Physiological and anatomical features of Cd-tolerance in Pfaffia glomerata were examined by exposing plantlets to nutrient solutions with increasing Cd concentrations (0, 15, 45, and 90 µmol Cd L-1), and possible Cd-tolerance markers were established. Cd contents were found to be higher in roots than in shoots. According to the bio-concentration factor data, this species is effectively a Cd-hyperaccumulator, as previously attested. Cd induced the appearance of xeromorphic characteristics in leaves (decreased water potential, increased numbers and decreased stomata size) and increased root endodermis thickness. The enzymatic antioxidant systems of roots and leaves were differently affected by Cd. The coordinated activities of antioxidant enzymes were effective in reducing Cd-induced reactive oxygen species in plants, mainly in leaves. Root endodermis thickness, stomatal size and numbers, root superoxide dismutase, and guaiacol peroxidase, as well as leaf guaiacol peroxidase and catalase activities can all be considered Cd-tolerance markers in Pfaffia glomerata. Due to its high root Cd accumulation, Pfaffia glomerata may be useful in Cd-phytoextraction programs, however the pharmacological use of plants grown in the presence of Cd must be avoided.

The growth and developmental characteristics of grasses and their high biodiversity make such plants suitable for remediation of areas contaminated by heavy metals. Nevertheless, heavy metal toxic effect on the plants may cause alteration in their metabolic pathways, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and growth, modifying plant anatomy. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of soil contamination (0, 7.5 % and 15 % m³ m-3) on biomass production, on photosynthetic characteristics and on anatomical changes in roots and leaves of brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.). After seeds were planted, seedlings were uprooted and replanted in vases containing soil at different contamination levels, being left to rest for 120 days. At the end of that time, plants presented reduced yield of root and shoot dry matter, contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and potential photosynthesis with increased of soil contamination. The cell layers of endodermis and exodermis in the root tissues and the cell walls of the xylem and cortical parenchyma all thickened as contamination increased. In the leaf tissues, the adaxial and abaxial epidermis presented increased thickness while the leaf blade presented reduced thickness as contamination increased with consequent change in the root growth rate. In general, the effects of heavy metal increased with the metal concentration. Some results indicate that B. decumbens seems to have some degree of heavy metal tolerance.

A poluição por metais pesados, particularmente pelo cádmio (Cd), é gerada principalmente pelas atividades de mineração e industrial, uso de adubos fosfatados e lodo de esgotos. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do Cd em características fisiológicas e anatômicas, mudas de eucalipto foram plantadas em concentrações crescentes de Cd em solução nutritiva. As mudas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis permaneceram durante 20 dias em vasos de 1 L contendo solução nutritiva de Clark, sendo os tratamentos de 0, 15, 25, 45 e 90 mmol Cd L-1 fornecido como CdSO4. Durante o período experimental, foram realizadas avaliações de estado hídrico e de teores de pigmentos nas datas 1, 3, 6, 12 e 20 dias após indução dos tratamentos (DAT). As avaliações de produção de fitomassa, teores de Cd e características anatômicas foram feitas com material vegetal coletado no final do período experimental. Houve redução na produção de matéria seca, mesmo nas menores concentrações do elemento. Os teores de clorofila diminuíram com o aumento da concentração de Cd aos 20 DAT, enquanto os teores dos carotenoides foram maiores nas concentrações de 45 e 90 mmol Cd L-1. A peroxidação de lipídeos nas folhas foi crescente com o aumento da concentração do metal aos 20 DAT, enquanto nas raízes o efeito do Cd foi pouco acentuado. O potencial hídrico aumentou em todas as concentrações de Cd aos 12 e 20 DAT. As espessuras dos tecidos radiculares também aumentaram com o aumento das doses de Cd, porém as do mesofilo e do limbo foliar diminuíram. Portanto, os resultados obtidos evidenciam que o tempo de exposição e maiores doses de Cd acentuam os danos ocorridos em E. camaldulensis para a maioria das características avaliadas. Algumas alterações observadas revelam o potencial de tolerância de plantas de E. camaldulensis à exposição ao Cd.

