Abstract Objectives To evaluate outcomes of oral food challenge (OFC) test to assess tolerance in infants with non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (CMA) with gastrointestinal manifestations and explore clinical data predictive of these outcomes. Methods Single-center retrospective study including infants (age < 12 months) who were referred for CMA between 2000 and 2018 and underwent OFC on follow-up. A univariate logistic regression test was performed to evaluate variables associated with the outcomes of the follow-up OFC test. Results Eighty-two patients were included, 50% were male. Eighteen patients had a positive OFC test (22%). Most patients had presented with hematochezia (77%). The median age of symptom onset was 30 days. Two-thirds of the patients were on appropriate infant formula (extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formula), exclusively or in association with breastfeeding. The median time on an elimination diet before the OFC test was 8 months (Q1 6 - Q3 11 months). All cases with positive follow-up OFC tests (n= 18) had been exposed to cow's milk-based formula before the first clinical manifestation of CMA. Five out of eight cases with Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) had positive OFC tests. Exposure to cow's milk-based formula before diagnosis, a history of other food allergies, hematochezia and diarrhea were predictors of a positive OFC test. Conclusions In infants with non-IgE-mediated CMPA with gastrointestinal manifestations, the use of cow's milk-based formula, a history of other food allergies, and hematochezia and diarrhea upon initial presentation were associated factors for the later achievement of tolerance.

Resumen Introducción: Alrededor del 50% de los pacientes hos pitalizados por injuria cerebral adquirida grave requie ren traqueostomía y cuidados a largo plazo. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue describir la evolución de enfermos con injuria cerebral adquirida grave (ICAg) traqueostomizados que ingresaron a rehabilitación. Se cundariamente se estudió el fracaso de la decanulación y la supervivencia a los 12 meses del alta. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo observacional prospec tivo de centro único. Se incorporó al estudio, de forma prospectiva y consecutiva, usuarios mayores de 18 años, traqueostomizados posterior a ICAg ingresados a un cen tro de rehabilitación entre abril de 2018 y marzo de 2020. Resultados: se incluyeron para el análisis 50 pacien tes. La estancia en el centro fue de 203 (RIQ 93-320) días. Al alta de la institución, 32 (64%) pacientes pudieron ser decanulados exitosamente. El tiempo transcurrido desde el ingreso al centro hasta la decanulación fue de 49 (12-172) días. No se observó fracaso de la decanula ción. La mortalidad a los 12 meses de seguimiento fue de 32%, cinco (16%) de los 32 pacientes que pudieron ser decanulados y 11 (61%) de los 18 que no lograron la decanulación fallecieron dentro de los 12 meses de seguimiento. La relación entre la decanulación y la mortalidad a los 12 meses de seguimiento resultó esta dísticamente significativa (p = 0.002). Discusión: La supervivencia global fue relativamente elevada, el proceso de decanulación resulta relevante ya que puede tener impacto en la supervivencia a largo plazo.

Abstract Introduction: About 50% of patients hospitalized for severe acquired brain injury require tracheostomy, and many of them need long-term care. The main objective of this study was to describe the evolution of patients with severe acquired brain injury (sABI) tracheotomized who entered rehabilitation. Secondarily, mortality re lated to the success or failure of decannulation and survival at 12 months of discharge were studied. Methods: A single-center prospective observational quantitative study. Users over 18 years of age were recruited prospectively and consecutively, tracheosto mized after sABI, and admitted to a rehabilitation center between April 2018 and March 2020. Results: Fifty patients were included for analysis. The stay in the center was 203 (RIQ 93-320) days. At discharge to the institution, 32 (64%) patients managed to be successfully decannulated. The median number of days from admission to the center to decannulation was 49 (12-172). No decannulation failure was observed. Mortality at 12 months follow-up was 32%, five (16%) of the 32 patients who managed to be decannulated, and 11 (61%) of 18 who failed to achieve decannulation died within 12 months of follow-up. The relationship between decannulation success and mortality at 12 months of follow-up was statistically significant (p= 0.002). Discussion: Addressing the decannulation process early and properly guided is relevant as it may impact long-term survival.

