Resumo A busca de produtos naturais com atividades antifúngica e antioxidante tem crescido nos últimos anos como alternativa mais sustentável para os produtos químicos atualmente usados para estas funções. O fungo fitopatogênico Alternaria alternata é agente causador de doenças nos citros, levando a grandes perdas econômicas. Substâncias antioxidantes são importantes tanto para a produção de medicamentos para diversas doenças que podem estar relacionadas à presença de radicais livres, como o câncer, bem como para a indústria cosmética, como agentes anti-envelhecimento e para a indústria alimentícia, como conservantes. Este trabalho avaliou o potencial antifúngico dos extratos de folhas maduras de Myrcia splendens , uma espécie arbórea que ocorre no cerrado brasileiro. O potencial antioxidante foi analisado por meio de ensaio da capacidade sequestrante do radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl e o antifúngico, por meio da avaliação do crescimento micelial. A maioria dos extratos apresentou atividade antioxidante muito forte, especialmente o extrato acetônico (4A). A atividade antioxidante pode ser relacionada a presença de compostos fenólicos. Por outro lado, os extratos não apresentaram atividade inibitória do crescimento micelial do fungo testado, com exceção do extrato diclorometânico (2B), que foi o único que teve efeito inibitório (10,2%) ao final do teste.

Abstract In recent years, natural products with antifungal and antioxidant activities are being increasingly researched for a more sustainable alternative to the chemicals currently used for the same purpose. The plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata is a causative agent of diseases in citrus, leading to huge economic losses. Antioxidants are important for the production of medicines for various diseases that may be related to the presence of free radicals, such as cancer, and in the cosmetic industry as an anti-aging agent and the food industry as preservatives. This study evaluated the antifungal and antioxidant potential of extracts of mature leaves of Myrcia splendens, a tree species that occurs in the Brazilian Cerrado. The antioxidant potential was analyzed by an assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging method, and the antifungal activity was assessed through the evaluation of mycelial growth. Majority of the extracts exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, especially the acetonic extract (4A). The antioxidant activity may be related to the presence of phenolic compounds. However, the extracts showed no inhibitory activity of mycelial growth of the fungus tested, with the exception of dichloromethanic extract (2B), which had an inhibitory effect (10.2%) at the end of testing.

Objective: To assess five years trends in total and abdominal fat in Spanish adolescents. Design: Two cross-sectional studies: adolescents from the city of Zaragoza (Spain) assessed during 2001-2002 and 2006-2007. Subjects: 399 adolescents in 2001-02 and 392 adolescents in 2006-07. Main outcome measurements: Socio-economic status was assessed using the education level of both parents. A complete anthropometric assessment was performed in both surveys using the same methodology: weight, height, skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh and calf) and circumferences (waist and hip). The body mass index (BMI) and the sum of 6 skinfold thicknesses were calculated. Body fat percentage (BF%) was also calculated by the formulas described by Slaughter et al. Results: After adjusting for age and pubertal status, only females showed a significantly decrease in weight, BMI and waist circumference, and a significant increase in the sum of 6 skinfolds (all P < 0.05 and Cohen's d ≥ 0.25) in 2006-2007, when compared to values obtained in 2001-2002. Males did not show any significant change between the two surveys. Concerning centile values, a slight general reduction was observed in weight, BMI and waist circumference for both males and females. On the contrary, the sum of 6 skinfolds and the BF% were higher in 2006-2007 than in 2001-2002. Conclusion: According to these results, there might be a levelling-off in the trends of BMI, BF% and waist circumference in male adolescents from Zaragoza. In females, despite a trend towards higher body fat mass, there was a trend towards lower BMI and waist circumference values.

