This study aimed to analyze the agreement between measurements of unloaded oxygen uptake and peak oxygen uptake based on equations proposed by Wasserman and on real measurements directly obtained with the ergospirometry system. We performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), which was applied to two groups of sedentary male subjects: one apparently healthy group (HG, n=12) and the other had stable coronary artery disease (n=16). The mean age in the HG was 47±4 years and that in the coronary artery disease group (CG) was 57±8 years. Both groups performed CPET on a cycle ergometer with a ramp-type protocol at an intensity that was calculated according to the Wasserman equation. In the HG, there was no significant difference between measurements predicted by the formula and real measurements obtained in CPET in the unloaded condition. However, at peak effort, a significant difference was observed between oxygen uptake ( V ˙O2)peak(predicted) and V ˙O2peak(real) (nonparametric Wilcoxon test). In the CG, there was a significant difference of 116.26 mL/min between the predicted values by the formula and the real values obtained in the unloaded condition. A significant difference in peak effort was found, where V ˙O2peak(real) was 40% lower than V ˙O2peak(predicted) (nonparametric Wilcoxon test). There was no agreement between the real and predicted measurements as analyzed by Lin’s coefficient or the Bland and Altman model. The Wasserman formula does not appear to be appropriate for prediction of functional capacity of volunteers. Therefore, this formula cannot precisely predict the increase in power in incremental CPET on a cycle ergometer.

The MAPA/RNC registered the cultivar IAC Formoso with carioca grain of the Instituto Agronômico IAC, in view of the high mean yield in 24 environments (approximately 2816 kg ha-1), resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and Fusarium solani, high grain quality and a cycle of 85 days from emergence to harvest.

Estimaram-se parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, por meio de dois métodos não paramétricos, para produtividade de grãos, de 20 genótipos de trigo, sendo 18 linhagens mexicanas e duas cultivares comerciais, avaliadas em três locais do Estado de São Paulo, durante 2001 e 2002. Foram observados efeitos significativos para as fontes de variação genótipos, anos e locais, constatando-se que o comportamento das linhagens não foi coincidente para os dois anos e para os três locais de avaliação. As interações genótipos x locais, anos x locais e genótipos x locais x anos foram estatisticamente significativas. Independentemente do método e considerando a análise para os dois anos e os três locais, as linhagens 13 (HAHN/2*WEAVER) e 3 (SERI M 82) figuraram entre as cinco primeiras no ranqueamento, com adaptabilidade e estabilidade amplas. Estas linhagens, em especial a linhagem 13, poderiam ser recomendadas para cultivo pelos agricultores desde que sejam avaliados outros caracteres agronômicas de interesse, entre eles o porte da planta, a resistência às doenças e a tolerância ao alumínio tóxico. Os dois procedimentos forneceram resultados semelhantes, de fácil estimativa e sobretudo fácil interpretação.

Adaptability and Stability parameters were estimated by two non-parametric methodologies for grain yield in 20 wheat genotypes, 18 Mexican inbred lines and two cultivars, which were evaluated in three locations of São Paulo State, during 2001 and 2002. Significant effects were observed for genotypes, years and locations, indicating that the performance of the inbred lines was not coincident for the two years and the three locations. Genotypes x locations, years x locations and genotypes x years x locations interactions were significant. Independently of the methodology and considering the analysis for the two years and for the three locations, inbred lines 13 (HAHN/2*WEAVER) and 3 (SERI M 82) ranked among the five, with wide adaptability and stability. These inbred lines, specially the 13, could be recommended for cultivation by growers after the evaluation of other interesting agronomic traits, such as plant height, disease resistance and aluminum tolerance. The two methodologies provided similar results with easy estimates and interpretation.