Abstract Objective: To assess the predictive value of selected growth phenotypes for neonatal morbidity and mortality in preterm infants < 30 weeks and to compare them with INTERGROWTH-21st (IG21). Methods: Retrospective analysis of data from the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (BNRN) database for very low birth weight (VLBW) at 20 public tertiary-care university hospitals. Outcome: the composite neonatal morbidity and mortality (CNMM) consisted of in-hospital death, oxygen use at 36 weeks, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or 4, and Bell stage 2 or 3 necrotizing enterocolitis. Selected growth phenotypes: small-for-gestational-age (SGA) defined as being < 3rd (SGA3) or 10th (SGA10) percentiles of BW, and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) as being > 97th percentile of BW. Stunting as being < 3rd percentile of the length and wasting as being < 3rd percentile of BMI. Single and multiple log-binomial regression models were fitted to estimate the relative risks of CNMM, comparing them to IG21. Results: 4,072 infants were included. The adjusted relative risks of CNMM associated with selected growth phenotypes were (BNRN/IG21): 1.45 (0.92–2.31)/1.60 (1.27–2.02) for SGA; 0.90 (0.55–1.47)/1.05 (0.55–1.99) for LGA; 1.65 (1.08–2.51)/1.58 (1.28–1.96) for stunting; and 1.48 (1.02–2.17) for wasting. Agreement between the two references was variable. The growth phenotypes had good specificity (>95%) and positive predictive value (70-90%), with poor sensitivity and low negative predictive value. Conclusion: The BNRN phenotypes at birth differed markedly from the IG21 standard and showed poor accuracy in predicting adverse neonatal outcomes.

Resumen: Introducción: la sarcopenia puede presentarse en las enfermedades de larga evolución como la insuficiencia renal crónica. Su detección permite aplicar medidas terapéuticas específicas para evitar complicaciones. Objetivo: describir la frecuencia de sarcopenia en pacientes adultos con insuficiencia renal crónica del Hospital Nacional y Hospital Militar en 2021. Metodología: se aplicó un diseño estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron a varones y mujeres, mayores de edad, portadores de insuficiencia renal crónica de los hospitales mencionados. La presencia de sarcopenia se evaluó con medidas antropométricas, la fuerza de presión palmar y la funcionalidad determinada con el cuestionario EuroQol-5D. Se midieron también variables demográficas y clínicas. Se reclutó un grupo control de sujetos jóvenes sanos para obtener parámetros antropométricos comparativos. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Resultados: se incluyeron 119 pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica, siendo 62 varones con edad media 56 ± 15 años y 57 mujeres con edad media 61 ± 16 años. Se recluta- ron 150 sujetos sanos, siendo 51 varones con edad media 26 ± 5 años y 99 mujeres con edad media 25 ± 5 años. La etiología predominante de la insuficiencia renal crónica fue la combinación de hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus (45,4%). Al medir las medidas antropométricas, la fuerza de presión palmar y la funcionalidad se confirmó sarcopenia en 38,66% de los pacientes. Comparando variables demográficas y clínicas entre los diferentes grados de sarcopenia, sólo la edad resultó mayor en los sujetos con sarcopenia severa. Conclusión: en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica la sarcopenia se confirmó en 38,66%.

