ABSTRACT Seed coat plays an important role in the embryo protection and seed germination. This study aimed to characterize the anatomical structure, histochemical and physicochemical aspects of the seed coat of Araucaria angustifolia Kuntze. Light and scanning microscopy usual procedures, and histochemical tests were used to describe and characterize seed layers, as well as to determine their extractive contents. Functional groups of the integument coat layers were observed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Color analyses were performed in CIE 1976 L*a*b* color space. Wettability of the layers was evaluated by contact angle analysis. The anatomical and chemical features observed in the seed layers include the rucose cuticle and the presence of many layers of sclerenchyma in the mesotesta; and the chromaticity due to extractive content and phenolic compounds in the endotesta. The wettability varied among layers according to their structure. These features information contribute to a better understanding on the services provided by the Araucaria angustifolia seed coat.

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize and select genotypes which displayed aptitude for genetic improvement for tomatoes consumed in natura as well as for those used in industrial processing. There were ten genotypes evaluated, being those from seven lines (CVR 1, CVR 3, CVR 4, CVR 5, CVR 8, CVR 21 and CVR 22) and three commercial hybrids (AP-533, SVR-0453 and Kátia) and analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of the produced fruits as: soluble solids rates, acidity in citric acid, total titratable acidity, soluble solids and total titratable acidity relation, pH, vitamin C, mass, transversal and longitudinal diameter and fruit firmness. In face of the analyzed characteristics, it was concluded that all genotypes produce fruits with aptitude to be consumed in natura. The fruits present soluble solids content above 3 °Brix, oblong shape and “moderately soft” texture. Line CVR 22 showed the highest values for soluble solid and total titratable acidity relation, producing fruit with more pleasant and mild flavor, while lines CVR 3 and CVR 8 produced fruits with higher acidity and lower pH, with red coloration accentuated, characteristics indicated for genetic improvement of industrial tomato.

Abstract Glycerin is an organic compound with an alcoholic function and can be esterified into fatty acids to form triglycerides. Due to the increasing availability of glycerin, studies that determine the best level of its inclusion in diets for ruminants are needed. This study evaluated the effects of glycerin supplementation on the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus lumborum of heifers fed on Brachiaria brizantha pasture. Thirty-six heifers were distributed in a totally randomized design with four treatments (G0.0 = without glycerin, G4.6 = 4.6% glycerin, G9.3 = 9.3% glycerin and G14.3 = 14.3% glycerin). The addition of glycerin decreased the tetradecanoic and octadecanoic fatty acids but increased the pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, heptadecenoic, eicosanoic, eicosatetraenoic and docosatetraenoic fatty acids. The saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid concentrations were similar across the diets. However, the polyunsaturated (PUFA) concentrations and the PUFA:MUFA and n-6:n-3 ratios increased with the inclusion of glycerin in the diet. Glycerin levels up to 14.3% (corresponding to a substitution of 50.5% of corn for this byproduct as an energy source) did not alter the proximate composition of the meat but improved the fatty acid profile of the longissimus lumborum muscle and, consequently, increased the meat quality, potentially providing benefits for human health.