Objetivo: Evaluar las tendencias de cinco años de la grasa total y abdominal de adolescentes españoles. Diseño: Dos estudios transversales: adolescentes de la ciudad de Zaragoza (España) evaluados durante 2001-2002 y 2006-2007. Sujetos: 399 adolescentes en 2001-02 y 392 adolescentes en 2006-07. Principales variables estudiadas: El estado socioeconómico se evaluó usando el nivel educativo de ambos progenitores. Se realizó una evaluación antropométrica completa en ambos estudios con la misma metodología: peso, talla, grosor del pliegue (bíceps, tríceps, subescapular, suprailíaco, muslo y pantorrilla) y circunferencias (cintura y cadera). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la suma del grosor de 6 pliegues. También se calculó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) con las fórmulas descritas por Slaughter et al. Resultados: tras ajustar por edad y estado puberal, sólo las chicas mostraron un descenso significativo del peso, IMC y la circunferencia de la cintura, y un aumento significativo en la suma de los 6 pliegues cutáneos (todos ellos P < 0,05 y d de Cohen ≥ 0,25) en 2006-2007, en comparación con los valores obtenidos en 2001-2002. Los chicos no mostraron cambios significativos entre ambos estudios. Con respecto a los percentiles, se observó una reducción leve del peso, IMC y circunferencia de la cintura en chicos y chicas. Por el contrario, la suma de los 6 pliegues cutáneos y el %GC fueron mayores en 2006-2007 que en 2001-2002. Conclusión: de acuerdo con estos resultados, podría haber un resultado neutro en las tendencias del IMC, %GC y circunferencia de la cintura en los adolescentes varones de Zaragoza. En las chicas, a pesar de una mayor tendencia a una mayor grasa corporal, hubo una tendencia a unos menores valores de IMC y de circunferencia de la cintura.

Objective: To adapt the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) for the diagnosis of delirium to the language and culture of Spain and to validate the adapted version. Design: Population validation. Setting: Intensive care units in a 600-bed university hospital. Patients: We studied 29 critical patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Mean age was 70 years (range 58-77 years), mean APACHE II score 16 (range 13-21), and mean SOFA score 7 (range 4-8). Intervention: Two independent operators applied the Spanish version of the CAM-ICU and a psychiatrist applied the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition-Revised (DSM IV TR). Main outcome variables: Concordance (kappa index), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), and validity (sensitivity and specificity) of the Spanish version of the CAM-ICU were compared to the DSM IV TR, which is considered the current gold standard. Results: The translation and cultural adaptation was carried out in accordance with current international guidelines. A total of 65 assessments were performed in 29 patients. The interobserver concordance was high: kappa statistic 0.91 (95% CI: 0.86-0.96). The internal consistence was adequate: Cronbach's alpha=0.84 (unilateral 95% CI: 0.77). For observer A (a physician), the sensitivity of the Spanish version of the CAM-ICU was 80% and the specificity was 96%. For observer B, (a nurse) the sensitivity was 83% and the specificity was 96%. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the CAM-ICU is a valid, reliable, and reproducible instrument that can be satisfactorily applied to diagnose delirium in Spanish-speaking ICU patients.

Objetivo: Realizar la adaptación cultural y la validación del CAM-ICU (Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit "método para la evaluación de la confusión en la unidad de cuidados intensivos") al idioma español para el diagnóstico de delírium. Diseño: Población de validación. Ámbito: La unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel con 600 camas. Pacientes: Veintinueve pacientes críticos que reciben ventilación mecánica. Edad: 70 años (58-77), APACHE II: 16 (13-21) y SOFA: 7 (4-8). Intervención: Aplicación del CAM-ICU en idioma español por 2 operadores independientes y del DSM IV TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition-Revised) por un psiquiatra. Variables de interés principales: Concordancia (índice κ), consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach) y validez (sensibilidad y especificidad) del CAM-ICU en idioma español en relación con el estándar de referencia (DSM IV TR). Resultados: El proceso de traducción y adaptación cultural se desarrolló de acuerdo con las recomendaciones internacionales actualmente vigentes. Se realizó un total de 65 evaluaciones en los 29 pacientes. La concordancia entre los observadores alcanzó un índice κ de 0,91 (IC del 95%: 0,86 a 0,96). La consistencia interna del instrumento fue adecuada y alcanzó un alfa de Cronbach de 0,84 (IC del 95% unilateral: 0,77). La sensibilidad del CAM-ICU versión española para el observador A (médico) fue del 80%, con una especificidad del 96%. En tanto que para el observador B (enfermera), la sensibilidad fue del 83%, con una especificidad del 96%. Conclusiones: El CAM-ICU en idioma español es un instrumento válido, confiable y reproducible, que puede aplicarse satisfactoriamente para el diagnóstico de delírium en pacientes de habla hispana.