Abstract: Introduction: Sarcopenia can present in longstanding diseases such as chronic kidney failure (CKD). Its detection enables the initiation of specific therapeutic measures to avoid complications. Objective: To describe the frequency of sarcopenia in adult patients with CKD at the Hospital Nacional and Hospital Militar in 2021. Methodology: We conducted an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study design. The presence of sarcopenia was evaluated with anthropometric measurements. The hand grip strength and functionality was determined with the EuroQol5D questionnaire. Demographic and clinical variables were also measured. A control group of healthy young subjects was recruited to obtain comparative anthropometric parameters. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Results: 119 patients with CKD were included, 62 men with a mean age of 56 ± 15 years and 57 women with a mean age of 61 ± 16 years. 150 healthy subjects were recruited, 51 men with a mean age 26 ± 5 years and 99 women with a mean age 25 ± 5 years. The predominant etiology of CKD was the combination of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (45.4%). Sarcopenia was confirmed in 38.66% of the patients using anthropometric measurements, hand grip strength and functionality. Comparing demographic and clinical variables between the groups with different stages of sarcopenia, only age was higher in the subjects with severe sarcopenia. Conclusion: Sarcopenia was confirmed in 38.66% of patients with CKD%.

Abstract Cats and dogs have a very close relationship with humans. Currently, the overpopulation of these species in various countries worldwide has been identified as a severe public health problem. To establish effective programs for population control, it is necessary to estimate the number of cats and dogs. To our knowledge, there are no studies that assess the number of canine and feline population by state in Mexico. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the canine and feline population living at homes using official information reported by the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics [Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática] through a constant-share model, a ratio extrapolation method. The estimated dog population living at homes was 42 625 010 dogs and 7 346 925 cats (at least 5.8 times less than the number of dogs). By 2022, the Mexico’s estimated human:dog ratio was 2.4:1, and the human:cat ratio 17.6:1. The Estado de México had more than six million dogs and 962 177 cats. Colima had the smallest estimated dog population (245 489), and Baja California Sur the smallest estimated cat population (slightly over 30 000). Health authorities and veterinary practitioners should promote responsible ownership to increase veterinary care and control the birth of dogs and cats.

Abstract This work studies the physical characteristics of sorghum whole flour particles produced with grains reduced in tannins by hydrothermal treatment. Flours ground with two types of mills: a roll mill and a blade mill were used; grains were hydrated with a moisture content of 25%. For this moisture the maximum yield was obtained. The effect of the grain moisture during the grinding was evaluated regarding the morphological characteristics, the granulometry and fractal dimension (Df) of particles. In all the analysed samples, bimodal size distribution curves were obtained. The treated samples showed medium size particles bigger than the samples without treatment. The samples without hydrothermal treatment presented particles with lower damage than the treated samples for both mills. The difference in Df between samples indicated more roughness for the samples with treatment. The proposed treatment could contribute to the development of sorghum whole flour with different properties for the development of gluten-free food.

Abstract Introduction: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide; several risk factors have been identified as major underlying causes for developing this condition. Optic disc hemorrhage has been identified as a risk factor for the development and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma, as well it has been related to playing an important role in normal-tension glaucoma. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Colombia among hypertensive and diabetic patients. This study included 2,067 subjects older than 50 years who were attended by a group of ophthalmologists in six cities in Colombia who conducted a complete medical and ophthalmological examination and applied standardized questionnaires and interviews aiming to evaluate participant’s health conditions and lifestyles. Results: We found a prevalence of Optic disc hemorrhage (ODH) of 0.4%. ODH presented an OR: 8.82 (95% CI 1.60 - 48.52) for the presence of Glaucoma. Patients diagnosed with systemic hypertension had an OR: 0.02 (95% CI 0.00 - 0.96); Patients with Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Defect (RNFL) presented an OR: 509.40 (95% CI 8.60 - 30152.97) for the presence of ODH and 50% of patients with ODH did not have a diagnosis of glaucoma. Conclusions: Despite the low prevalence of ODH in our study (0.4%), its presence is a High-risk factor for the presence of Glaucoma. RNFL defect is also highly related to ODH and the presence of Glaucoma.

