Resumen Introducción Durante la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) se instauraron diferentes medidas restrictivas con la finalidad de disminuir los contagios. Sin embargo, al reducir severamente las interacciones sociales también se produjo un impacto negativo en la economía, especialmente en los grupos indígenas. Objetivo Este artículo busca conocer los malestares emocionales identificados por un colectivo de mujeres indígenas residentes, así como sus prácticas de auto-atención, durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en la CDMX. Método Se desarrolló una investigación cualitativa digital ya que el trabajo de campo fue presencial y en línea, así como en diferentes plataformas de la red de internet, las cuales fungieron como escenario de campo, herramienta de recopilación de datos y un dispositivo de conexión constante con los informantes Resultados Se obtuvieron registros anecdóticos de las participantes, que identificaron: categorizaciones en la organización colectiva del grupo indígena, convirtiéndose en red de apoyo que movilizó recursos materiales oficiales; cómo las mujeres practicaron la auto-atención de sus malestares emocionales de manera variada y con un sentido de inmediatez, mediante recursos físicos, espirituales, herbolarios, psicológicos y el saber aguantarse para sobrellevar su situación, y continuar cuidando y apoyando a sus familias a salir adelante, diferenciando entre mujeres proveedoras y las dependientes de otro proveedor. Discusión y conclusión La pandemia junto con las restricciones sociales, generaron situaciones estresantes, desencadenando diversas problemáticas emocionales en el colectivo indígena, pero su capacidad de autogestión y autocuidado les permitió sobrellevar tales condiciones en medio de contextos estructurales de violencia, pobreza y exclusión social.

Abstract Introduction During the coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) pandemic, restrictive measures were implemented to reduce contagion. However, severely decreasing social interaction also negatively impacted the economy, particularly that of indigenous groups. Objective This article seeks to understand the emotional distress identified by a group of indigenous women residents, as well as their self-care practices, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City. Method A digital qualitative study was undertaken since the fieldwork was conducted in person and online, using various Internet platforms, which served as a field scenario, data collection tool and a means of continuous connection with subjects. Results Anecdotal records were obtained from the subjects, who identified categorizations in the collective organization of the indigenous group, which became a support network for mobilizing official material resources. Information was also obtained on the way the women engaged in the self-care of their emotional distress in a range of ways with a sense of immediacy, through physical, spiritual, herbal, and psychological resources. They observed how women managed to cope with their situation and continue caring for and supporting their families to enable them to get by, distinguishing between those who were providers and those who were dependent on another provider. Discussion and conclusion The pandemic, together with social restrictions, created stressful situations, causing various emotional problems among the indigenous collective. Nevertheless, their capacity for self-management and self-care enabled them to cope with these conditions in the midst of structural contexts of violence, poverty, and social exclusion.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the age of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on the morphometry of the egg and the size of the bird at birth. In total, 227 fertile quail eggs of three ages (15, 19 and 34 weeks) were used. Egg weight (g), shape index (%), hatching weight (g), body weight/egg weight ratio, and hatching length (mm) were evaluated using a completely randomized block design. There were no significant differences between ages with egg weight. Egg shape index was significantly higher in 15-week-old birds (79.50±0.34%) than in 34-week-old birds (78.0±0.36%; p<0.05). Birth weight was greater for 34-week-old birds (7.91±0.08 g) compared to 15-week-old birds (7.63±0.07 g; p<0.05). Live weight/egg weight ratio was significantly different between breeders of 15 (68.9±0.37%) and 34 weeks (70.4±0.41%), while quail length at hatch was greater in 19-week-old quail chicks (108±0.62 mm) It is concluded that the age of the breeding quail influenced all the variables evaluated, excepted egg weight.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la edad de la codorniz (Coturnix coturnix japonica) sobre la morfometría del huevo y tamaño del ave al nacimiento. Se emplearon 227 huevos fértiles de codornices de tres edades (15, 19 y 34 semanas). Se evaluó el peso del huevo (g), índice de forma (%), peso al nacimiento (g), relación peso corporal/peso del huevo y longitud al nacimiento (mm) mediante un diseño de bloque completamente randomizado. No hubo diferencias significativas entre edades con el peso del huevo. El índice de forma del huevo fue significativamente mayor en aves de 15 semanas (79.50±0.34%) que en aves de 34 semanas (78.0±0.36%; p<0.05). El peso al nacimiento fue mayor para aves de 34 semanas (7.91±0.08 g) en comparación con aves de 15 semanas (7.63±0.07 g; p<0.05). La relación peso vivo/peso del huevo fue significativamente diferente entre reproductoras de 15 (68.9±0.37% y 34 semanas (70.4±0.41%), en tanto que la longitud de la codorniz al nacimiento fue mayor en polluelos de codornices de 19 semanas (108±0.62 mm). Se concluye que la edad de la codorniz reproductora influyó sobre todas las variables evaluadas, a excepción del peso del huevo.