Resumen La glicerina es un compuesto orgánico con una función alcohólica que puede esterificarse en ácidos grasos para formar triglicéridos. Debido a su disponibilidad cada vez mayor, se necesitan estudios que indiquen el mejor nivel de inclusión en las dietas para los rumiantes. Este estudio evaluó los efectos de la glicerina sobre la composición próxima y el perfil de ácidos grasos de Longissimus lumborum de novillas suplementadas con pasto de Brachiaria brizantha. Se distribuyeron 36 vaquillas en un diseño totalmente aleatorizado con cuatro tratamientos (G0.0 = sin glicerina, G4.6 = 4,6% de glicerina, G9.3 = 9.3% de glicerina y G14.3 = 14.3% de glicerina). La adición de glicerina disminuyó los ácidos grasos tetradecanoico y octadecanoico, pero aumentó los ácidos grasos pentadecanoico, heptadecanoico, heptadecenoico, eicosanoico, eicosatetraenoico y docosatetraenoico. Las concentraciones de ácidos grasos saturados (SFA), monoinsaturados (MUFA) y omega-3 (n-3) fueron similares en todas las dietas. Sin embargo, las concentraciones de poliinsaturados (PUFA) y los niveles de PUFA: MUFA y n-6: n-3 aumentaron con la inclusión de glicerina en las dietas. Los niveles de glicerina hasta 14.3% (que corresponden a una sustitución del 50.5% de maíz por este subproducto como fuente de energía) no alteraron la composición proximal de la carne pero mejoraron el perfil de ácidos grasos del músculo Longissimus lumborum y, en consecuencia, aumentaron la carne calidad, potencialmente proporcionando beneficios para la salud humana.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify nurses' knowledge and practice in the framework of the Family Health Strategy program with regard to social participation in health. Method: qualitative study which had the Family Health Units in a municipality of Minas Gerais as setting. Nine nurses participated in the study, and they were interviewed individually in July and August 2014. Data were collected and analyzed according to the content analysis technique and interpreted in the light of Paulo Freire's ontology and critical pedagogy. Results: the analyzed statements showed that nurses bring along conceptual and behavioral inconsistencies which need to be equalized, so their knowledge and practice can mediate the challenging construction of participatory management in health. Conclusion: an improvement in nurses' training is suggested, both academically and professionally, aiming at strengthening their political role in the process of consolidation of social participation in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los saberes y prácticas del enfermero de Estrategia Salud de la Familia respecto de la participación social en la salud. Método: investigación cualitativa, con escenario en las Unidades de Salud de la Familia de municipio de Minas Gerais. Participaron nueve enfermeros, entrevistados individualmente, durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2014. Los datos recabados fueron analizados mediante técnica de análisis de contenido, e interpretados a la luz de la ontología y pedagogía freireana. Resultados: los testimonios analizados evidenciaron que los enfermeros cargan con incoherencias conceptuales y de actitud que necesitan solucionarse, a efectos de que sus saberes y prácticas puedan mediar en la desafiante construcción de la gestión participativa en la salud. Conclusión: se sugiere profundización de la formación del enfermero, tanto académica como laboral, en pos de fortalecer su papel político en el proceso de consolidación de la participación social en el Sistema Único de Salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os saberes e práticas do enfermeiro da Estratégia Saúde da Família com relação à participação social na saúde. Método: pesquisa de natureza qualitativa que teve como cenário as Unidades de Saúde da Família de um município de Minas Gerais. Participaram nove enfermeiros, entrevistados individualmente, nos meses de julho e agosto de 2014. Os dados coletados foram analisados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo e interpretados à luz da ontologia e pedagogia freireana. Resultados: os depoimentos analisados evidenciaram que os enfermeiros trazem incoerências conceituais e também atitudinais que necessitam ser equalizadas, a fim de que os seus saberes e práticas possam mediar a desafiadora construção da gestão participativa na saúde. Conclusão: sugere-se um incremento na formação do enfermeiro, tanto acadêmica quanto em serviço, no sentido de fortalecer o seu papel político no processo de consolidação da participação social no Sistema Único de Saúde.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os saberes e práticas do enfermeiro da Estratégia Saúde da Família com relação à participação social na saúde. Método: pesquisa de natureza qualitativa que teve como cenário as Unidades de Saúde da Família de um município de Minas Gerais. Participaram nove enfermeiros, entrevistados individualmente, nos meses de julho e agosto de 2014. Os dados coletados foram analisados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo e interpretados à luz da ontologia e pedagogia freireana. Resultados: os depoimentos analisados evidenciaram que os enfermeiros trazem incoerências conceituais e também atitudinais que necessitam ser equalizadas, a fim de que os seus saberes e práticas possam mediar a desafiadora construção da gestão participativa na saúde. Conclusão: sugere-se um incremento na formação do enfermeiro, tanto acadêmica quanto em serviço, no sentido de fortalecer o seu papel político no processo de consolidação da participação social no Sistema Único de Saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify nurses' knowledge and practice in the framework of the Family Health Strategy program with regard to social participation in health. Method: qualitative study which had the Family Health Units in a municipality of Minas Gerais as setting. Nine nurses participated in the study, and they were interviewed individually in July and August 2014. Data were collected and analyzed according to the content analysis technique and interpreted in the light of Paulo Freire's ontology and critical pedagogy. Results: the analyzed statements showed that nurses bring along conceptual and behavioral inconsistencies which need to be equalized, so their knowledge and practice can mediate the challenging construction of participatory management in health. Conclusion: an improvement in nurses' training is suggested, both academically and professionally, aiming at strengthening their political role in the process of consolidation of social participation in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los saberes y prácticas del enfermero de Estrategia Salud de la Familia respecto de la participación social en la salud. Método: investigación cualitativa, con escenario en las Unidades de Salud de la Familia de municipio de Minas Gerais. Participaron nueve enfermeros, entrevistados individualmente, durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2014. Los datos recabados fueron analizados mediante técnica de análisis de contenido, e interpretados a la luz de la ontología y pedagogía freireana. Resultados: los testimonios analizados evidenciaron que los enfermeros cargan con incoherencias conceptuales y de actitud que necesitan solucionarse, a efectos de que sus saberes y prácticas puedan mediar en la desafiante construcción de la gestión participativa en la salud. Conclusión: se sugiere profundización de la formación del enfermero, tanto académica como laboral, en pos de fortalecer su papel político en el proceso de consolidación de la participación social en el Sistema Único de Salud.