Resumen Introducción: El glaucoma es una de las principales causas de ceguera irreversible a nivel mundial; varios factores de riesgo han sido identificados como las principales causas subyacentes para el desarrollo de esta condición. La hemorragia del disco óptico se ha identificado como un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo y progresión del glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto, así como también se ha relacionado con desempeñar un papel importante en el glaucoma de tensión normal. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en Colombia entre pacientes hipertensos y diabéticos. Este estudio incluyó a 2.067 sujetos mayores de 50 años que fueron atendidos por un grupo de oftalmólogos en seis ciudades de Colombia, quienes realizaron un examen médico y oftalmológico completo y aplicaron cuestionarios y entrevistas estandarizados con el fin de evaluar las condiciones de salud y estilos de vida de los participantes. Resultados: Encontramos una prevalencia de hemorragia del disco óptico (HDO) del 0,4%. ODH presentó un OR: 8,82 (IC 95% 1,60 - 48,52) para la presencia de Glaucoma. Los pacientes diagnosticados de hipertensión sistémica tuvieron OR: 0,02 (IC 95% 0,00 - 0,96); Los pacientes con Defecto de la Capa de Fibras Nerviosas de la Retina (RNFL) presentaron un OR: 509,40 (IC 95% 8,60 - 30152,97) para la presencia de ODH y el 50% de los pacientes con ODH no tenían diagnóstico de glaucoma. Conclusiones: A pesar de la baja prevalencia de HDO en nuestro estudio (0,4%), su presencia es un factor de alto riesgo para la presencia de Glaucoma. El defecto de la RNFL también está muy relacionado con la ODH y la presencia de glaucoma.

Resumen La cascarilla de cebada (brewer's spent grain, BSG) es el principal residuo sólido del proceso cervecero. Es un recurso valioso para las industrias de base biológica por su composición, alta disponibilidad y bajo costo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue emplearla como sustrato para producir endoglucanasas, celobiohidrolasas, β-glucosidase y xilanasas, así como azúcares reductores utilizando Penicillium sp. HC1. Se evaluaron fermentaciones sumergidas a nivel en matraz de 100 mL para la producción de enzimas. Se estudió el efecto de la concentración de BSG (1, 3 y 5 % p/v) y la fuente de nitrógeno (extracto de levadura y sulfato de amonio) a los 6, 10 y 12 días. La mayor actividad de todas las enzimas evaluadas se obtuvo a los 10 días. La mayor actividad de xilanasas (25.013±1.075 U L-1) se obtuvo con 3 % de BSG (p/v) y 5 g L-1 de sulfato de amonio. Al usar BSG al 5 % (w/v) sin suplementación de nitrógeno, se obtuvo la mayor actividad de endoglucanasas (909,7±14,2 U L-1), en tanto que en las mismas condiciones, pero empleando BSG 3 % (w/v), las actividades de β-glucosidase y celobiohidrolasas fueron 3268,6±229,9 U L-1 y 103,15±8,1 U L-1, respectivamente. Las concentraciones máximas de azúcares reductores usando una dosis de 1000 U g-1 de xilanasas fueron: 2,7 g L-1 de xilosa, 1,7 g L-1 de arabinosa y 3,3 g L-1 de glucosa, después de 6 h. Los resultados demostraron que es posible producir enzimas y azúcares reductores usando Penicillium sp. HC1 y BSG como sustrato y la molienda como único pretratamiento.

Abstract Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main solid waste from the brewing process. It is recognized as a valuable resource for biobased industries because of its composition, high availability, and low cost. The objective of this study was to employ BSG as a substrate to produce the enzymes endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, β-glucosidase, and xylanase, as well as reducing sugars using Pénicillium sp. HC1. For enzyme production, we evaluated BSG submerged fermentation at different concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%, w/v) and two sources of nitrogen (yeast extract and ammonium sulfate) on different days (6, 10, and 12) in a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The highest enzyme activity was obtained after 10 days. The enzyme extract obtained using 3% BSG (w/v) and 5 g L-1 of ammonium sulfate showed the highest xylanase activity (25013 ± 1075 U L-1). Using BSG 5% (w/v) without nitrogen supplementation, the endoglucanase activity was 909.7±14.2 U L-1 while under the same conditions but using BSG 3% (w/v), the β-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase activity was 3268.6 ±229.9 U L-1 and 103.15±8.1 U L-1, respectively. Maximum reducing sugar concentrations using an enzyme dosage of 1000 U g-1 of xylanase were: 2.7 g L-1 xylose, 1.7 g L-1 arabinose, and 3.3 g L-1 glucose after 6 h of hydrolysis. Results demonstrated it is possible to produce enzymes and reducing sugars using Pénicillium sp. HC1 and BSG as substrate and BSG grinding only as pretreatment.

