPD) intervals were estimated for each component. The female contributed more to the total variation than males for the fertilization and hatching rates. The female contributed 26.3% of the total variation in the fertilization rate against 8.9% of males. Regarding the hatching rate, the female contributed 11.9% versus 1.6% of males. Thus, there is maternal effect on rates of fertilization and hatching, and the paternal effect assessed individually was lackluster or even negligible.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi selecionar isolados de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) patogênicos para a cigarrinha da raiz Mahanarva fimbriolata. O estudo foi feito em condições de laboratório, utilizando-se exemplares de ninfas de cigarrinha da raiz que, após serem cuidadosamente separadas por tamanho em grupos de 10 indivíduos, foram inoculadas com suspensões de conídios da ordem de 1,0 x 10(7); 0,5 x 10(8); 1,0 x 10(8); 0,5 x 10(9) e 1,0 x 10(9); conídios/mL para o isolado IBCB 425 (padrão) do fungo e a seguir mantidas em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 1º C, 70 ± 10 UR e fotofase de 12h. Foram observadas a mortalidade total, a mortalidade corrigida pela fórmula de Abbott e a mortalidade confirmada. Observou-se que a concentração de 1,0 x 10(9) conídios/mL foi a que apresentou maior efeito sobre M. fimbriolata dentre as demais concentrações testadas, observando-se o menor valor de TL50 (2,75 dias). Dentre os isolados de M. anisopliae avaliados, sete (UFGD 425, UFGD 22, PL 43, IBCB 348, UFGD 28, UFGD 05 e UFGD 03) causaram mortalidade confirmada de pelo menos 70% da população de ninfas após o sétimo dia da inoculação, mostrando potencialidade como agentes de controle de cigarrinha da raiz da cana-de-açúcar.

The objective of this research was to select isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) pathogenic to the froghopper Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stal, 1854) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). The study was carried out in laboratory conditions, using specimens of the froghopper nymphs that, after being carefully separated for size in groups of 10 individuals, were inoculated with a suspension of conidia containing 1.0 x 10(7); 05 x 10(8); 1.0 x 10(8); 0.5 x 10(9) and 1.0 x 10(9) conidia/mL for isolate IBCB 425 (standard) of the fungus, and then kept in an incubator at 25 ± 1º C, RH 70 ± 10 and 12h photophase. The total mortality, mortality corrected by Abbott's formula and confirmed mortality were determined. It was observed that the concentration of 1.0 x 10(9) conidia/mL showed the greatest effect on M. fimbriolata, presenting the shortest TL50 (2.75 days). Among the isolates of M. anisopliae evaluated, 7 (UFGD 425, UFGD 22, PL 43, IBCB 348, UFGD 28, UFGD 05 and UFGD 03) caused confirmed mortality of at least 70.0% of the population of nymphs after the 7th day after inoculation, showing potential as control agents of the sugarcane root froghopper.

Milk production of transgenic does was evaluated by ultrasound measurements of the mammary gland. Two Canindé goats, which were nine months of age were used in the trial, one non-transgenic or other transgenic for hG-CSF. For hormone-induced lactation, animals were given estradiol (0.25mg/kg, IM), progesterone (0.75mg/kg, IM), and prednisolone (0.4mg/kg, IM). Ultrasonographic exams were carried out during milking, using a Falcon 100 ultrasound equipment with a 5MHz convex probe and were performed by the same operator. The results were expressed as mean±standard error. The maximum greater length and shorter length of the cistern were respectively 5.14cm and 1.36cm for the transgenic animal and 7.28cm and 2.25cm for non-transgenic, which is consistent with the maximum milk volume produced. The relationship between the average area of cisterns and milk yield was expressed as a linear correlation curve, with a correlation coefficient significantly positive for both transgenic (Y=-1.1314+10.8538*x; r=0.97) and non-transgenic (Y=-21.7551+18.3634*x; r=0.97) animals. In conclusion, the ultrasound is a practice and appropriate technique to evaluate the cisterns in ruminant udders in transgenic animal.