<p>O setor sucroenergético brasileiro tem atraído investimentos estrangeiros de forma acentuada desde 2003/2004. Os fatores que estimularam este movimento estão relacionados às perspectivas de consolidação de um mercado internacional, a expansão da demanda externa e interna e a elevação do preço do combustível fóssil. Outro fator que contribui para a atratividade do capital externo é a competitividade do etanol brasileiro em relação às demais matérias-primas utilizadas em outros países. Este trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar e analisar a nova configuração da estrutura produtiva do setor sucroenergético brasileiro após o movimento de entrada do capital externo. A presença do capital externo pode alterar a dinâmica do setor, levando até ao fortalecimento dos elos na cadeia produtiva (<italic>trade linkages</italic>). Além disso, a presença do capital externo a partir da entrada de empresas transnacionais pode elevar as atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento tecnológico no setor sucroenergético, dando um novo impulso.</p>

<p>The Brazilian sugarcane industry has attracted foreign investment since 2003/2004. The factors, that have stimulated this movement, are related to the prospects for the consolidation of an international market ethanol, expanding external and internal demand and the rising price of fossil fuel. Another factor is the competitiveness of Brazilian ethanol compared with other raw materials used in other countries. This paper aims to characterize and analyze the new configuration of the productive structure of the Brazilian sugarcane industry after the movement in foreign capital. The presence of foreign capital can change the dynamics of the sector, leading to the strengthening of the links in the production chain (trade linkages). Furthermore, the presence of foreign capital from the entry of transnational enterprises can raise research and technological development in the sugarcane industry, giving a new impulse.</p>

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante produzida com o capim emurchecido ou adicionada de diferentes níveis de farelo de cacau. O capim-elefante foi colhido aos 50 dias de rebrota após o corte de uniformização e submetido aos seguintes tratamentos na ensilagem: capim-elefante emurchecido ao sol por 8 horas, e capim-elefante sem emurchecimento com 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28% de farelo de cacau (FC) (% da matéria natural). Foram utilizadas quatro repetições por tratamento; o material foi acondicionado em silos de PVC com 0,15 m de diâmetro e 0,3 m de altura, adotando-se compactação de 500 kg/m³. A inclusão do farelo de cacau na ensilagem do capim-elefante mostrou-se eficiente em aumentar o teor de MS da silagem. A inclusão de FC no nível de 7% permitiu produção de silagem com teor de MS semelhante ao da silagem de capim emurchecido. As silagens com FC apresentaram maiores teores de NT, EE, lignina, NIDN e NIDA, no entanto, os teores de FDN, FDA CEL, HEM, cinzas e NDT e a DIVMS diminuíram com a adição de farelo de cacau. O NDT estimado para a silagem de capim emurchecido foi superior ao obtido nas demais silagens, com e sem farelo de cacau. Embora o FC tenha promovido redução da DIVMS, sua inclusão nos níveis de 7 e 14% proporcionou boa digestibilidade das silagens (acima de 60%). O emurchecimento do capim-elefante e a adição de FC podem ser alternativas para aumentar o teor de MS da silagem e garantir a produção de silagens de bom valor nutritivo.