The effects of the aging process and an active life-style on the autonomic control of heart rate (HR) were investigated in nine young sedentary (YS, 23 ± 2.4 years), 16 young active (YA, 22 ± 2.1 years), 8 older sedentary (OS, 63 ± 2.4 years) and 8 older active (OA, 61 ± 1.1 years) healthy men. Electrocardiogram was continuously recorded for 15 min at rest and for 4 min in the deep breathing test, with a breath rate of 5 to 6 cycles/min in the supine position. Resting HR and RR intervals were analyzed by time (RMSSD index) and frequency domain methods. The power spectral components are reported in normalized units (nu) at low (LF) and high (HF) frequency, and as the LF/HF ratio. The deep breathing test was analyzed by the respiratory sinus arrhythmia indices: expiration/inspiration ratio (E/I) and inspiration-expiration difference (deltaIE). The active groups had lower HR and higher RMSSD index than the sedentary groups (life-style condition: sedentary vs active, P < 0.05). The older groups showed lower HFnu, higher LFnu and higher LF/HF ratio than the young groups (aging effect: young vs older, P < 0.05). The OS group had a lower E/I ratio (1.16) and deltaIE (9.7 bpm) than the other groups studied (YS: 1.38, 22.4 bpm; YA: 1.40, 21.3 bpm; OA: 1.38, 18.5 bpm). The interaction between aging and life-style effects had a P < 0.05. These results suggest that aging reduces HR variability. However, regular physical activity positively affects vagal activity on the heart and consequently attenuates the effects of aging in the autonomic control of HR.

RESUMO Foram avaliadas 18 linhagens mexicanas de porte semi-anão e duas cultivares de trigo IAC24 e IAC-370 (controles), em 6 experimentos, com delineamento estatístico em blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições, instalados em solo corrigido e com emprego de irrigação por aspersão, em Tatuí, Mococa e Ribeirão Preto, no Estado de São Paulo, nos anos de 2003 e 2004. Foram analisadas: produção de grãos, altura das plantas, resistência à ferrugem-da-folha, comprimento das espigas, número de espiguetas por espiga, de grãos por espiga e por espigueta e massa de cem grãos. As linhagens 15 (CAR442/ANA//YACO/3/KAUZ*2/TRAP//KAUZ), 16 (BAV92/STAR), 17 (BAV92/ STAR) e 18 (BAV92/PRL) destacaram-se em relação à produção de grãos e resistência à ferrugem-dafolha. A linhagem 5 (CNDO/R143//ENTE/MEXI/3...) mostrou resistência à ferrugem-da-folha associado a grãos pesados podendo, portanto, ser utilizada comercialmente ou em programas de melhoramento como fontes genéticas dessas características. A cultivar IAC-370 destacou-se por apresentar espigas mais compridas, a linhagem 13 (EHAL//CHUM18/BAU) por exibir grande número de espiguetas por espiga e as linhagens 12 (IA8719*2//KVZ/HD2009) e 18 (BAV92/PRL), por terem grande número de grãos por espiga. Os resultados mostraram que houve uma tendência dos genótipos mais produtivos serem de porte semi-anão mais alto e apresentarem uma maior massa de cem grãos.

ABSTRACT Eighteen Mexican semidwarf type and 2 control cultivars: IAC-24 and IAC-370 were evaluated in 6 experiments, using a randomized block experimental design, with four replications, carried out in limed soils and with sprinkler irrigation, in 2003 and 2004, there being each year, 3 experiments at Tatuí, Mococa and Ribeirão Preto, in the State of São Paulo. Grain yield, plant height, resistance to leaf rust, head length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike and spikelet and 100 grain weight, were evaluated. The inbred lines 15 (CAR442/ANA// YACO/3/KAUZ*2/TRAP// KAUZ), 16 (BAV92/STAR), 17 (BAV92/STAR) and 18 (BAV92/PRL) showed good performance at the same time in relation to grain yield and leaf rust resistance. The inbred line 5 (CNDO/R143//ENTE/MEXI/3...) presented high leaf rust resistance associated to heavy grains, had the possibility to be used as genetic sources of these characters in wheat breeding programs. The cultivar IAC-370 showed long heads, the inbred line 13 (EHAL//CHUM18/BAU) exhibited a large number of spikelets per spike and the inbred lines 12 (IA8719*2//KVZ/HD2009) and 18 (BAV92/PRL) presented a large number of grains per spike. The results showed that there was a tendency of the must productive genotypes presented associations with plants exhibiting tall semidwarf type with heavy grains.