Abstract Interpersonal relationships constitute a critical role in a company due to the interaction with people who hold different points of view, ideas, perceptions or training, which can affect job performance for good or bad, therefore, allowing or distracting the achievement of organizational objectives. In this context, the research aims: to analyze the interpersonal relationships of the employees of the hotels in the Puno department and to determine the work performance of the employees of the hotels in the Puno department. The methods frame a research with a quantitative approach, exploratory-descriptive scope and non-experimental design. The population is made up of 40 hotels categorized in three stars, from which a sample of 16 hotels has been obtained, which house 84 collaborators to be surveyed. The data collection technique was the survey and the instrument was the questionnaire for the interpersonal relationships variable, which contains 15 questions measured on a Likert scale and for the job performance variable, the evaluation was applied by the graphic scale method. The data processing has been done through the Excel spreadsheet and the SPSS statistical package. Through this, the frequencies and percentages of each variable and its dimensions were calculated. The results allow to conclude that the interpersonal relationships in the hotels of the Puno department according to the scale of the instrument used are good, thus the work performance of the employees of the hotels of the Puno department is good according to the graphic scale.

Resumen Las relaciones interpersonales constituyen un papel crítico en una empresa debido a la interacción con personas que conservan puntos de vista, ideas, percepciones o formación diferentes, las mismas que pueden afectar para bien o mal en el desempeño laboral, por ende, permitir o distraer el logro de los objetivos organizacionales. En ese contexto la investigación tiene como objetivos: analizar cómo son las relaciones interpersonales de los colaboradores de los hoteles del departamento de Puno y determinar el desempeño laboral de los colaboradores de los hoteles del departamento de Puno. Los métodos enmarcan una investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, de alcance exploratorio-descriptivo y diseño no experimental. La población está conformada por 40 hoteles categorizados en tres estrellas, de la misma se ha obtenido una muestra de 16 hoteles, que albergan 84 colaboradores a ser encuestados. La técnica de recolección de datos fue la encuesta y el instrumento el cuestionario para la variable relaciones interpersonales, que contiene 15 preguntas medidas a una escala de Likert y para la variable desempeño laboral se aplicó la evaluación por el método de escala gráfica. El proceso de datos se ha dado a través de la hoja de cálculo Excel y el paquete estadístico SPSS. Mediante este se calculó las frecuencias y porcentajes de cada variable y sus dimensiones. Los resultados permiten concluir que las relaciones interpersonales en los hoteles del departamento de Puno según escala del instrumento utilizado son buenas, así el desempeño laboral de los colaboradores de los hoteles del departamento de Puno es bueno según la escala grafica.

ABSTRACT Mendoza's foothills (32° 50'S) are located in the Andean active orogenic front where the largest Quaternary deformation of the country is concentrated. Particularly, this region presents unique conditions for neotectonic studies of intraplate seismicity. This region is located within the Pampean Flat Slab segment and associated with the subduction of the Juan Fernández Ridge, which causes the absence of volcanism in this segment. Furthermore, tectonically, this sector reflects a change in the deformation style where the morphostructural unit of the Southern Precordillera disappears at this latitude. This active front involves N-S reverse faults affecting Late Pleistocene alluvial surfaces. According to morphometric parameters of these faults, the maximum magnitudes of the possible earthquakes were estimated. Different morphometric indices allow establishing the greatest deformation areas that were validated with complementary indirect methods of interferometry by means of radar images (DINSAR technique). This work summarizes all the studies carried out up to date to understand the active deformation style of the Mendozan foothills.