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass silage wilted under the sun light for eight hours. Other treatments involved the same elephant grass without exposing to sun light but with addition of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of cocoa meal (CM) at the ensilage process. The PVC silos used in the experiment measured 0.15 m of diameter and 0.30 m of height. During the ensiling process the forage was compressed until reach 500 kg/m³. The addition of CM on elephantgrass during the ensiling process increased efficiently the silage DM concentration. The treatment of 7% addition of CM resulted in DM concentration similar to the wilted treatment. The treatments involving addition of CM presented high TN, EE, LIG, NDIN, and ADIN concentrations. Reductions in NDF, ADF, CEL, HEM, ash, TDN, and IVDMD concentrations were detected with the addition of CM. The estimated TDN of wilted treatment was greater than the other treatments with or without CM. Although the CM reduced IVDMD, the 7 and 14% levels of CM inclusion resulted in elevated digestibility over 60%. The wilting and CM addition may be used as alternatives to increase silage DM concentration.

O experimento foi conduzido para determinar as frações que compõem os carboidratos da silagem de capim-elefante emurchecido ou acrescida de farelo de cacau. O capim-elefante utilizado foi colhido aos 50 dias de rebrota após o corte de uniformização e submetido aos seguintes tratamentos: capim-elefante emurchecido ao sol por oito horas e capim-elefante não-emurchecido acrescido de 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28% de farelo de cacau (% da matéria natural). O material foi acondicionado em silos de PVC com capacidade para 5,3 L, que foram abertos após 45 dias. A silagem de capim emurchecido apresentou teor de carboidratos totais (CT) semelhante ao daquelas com 14 e 21% de farelo de cacau. A análise de regressão detectou redução linear desta fração nas silagens com farelo de cacau. Para todas as frações de carboidratos estimadas, a silagem de capim emurchecido apresentou valores semelhantes ao daquela com capim sem emurchecimento. As frações dos carboidratos totais das silagens foram influenciadas pela adição de farelo de cacau, de modo que os teores de A+B1 e FDNi aumentaram e os de B2 diminuíram com a inclusão de farelo de cacau.

The experiment was carried out to determine the carbohydrate fractions of elephantgrass silage wilted under the sun for eight hours. Other treatments included the same elephantgrass without wilting but with addition of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of cocoa meal at the ensiling process. The PVC silos used in the experiment had 5.3 L of capacity, and they were opened 45 days after ensiling. The wilted treatment showed total carbohydrate (TC) concentration similar to treatments with 14 and 21% cocoa meal. The regression analysis detected linear reduction of this fraction with the addition of cocoa meal. For all carbohydrate estimated fractions, the wilted treatment showed similar values to the treatment without wilting. The silage TC fractions were altered by cocoa meal addictions, presenting high concentration of A+B1, and NDFi, and low concentration of B2 with increasing cocoa meal level.

In view of the scarce references concerning the histological data in congenital parvovirus human B19 infection, we intend to provide a description of the pathological features observed in six autopsies.The virus was detected by DNA hybridization (ISH-DBH),PCR and electronmicroscopy (EM) in paraffin-embedded feto-placentary tissues.These cases constitute a subset from 86 Non Immunologic Hydrops Fetalis (NIHF) cases, in which a systemic complex of inflammatory/degenerative lesions of unknown etiology was visualized by optical microscopy. In one case a syphilitic process was detected, typefying a double infection. All fetuses showed a similar pathology - hydrops, hepato-splenomegaly, lung hypoplasia and erythroblastemia, the specific histological feature being the presence of intranuclear inclusions in the erythroid progenitors, in the erythropoietic visceral tissue and in blood marrow. Complex cardiopathy allied to abnormal lung lobulation and polisplenia were observed once; in 2 cases endocardial fibroelastosis was diagnosed. The pulmonary lesions were represented by dysmaturity allied to interstitial mononuclear infiltration. The hepatic consisted of cholestasis, portal fibrosis, canalicular proliferation, hemossiderosis, focal necroses and giant cell transformation. The central nervous system lesions were predominantly anoxic although the autolysis impaired a correct diagnosis.

Revisão sumária das causas infecciosas das anomalias congênitas englobando as malformações, que correspondem a estruturas anormais orgânicas ou tissulares decorrentes de erros primários de morfogenese embrionaria e deformações, que se instalam no período fetal da vida intrauterina, correspondentes a alterações de forma e estrutura de órgãos primitivamente bem constituidos.