The purpose of the present study was to determine if autonomic heart rate modulation, indicated by heart rate variability (HRV), differs during supine rest and head-up tilt (HUT) when sedentary and endurance-trained cyclists are compared. Eleven sedentary young men (S) and 10 trained cyclists (C) were studied. The volunteers were submitted to a dynamic ECG Holter to calculate HRV at rest and during a 70º HUT. The major aerobic capacity of athletes was expressed by higher values of <img src="/img/revistas/bjmbr/v38n4/Vo.gif">at anaerobic threshold and peak conditions (P < 0.05). At rest the athletes had lower heart rates (P < 0.05) and higher values in the time domain of HRV compared with controls (SD of normal RR interval, SDNN, medians): 59.1 ms (S) vs 89.9 ms (C), P < 0.05. During tilt athletes also had higher values in the time domain of HRV compared with controls (SDNN, medians): 55.7 ms (S) vs 69.7 ms (C), P < 0.05. No differences in power spectral components of HRV at rest or during HUT were detected between groups. Based on the analysis of data by the frequency domain method, we conclude that in athletes the resting bradycardia seems to be much more related to changes in intrinsic mechanisms than to modifications in autonomic control. Also, HUT caused comparable changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of the sinus node in both groups.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic physical training (APT) on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiorespiratory responses at peak condition and ventilatory anaerobic threshold. Ten young (Y: median = 21 years) and seven middle-aged (MA = 53 years) healthy sedentary men were studied. Dynamic exercise tests were performed on a cycloergometer using a continuous ramp protocol (12 to 20 W/min) until exhaustion. A dynamic 24-h electrocardiogram was analyzed by time (TD) (standard deviation of mean R-R intervals) and frequency domain (FD) methods. The power spectral components were expressed as absolute (a) and normalized units (nu) at low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies and as the LF/HF ratio. Control (C) condition: HRV in TD (Y: 108, MA: 96 ms; P<0.05) and FD - LFa, HFa - was significantly higher in young (1030; 2589 ms²/Hz) than in middle-aged men (357; 342 ms²/Hz) only during sleep (P<0.05); post-training effects: resting bradycardia (P<0.05) in the awake condition in both groups; VO2 increased for both groups at anaerobic threshold (P<0.05), and at peak condition only in young men; HRV in TD and FD (a and nu) was not significantly changed by training in either groups. The vagal predominance during sleep is reduced with aging. The resting bradycardia induced by short-term APT in both age groups suggests that this adaptation is much more related to intrinsic alterations in sinus node than in efferent vagal-sympathetic modulation. Furthermore, the greater alterations in VO2 than in HRV may be related to short-term APT.

