Abstract: Fruits reaching the floor of tropical forests constitute an attractive resource for a variety of mammals. Study of the characteristics of the frugivory interaction can help to advance in the understanding of the mechanisms favoring animal’s coexistence. However, there are few studies focused on analyzing patterns of activity of mammals feeding on fruits in the forest floor. Camera traps were used to record consumption of Licania platypus and Pouteria sapota fruits by Cuniculus paca, Dasyprocta punctata, Nasua narica, Dycotiles crassus and Tapirella bairdii. Patterns of mammal activity were characterized based on the day, time and tree in which they were recorded. Overlap in daily (delta coefficient) and spatial occurrence (same tree and day, Jaccard, Ochiai indices and V ratio) was assessed. High segregation in the activity of frugivores occurred during the day (mean delta = 0.291 and 0.191 for L. platypus and P. sapota, respectively) and among trees/days (max. Jaccard = 0.14 and 0.19 for L. platypus and P. sapota, respectively). Our results suggest that activity overlap among mammalian frugivores feeding in the forest floor is lower than expected. This likely relates to the fact we conducted our analysis at a finer detail than previous studies (for example those focusing exclusively on dietary overlap). Thus, our study increases our understanding of the possible factor that can favor coexistence of tropical frugivorous mammals.

Resumen: Los frutos depositados en el piso del bosque tropical son un recurso sumamente atractivo para una amplia variedad de mamíferos. El estudio de las características de esta interacción puede permitir avanzar en el entendimiento de los mecanismos que favorecen la coexistencia entre especies de mamíferos. Se usaron cámaras trampa para registrar el consumo de frutos de Licania platypus y Pouteria sapota por Cuniculus paca, Dasyprocta punctata, Nasua narica, Dycotiles crassus y Tapirella bairdii. Con base en la información del día, la hora y el árbol donde se registró la fauna, se caracterizó el nivel de traslape en actividad a lo largo del día (coeficiente de traslape, delta) y espacialmente (visitas a los mismos árboles en los mismos días, índices de asociación de Jaccard, Ochiai y cociente V). Se encontró una alta segregación en la actividad diaria (delta promedio = 0.291 y 0.191 en L. platypus y P. sapota, respectivamente) y entre árboles/días (máx. Jaccard = 0.14 y 0.19 en L. platypus y P. sapota, respectivamente). Nuestros resultados indican que el grado de traslape en la actividad de mamíferos alimentándose de frutos en el piso de la selva es en general bajo. Esto puede deberse al hecho de que nuestro estudio analiza los patrones de actividad de la fauna con un mayor nivel de detalle que estudios previos que, por ejemplo, se han concentrado exclusivamente en la dieta de la fauna. Nuestro estudio permite avanzar en el entendimiento de los mecanismos que permiten la coexistencia entre distintas especies de mamíferos frugívoros.

Na Usina Hidrelátrica Salto Osório foram examinados 88 peixes, dos quais 24 (27,3%) encontravam-se parasitados por oito espécies de nematóides: Capillaria sp., formas imaturas de Contracoecum sp., Procamallanus peraccuratus Pinto et al., 1976, Procamallanus petterae Kohn & Fernandes, 1988, Raphidascaris sp., Spirocamallanus intermedius Pinto et al., 1974, Spirocamallanus pintoi Kohn & Fernandes, 1988 e Spirocamallanus sp., além de uma forma imatura de cestóide. Na Usina Hidrelétrica de Salto Santiago, dos 83 peixes examinados, 32 (38,5%) apresentaram-se parasitados por três espécies de nematóides: Contracoecum sp. (forma larvar), Procamallanus peraccuratus e Raphydascaris sp., e uma especie de cestóide (forma larvar).

Eight species of nematodes and one larval cestode were recovered from 88 specimens of 12 species of fishes captured in the reservoir of "Salto Osório". Capillaria sp., Contracoecum sp., (larval forms), Procamallanus peraccuratus pinto et al., 1976, Procamallanus petterae Kohn & Fernandes, 1988, Raphidascaris sp., Spirocamallanus intermedius Pinto et al., 1974 and Spirocamallanus pintoi Kohn & Fernandes, 1988. From 83 specimens of 12 species of fishes from the reservoir of "Salto Santiago", only one species of cestode and three species of nematodes were recovered: Contracoecum sp. (larval forms), procamallanus peraccuratus and Raphidascaris sp. Pimelodus ortmanni is a new host record for P. peraccurants and S. intermedius.