RESUMEN El piedemonte mendocino (32° 50'S) se localiza en el frente orogénico activo de los Andes, donde se concentra la mayor deformación cuaternaria del país. En particular, esta región presenta condiciones únicas para los estudios neotectónicos de sismicidad de intraplaca. Esta región se ubica dentro del segmento de Flat Slab pampeano y se asocia a la subducción de la Dorsal de Juan Fernández lo que originan la ausencia de vulcanismo en este segmento. Además, tectónicamente, este sector refleja un cambio en el estilo de deformación donde aflora en particular la unidad morfoestructural de la Precordillera Sur que culmina a esta latitud. En este segmento, el frente orogénico activo se asocia a fallas inversas N-S que afectan niveles aluviales pleistocenos tardíos. En función de sus parámetros morfométricos, se han estimado las magnitudes máximas de los sismos posibles y diferentes índices morfométricos que han permitido establecer los sectores de mayor deformación validados con métodos indirectos complementarios de interferometría mediante imágenes radar (técnica DINSAR). Este trabajo resume todos los estudios realizados hasta el momento para comprender el estilo de deformación activa cuaternaria que presenta el piedemonte mendocino.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Las epilepsias genéticas generalizadas (EGG) siguen patrones de herencia compleja. Este fenotipo es producto de la interacción de diferentes genes con factores ambientales. Los genes/loci más consistentemente asociados con este grupo de epilepsias son ECA1, ECA2-GABRG2, ECA3-CLCN2 (también conocido como JME6-CLCN2), JME1-EFHC1 y JME5-GABRA1. En Colombia poco se sabe sobre la contribución de las variantes genéticas en estos genes a la susceptibilidad para ser afectado por cualquiera de las formas de EGG. Nuestro propósito fue evaluar el papel de los cinco genes/loci más consistentemente asociados en otros estudios en un grupo de familias colombianas con EGG. MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron dos marcadores para cada locus/gen. Los genotipos se obtuvieron mediante las técnicas de PCR-RFLP y ARMS-Tetraprimer. Los análisis estadísticos incluyeron pruebas de asociación alélica y haplotípica, además de pruebas de interacción gen-gen. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 98 familias, de las cuales 51 fueron epilepsia de ausencias, mientras que 47 fueron epilepsia mioclónica juvenil. Se identificó una interacción significativa entre el alelo G del marcador rs4428455 (valor P = 0,0008; gen GABRA1) y el alelo G de marcador rs719395 (valor P = 0,002; gen EFHC1). CONCLUSIÓN: Estos dos marcadores parecen incrementar el riesgo de EGG en población colombiana. Otros genes no analizados aquí podrían estudiarse con una muestra de mayor tamaño.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Generalized genetic epilepsies (GGE) follow complex inheritance patterns. This phenotype is due to interaction of several genes with environmental factors. The genes/loci most consistently associated with this group of epilepsies are ECA1, ECA2-GABRG2, ECA3-CLCN2 (also known as JME6-CLCN2), JME1-EFHC1 and JME5-GABRA1. In Colombia, little is known about the contribution of gene variants to susceptibility to GGE forms. Our purpose was to evaluate the role of the five most consistently associated genes /loci in other studies, in Colombian families set with GGE. METHODS: Genotypes were obtained by means of PCR-RFLP and ARMS-Tetraprimer. Statistical analyses included both allelic and haplotypic association tests, in addition to gene-gene interaction tests. Two genetic markers were tested for each gene/locus. RESULTS: Ninety-eight families were included, from which 51 had absence epilepsy, and 47 had juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. A significant interaction was identified between allele G at marker rs4428455 (P-value = 0.0008; gene GABRA1) and allele G at marker rs719395 (P-value = 0.002; gene EFHC1). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that these two markers are associated with GGE in the Colombian population. Other genes not analyzed could be tested using a larger sample size.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a frequência de ansiedade e depressão e sua associação com aspectos clínicos da esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Métodos Estudo transversal e descritivo de uma série consecutiva de pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica esporádica conforme os critérios de Awaji. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica e psiquiátrica (sintomas depressivos e ansiosos). Resultados Foram incluídos 76 pacientes. A relação homem/mulher foi de 1,6:1. A média de idade de início dos sintomas foi de 55 anos (DP±12,1). Foram capazes de completar a avaliação psiquiátrica 66 (86,8%) pacientes. Ansiedade clinicamente significativa foi encontrada em 23 pacientes (34,8%), enquanto depressão clinicamente significativa foi encontrada em 24 pacientes (36,4%). Ao comparar os pacientes com e sem depressão, houve diferença significativa apenas na frequência de sintomas de ansiedade (p<0,001). Posteriormente, foram comparados subgrupos de pacientes categorizados em relação à presença ou não de ansiedade e/ou depressão, sem diferença significativa em relação a sexo, idade de início dos sintomas, forma inicial, duração da doença ou na escala funcional. Foi encontrada correlação positiva entre os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão (p<0,001). Conclusão Sintomas de ansiedade e depressão são frequentes em pacientes com esclerose lateral amiotrófica e estiveram altamente correlacionados. Ansiedade e depressão não foram associadas com duração da doença, forma inicial, sexo, idade de início dos sintomas e pontuação na escala funcional.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the frequency of anxiety and depression and their association with clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Methods This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study including a consecutive series of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to Awaji’s criteria. Patients underwent clinical and psychiatric assessment (anxiety and depression symptoms). Results We included 76 patients. The men/women ratio was 1.6:1. Participants’ mean age at disease onset was 55 years (SD±12.1). Sixty-six patients (86.8%) were able to complete psychiatric evaluation. Clinically significant anxiety was found in 23 patients (34.8%) while clinically significant depression was found in 24 patients (36.4%). When we compared patients with and without depression a significant difference was seen only in the frequency of anxiety symptoms (p<0.001). We did further analysis comparing subgroups of patients classified according to the presence or not of anxiety and or depression, without any significant difference regarding sex, age at onset, initial form, disease duration or functional measures. A positive correlation between anxiety and depressive symptoms was found (p<0.001). Conclusion Anxiety and depressive symptoms were highly correlated and frequent in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition, anxiety and depression were not associated with disease duration and presentation, sex, age at onset, and functional score.