Compararam-se dezoito genótipos de Triticum durum L. e dois de Triticum aestivum L. em experimentos semeados em condições de irrigação por aspersão em diferentes regiões tritícolas paulistas, durante o período de 1995-97. Analisaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: rendimento de grãos, altura de plantas, ciclo da emergência à maturação, resistência às manchas foliares causadas por helmintosporiose, adaptabilidade, estabilidade, e qualidade tecnológica. O IAC 24 (T. aestivum) foi o mais produtivo, não diferindo dos genótipos de T. durum ALTAR/STN (12), MEMOS "S"/YAV79/3/SAPI"S"/TEAL"S"//HUI"S" (17), STN"S"/3/TEZ"S"/YAV79//HUI"S" (6), ALTAR/STN (11) e WIN"S"/SBA81A//STIL"S" (14) na comparação das médias para rendimento de grãos. Verificou-se que, em Ribeirão Preto, o rendimento médio de grãos foi de 5.332 kg/ha no período. Observaram-se valores semelhantes do coeficiente de determinação (R2) para a maioria dos genótipos estudados, exceto para IAC 24 e IAC 1001. Este e o Anahuac apresentaram-se instáveis quanto à produção de grãos nos ambientes desfavoráveis e estável nos favoráveis, ao contrário do IAC 24. As infecções do agente causal de mancha-foliar foram baixas, sendo as ocorrências mais generalizadas em Tatuí. Os melhores genótipos de T. durum em relação à qualidade tecnológica foram os tratamentos IAC 1003 (1), SCO"S"/3/BD1814//BD708/BD1543/4/ROK"S" (13), Altar 84 (15) e MEMOS"S"/YAV79/3/SAPI"S"/TEAL"S"//HUI"S" (17), enquadrando-se os demais genótipos na classificação de farinha (sêmola) médio-fraca, produzindo massa de má qualidade. Estimou-se que as variáveis: tempo de desenvolvimento, sedimentação, índice de tolerância à mistura, energia de deformação da massa, número de queda, tenacidade versus elasticidade (P/L) e estabilidade seriam, em ordem de importância, parâmetros a considerar na seleção de cada genótipo, conjuntamente com o rendimento de grãos e sua adaptabilidade.

Eighteen durum wheat and two bread wheat genotypes were evaluated for grain yield, plant height, cycle from emergence to maturity, resistance to leaf spots caused by Helminthosporium sp, adaptability, stability and technological quality, in experiments, under sprinkler irrigation, carried out at different regions of State of São Paulo, Brazil. The bread wheat IAC 24 presented the highest yield but not differing from the durum genotypes ALTAR/STN (12), MEMOS"S"/YAV79/3/SAPIS"S"/TEAL"S"//HUI"S" (17), STN"S"/3/TEZ"S"/YAV79//HUI"S" (6), ALTAR/STN (11) and WIN"S"SBA81A//STIL"S"(14). At Ribeirão Preto site the grain yield mean of the evaluated genotypes was 5,332 kg/ha, in the period. Coefficients of determination for all genotypes were similar with exception for IAC 24 and IAC 1001. The last one, a durum wheat, showed instable in relation to grain yield under not favorable environments, and stable under favorable environments. The bread wheat IAC 24 presented opposite behaviour. The infection of the causal agent of leaf spot was low, but at Tatuí site the occurrence of this disease was more generalized. The best durum wheat genotypes in relation to quality were IAC 1003 (1), SCO"S"/3/BD1814//BD708/BD1543/4/ROK"S"(13), ALTAR 84 (15) and MEMOS"S"/YAV79/3/SAPI"S"/TEAL"S"/HUI"S" (17). The other durum wheat genotypes presented medium to low flour strength producing bad quality dough. Dough development time, sedimentation test, index of mixture tolerance, energy for deformation of the dough, falling number, tenacity versus elasticity (P/L) and dough stability were in order of importance the parameters to be considered combined with grain yield and adaptability for the genotype selections.

Em experimentos com irrigação por aspersão instalados em diferentes zonas tritícolas paulistas, avaliaram-se a produtividade de grãos, as reações aos agentes causais de ferrugem-da-folha, de oídio e de helmintosporiose e a qualidade tecnológica da farinha de dezesseis genótipos de trigo em 1991-93. O genótipo TUI"S" apresentou melhor produtividade e boa adaptação nas diferentes zonas estudadas. Destacaram-se também o IAC 289, IAC 335, IAC 338, IAC 286 e IAC 60. As zonas D (Tatuí) e C (Paranapanema) apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior e a menor produção, diferindo significativamente entre si. A ocorrência da mancha foliar, causada por Helmínthosporium sp., e do oídio foi generalizada em todas as zonas no decorrer do período. De acordo com os parâmetros físicos, químicos e reológicos, os genótipos IAC 24, IAC 315, IAC 334, TUI"S" e IAC 339 apresentaram farinha de qualidade superior (forte), enquanto a dos genótipos 79-218 e NS.55.58/PJN"S" foi considerada de baixa qualidade (fraca).