Review of the infective causes of Congenital Anomalies, including Malformations, which arise during the embryonic period as a result of primary errors in morphogenesis and Deformations, which arise in later fetal life and are alterations in the form or structure of a previously normally formed organ.

We had the opportunity to study 6 cases of the congenital form of toxoplasmosis, found in a series of 1200 necropsies of fetuses and newborn babies, realized at 3 different hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Among the 6 cases, 4 were premature babies liveborn at the 6th-8th gestational month and 2 were stillborn (1 premature and 1 at term). In all those cases, the diagnosis was based in the detection of the parasite in tissues and in one case it was even isolated the Toxoplasma from the necrotic material found in the cranial cavity. This strain of Toxoplasma, pathogenic to pigeons, to guinea pigs and to mice, is preserved by successive transfers in mice. Some facts observed in those cases present an interest not only strictly anatomic but also have certain value for the better acknowlegment of the disease. First, we want to call the attention to the presence of a sudden high fever, during or just before pregnancy in the 4 cases in which the maternal anamnesis was perfectly studied; this fever that was preceded by a normal beginning of pregnancy, had relatively rapid remission, but in 2 cases was immediately followed by uterine bleeding and premature delivery, although the puerperium had been apparently normal. It is known that are normal the subsequent children of the mothers that delivered a baby with toxoplasmosis and that several women have normal babies before the toxoplasmotic one. We believe that the fever observed in our cases could be indicative of the beginning of maternal infection and those are the reasons why we emphasize the need of careful anamnesis, specially in the cases actually diagnosed as inapparent infection. Another fact to notice is that in 5 of our cases the event premature delivery happened always between the 6th and the 8th months of pregnancy, and the only term fetus was delivered in advanced stage of maceration. The above mentioned facts could agree with the opinion of FRENKEL (1949), when he declared that "primary infection of the pregnant mother appears more likely to be the commoner mode of fetal toxoplasmic infection", but they would disagree with WEINMAN (1952) who believes that the transmission of Toxoplasma to the fetus is more frequent through a pregnant woman with chronic disease and who says "that infection contracted during pregnancy may and probably does happen from time to time"...Still in connection with the transmission of toxoplasmosis, we want to note the verification of inflammatory lesions in the placental villi and in the umbilical cord in 3 of the 4 cases in which such organs were examined at the microscope. In the case n. 1, we found several pseudocysts of Toxoplasma in the placenta, and the fibroblasts of Wharton's jelly were particularly rich in isolated forms and in colonies of Toxoplasma; the easy multiplication of the parasite in that tissue calls the attention and even suggests its utilisation for Toxoplasma's cultivation. The confirmation of Toxoplasma in human placenta was made only recently by CRISTEN et al. (1951) and by NEGHME et al. (1952), in Chile; it is not frequent in the literature, what gives some value to our present verification. Another observation was that provided by the case n. 6. This baby, a premature one of the 6th month, was 14 days old and-died with signs of respiratory disease, the causa mortis have been pneumonia. At the necropsy, we found no gross change that suggested toxoplasmosis, except the presence of some small necrotic focuses in the cerebral nervous substance around the ventricles. As a matter of fact, there was no enlargement of spleen or liver and neither leptomeningitis nor hydrocephalus. Such focuses were attributed to possible anoxia and in fact they are extremely similar to anoxial softenings, even when they are examined at the microscope; its structure composed of a central necrotic zone, surrounded by proliferated neuroglia and by a variable deposit of calcium salts, closely simulated the anoxial softenings, when the microscopical examination is based in the common histological preparations (hematoxilin-eosin, etc.). But when we examine preparations by the Giemsa or by the periodic acid-Schiff methods, we will note the presence of Toxoplasma, with its typical aspect or a little changed by degeneration. When we describe this observation, we wish to evidence the need of the search of Toxoplasma and closed parasites, in the cases of supposed pure anoxial softenings of nervous substance, in children. The frequency with which the congenital toxoplasmosis was anatomically verified should be emphasized, although the disease had not been clinically suspected, and it should be borne in mind that the second case of toxoplasmosis reported in the world was observed in Brazil by MAGARINOS TORRES; this case was the first to be described of the generalized congenital form of the infection, i. e. with myocardial lesions and parasites in skeletal muscles and skin.