ABSTRACT Presented is the first information on the ecological and reproductive aspects of the treefrog, Aparasphenodon brunoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920, living in ombrophilous forest areas of the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil. We recorded the species’ daily activity and over the course of a year, population density during the year, microhabitat usage, diet, and some reproductive features (quantity, diameter and mean mass of oocytes, mean reproductive effort of female). Field sampling was conducted monthly from June 2015 to July 2016. Searches for treefrogs were systematic, using visual encounter surveys along 14 plots RAPELD long term research modules established in the forest. For each captured individual, we recorded the hour, microhabitat used, and perch height. The diet of the population was ascertained based on 15 individuals collected outside the study plot areas. Treefrogs used seven different types of microhabitats in the forest but the preferred microhabitats were tree-trunks and lianas. The amount of accumulated rainfall and air temperature interacted to explain the number of A. brunoi individuals active throughout the year. The reproductive strategy for females of this comparatively large arboreal frog in the ombrophilous forest is to produce clutches with a large number (900.8 ± 358.1) of relatively small-sized eggs. We conclude that in the ombrophious forest of the Vale Natural Reserve, A. brunoi is a nocturnal arboreal treefrog active throughout the year but activity increases during the wet season as a result of increased precipitation. In the forest, treefrogs tend to perch mainly on tree-trunks and lianas about 1 m above ground, where it feeds preferably on relatively large bodied arthropod prey. When living in the ombrophilous forest of the Atlantic rainforest, A. brunoi may change some features of its ecology (e.g. marked difference in the use of bromeliads) compared to when living in restinga habitats.