From 1991 to 1993, sixteen wheat genotypes were evaluated in experiments carried out at the different wheat regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, under sprinkler irrigation. Grain yield, reactions to the causal agents of leaf rust, powdery mildew and leaf spots and the flour technological quality were evaluated. The genotype TUI"S" presented high productivity and good adaptation at the different studied wheat regions. The genotypes IAC 289, IAC 335, IAC 338, IAC 286 and IAC 60 also showed good performance. The wheat region D (Tatuf) exhibited the highest grain yield, differing significantly from the region C (Paranapanema), which presented the lowest grain yield. The occurrence of leaf spots, caused by Helminthosporium sp. and powdery mildew were generalized in all regions during the considered period. Taking into account the physical, chemical and rheologic parameters, the genotypes IAC 24, IAC 315, IAC 334, TUI"S" and IAC 339 presented superior flour quality (hard) as compared to the others. The flour of the genotypes 79-218 and NS.55.58/PJN"S" was considered of inferior quality (soft).

Compararam-se 23 linhagens de trigo duro (Triticum durum L.) e dois cultivares de trigo (T. aestivum L.), em 16 ensaios, tanto em condição de irrigação por aspersão como de sequeiro, analisando-se a produção de grãos, componentes da produção e resistência às doenças. As linhagens de trigo duro L3 (Gallareta "S"), L4 (Yavaros "S"), L12 [CI 14955 x (Yavaros "S" x Gediz)] x Tropic Bird e L19 {{[(61150 x Leeds) x Gallo "S"] x Garza "S"} x Mexicali "S"} x S15, resistentes às ferrugens-do-colmo e da-folha, suscetíveis ao oídio e à mancha foliar, de porte baixo (com exceção da L12), de ciclo precoce, destacaram-se quanto à produção de grãos, em solos com baixa acidez, não diferindo dos cultivares de trigo IAC-60 e IAC-24, os mais cultivados atualmente no Estado de São Paulo. A linhagem de trigo duro L22 (Sacaba-81) apresentou-se, ao mesmo tempo, imune ao agente causal das ferrugens-do-colmo e da-folha e moderadamente resistente ao de oídio. Todos os genótipos estudados foram suscetíveis ao agente causal das manchas foliares. A linhagem de trigo duro L3 mostrou ser fonte genética para grande número de grãos por espiga e por espigueta; os cultivares de trigo IAC-60 e IAC-24 possuem genes para maior comprimento da espiga e número de espiguetas por espiga; as linhagens de trigo duro L14 (Gediz "S" x Cocorit-71) e L19 têm genes para grãos mais pesados.

Twenty-three durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) inbred lines and two bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars were evaluated in sixteen trials carried out under sprinkler irrigation and in upland conditions, taking into account the grain yield, yield components and disease resistance. The durum wheat lines L3 (Gallareta"S"), L4 (Yavaros "S"), L12 [CI 14955 x (Yavaros "S" x Gediz "S")] x Tropic Bird and L19 {{[61150 x Leeds) x Gallo "S"}x Garza "S"} x Mexicali "S"} x S15 presented resistance to stem and leaf rusts, susceptibility to powdery mildew and leaf spot, short stature (with exception of line L12), earliness, and good grain yield not differing from the bread wheat cultivars IAC-60 and IAC-24, that are today the most cultivated in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The line L22 (Sacaba-81) showed at the same time immunity to the causal agents of stem and leaf rusts and moderate resistance to the causal agent of powdery mildew. All genotypes were susceptible to the causal agents of leaf spoting diseases. The line L3, showed to be a good genetic source to increase the number of grains per spike and per spikelet; the cultivars IAC-60 and IAC-24 revealed long heads and large number of spikelets per spike; and the lines L14 (Gediz"S" x Cocorit-71) and L19 were considered good for heavy grains.