Pollution caused by heavy metals, mainly by cadmium (Cd), is generated by mining and industrial activities, and by the use of phosphated fertilizers and sewage sludge in agriculture. Aiming to investigate the Cd effects on physiological and anatomical features, eucalyptus seedlings in Cd-increasing concentrations in nutrient solution. Seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis remained for 20 days in 1L vases with Clark solutions, and the treatments with 0, 15, 25, 45 and 90 mmol Cd L-1 supplied as CdSO4. Water potential, water potential and pigment content evaluations were carried out on dates 1, 3, 6, 12 and 20 days after treatments induction (DAE). Evaluations of mass production, Cd contents and anatomical characteristics were made with vegetal matter collected in the end of the experimental period. There was a decrease on dry matter production, even in the lowest Cd concentration. Total chlorophyll content decreased with the increase of Cd content in nutrient solution at 20 days after exposure (DAE) whereas carotenoid contents were the highest at 45 and 90 mmol Cd L-1. Lipid peroxidation in leaves increased with increasing Cd levels at 20 DAE, whereas in root, the effect of Cd was less pronunciated. Water potential increased at all Cd concentration at 12 and 20 DAE. Root tissues thickness also increased increased as Cd levels increased, but mesophyll and leave blade thickness decreased. Thus, the results indicate that the exposure time and higher doses of Cd accentuate damages in E. camaldulensis for most of the evaluated traits. Some changes observed reveal the tolerance potential of E. camaldulenses to Cd-exposition.

A poluição por metais pesados, gerada principalmente pelas atividades de mineração e industrial, exige estudos que possibilitem a recuperação de áreas contaminadas. Foram estudadas respostas de crescimento e características anatômicas de plantas jovens de salgueiro cultivadas em solo multicontaminado por metais pesados. As plantas foram cultivadas em três níveis de misturas de solo contaminado: 0%; 15% e 30% (v/v), durante 60 dias. No maior nível de contaminação foi observado menor produção de matéria seca das raízes e da parte aérea e menor crescimento das raízes. Nesta condição, as raízes apresentaram maior espessura da epiderme, exoderme e endoderme e menor número de elementos condutores de xilema. As folhas apresentaram modificações no número de elementos condutores de xilema, na densidade e diâmetro dos estômatos, e na espessura da epiderme, endoderme, colênquima e do mesofilo.

The heavy metal pollution caused mainly by mining and industrial activities requires studies for the recovery of contaminated areas. Thus, we studied growth and anatomical characteristics responses of young willow plants grown in heavy metal multicontaminated soil. Plants were grown in three mixture levels of contaminated soil: 0%, 15% and 30% (v/v) for 60 days. At the highest level of contamination was noted a less dry matter production of roots and shoots and reduced root growth. Accordingly, the roots exhibited epidermis, exodermis and endodermis thicker, and a smaller number of conducting elements of xylem. Leaves showed changes in the number of conducting elements of xylem diameter and density of stomata, and epidermis, endodermis, collenchyma and mesophyll cell thickness.

Fungos micorrízicos são reconhecidamente benéficos quando em associação às plantas por favorecerem seu crescimento e desenvolvimento. Apesar de pouco comum para a seringueira, a inoculação artificial de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) tem se mostrado uma alternativa para a redução no uso de fertilizantes e pesticidas nas culturas, bem como para a formação de mudas, visando obtenção de porta-enxertos precoces e bem nutridos. O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da inoculação do FMA Glomus clarum no crescimento e características biofísicas e anatômicas de plantas jovens de seringueira. Os tratamentos consistiram de plantas inoculadas com o fungo Glomus clarum adubadas com 50 ppm de fósforo (mic+50P), plantas não inoculadas adubadas com 50 ppm de fósforo (s/mic+50P) e plantas não inoculadas adubadas com 500 ppm de fósforo (s/mic+500P). Constatou-se que as plantas micorrizadas apresentaram altura e diâmetro dos caules, matéria seca da parte aérea, densidade estomática e área foliar, semelhantes às plantas s/mic+500P. Maior acúmulo de matéria seca de raiz, maior taxa de transpiração, menor resistência estomática e menor temperatura foliar foram observadas para as plantas micorrizadas. As análises anatômicas das raízes evidenciam a ocorrência de alterações no tecido vascular, com aumento no número de pólos de xilema das raízes das plantas micorrizadas.

Mycorrhizal fungi are beneficial when associated with plants because they favor growth and develop. Although infrequent, artificial inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has become an alternative to reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides in crops, as well as for the formation of seedlings, to obtain precocious and well fed rootstocks. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation of AMF Glomus clarum on growth and biophysical and anatomical characteristics of young rubber trees. The treatments consist of plants inoculated with the fungus Glomus clarum and fertilized with 50 ppm of phosphorus (mic+50P), non-inoculated plants fertilized with 50 ppm of phosphorus (s/mic+50P) and non-inoculated plants fertilized with 500 ppm of phosphorus (s/mic+500P). The mycorrhizal plants showed height and stem diameter, dry matter accumulation of the aerial part, stomatal density and leaf area similar to the plants s/mic+500P. Greater accumulation of dry matter in the roots, higher transpiration rate, less stomatal resistance and lower leaf temperature were reported for the mycorrhizal plants. The anatomical analyses of the roots showed alterations in the vascular tissue, with increase in the number of xylem poles in the mycorrhizal plant roots.