Abstract This study evaluated the microbiological quality and prevalence of Escherichia coli and diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes (DEP) among fresh-squeezed orange juice from street vendors and their hygienic practices. Sixty orange juice stalls in Mexico City were visited, and 60 samples were purchased. Most (65%) of the street vendors had poor hygienic practices. Twelve (20%) prepared orange juice at the time of purchase, while the other stalls sold already-squeezed orange juice. All samples analyzed were positive for aerobic mesophilic bacteria, with limits ranging from 1 to 6.8 log CFU/mL. A total of 35 (58.3%), 27 (45%), and 5 (8.3%) samples were positive for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli, respectively, present at concentrations ranging from < 3 to > 1100, < 3 to > 1100, and < 3 to 53 MPN/mL, respectively. Two samples harbored DEP at concentrations of 3.6 and 9.2 MPN/mL. Both samples harbored Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains, positive for the Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) locus. Our results suggest that consumption of fresh-squeezed street-vended orange juice may pose a health risk for consumers, revealing the necessity to implement adequate hygiene and safety practices to protect the health of consumers.

Abstract Introduction: This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the initial pharmacological treatment of lupus nephritis in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). Objective: To provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for initial pharmacological treatment of non-refractory adults with class I to V lupus nephritis in EsSalud. Methods: A guideline development group (GDG) was formed, which included specialist physicians and methodologists, who formulated clinical questions. Systematic searches were conducted for systematic reviews and - when deemed relevant - primary studies in PubMed during 2021. Evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions posed. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic working meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate recommendations. The CPG was reviewed by external experts before its approval. Results: The CPG addressed 6 clinical questions, divided into 2 topics: initial treatment of the induction and maintenance phase. Based on these questions, 11 recommendations were formulated (all conditional), 22 points of good clinical practice, and 2 flow charts. Conclusion: Evidence-based recommendations were issued for the management of patients with this pathology.

Resumen Introducción: El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el tratamiento farmacológico inicial nefritis lúpica en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo: Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para tratamiento farmacológico inicial de adultos con nefritis lúpica clase I a V no refractarios en EsSalud. Métodos: Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos, el cual formuló preguntas clínicas. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y -cuando fue considerado pertinente- estudios primarios en PubMed durante el 2021. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. Se evaluó la certeza de evidencia usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones. La GPC fue revisada por expertos externos antes de su aprobación. Resultados: La GPC abordó 6 preguntas clínicas, divididas en 2 temas: tratamiento inicial de la fase de inducción y mantenimiento. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 11 recomendaciones (todas condicionales), 22 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y 2 flujogramas. Conclusión: Se emitieron recomendaciones basadas en evidencia para el manejo de pacientes con esta patología.

ABSTRACT Background: Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is the most common form of a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by altered α-dystroglycan glycosylation and caused by FKTN gene mutations. However, mutations of this gene may cause a broad range of phenotypes, including Walker-Warburg syndrome, muscle-brain-eye disease, FCMD, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy without mental retardation, and cardiomyopathy with no or minimal skeletal muscle weakness. Objective: Our purpose was to describe two siblings who died at a young age with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), no muscle weakness, or atrophy, and were homozygous for a FKTN missense mutation. Methods: Site-directed next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed. Pathogenicity of variants of interest was established according to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) criteria, and all available first-degree relatives were screened for mutations by Sanger sequencing. Results: NGS revealed a homozygous FKTN variant in the index case (p.Gly424Ser, rs752358445), classified as likely pathogenic by ACMG criteria. Both parents and an unaffected brother were heterozygous carriers. Since the siblings had no apparent skeletal muscle weakness or central nervous system involvement, FKTN mutations were not initially suspected. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating that heterozygous individuals for the FKTN p.Gly424Ser mutation were healthy, while two homozygous brothers suffered severe DCM, strongly suggesting that this FKTN mutation is a rare cause of autosomal recessive DCM.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are few publications related to cardiopulmonary stress tests in soldiers wounded in combat, and the various complications cause war trauma. Objective: To describe the cardiopulmonary variables in patients with war thoracic trauma submitted to stress tests. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out between 2010 and 2016, at the Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. The study population consisted of 27 patients with a history of war-derived thoracic trauma, who were submitted to cardiopulmonary stress tests. The variables of age, sex, symptoms, oxygen consumption, cardiopulmonary variables measured by spirometry, type of surgery, trauma and weapon were explored. Results: A total of 27 participants were included. Mean oxygen consumption peak ml / min was 2 891,8 (SD: 621,86), oxygen consumption peak mL/kg/min 43,25 (DS: 9,72), forced vital capacity pre-bronchodilator (L) 4,5 (DS: 1, 3) and post-bronchodilator (L) 4,3 (DS: 1,01). Exploratory analysis found significant differences among those who had a high velocity firearm wounds against other types of weapons. Conclusions: In patients with a history of trauma, peak oxygen consumption ml / min, peak oxygen mL/kg/min and forced vital capacity is lower than in the healthy population; Apparently, the type of high-velocity firearm wound has a greater effect on these variables evaluated by cardiopulmonary stress tests.

RESUMEN Introducción: Existen pocas publicaciones relacionadas con las pruebas de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar de soldados heridos en combate, y las diversas complicaciones que puede ocasionar el trauma de guerra. Objetivo: Describir las variables cardiopulmonares en soldados con trauma torácico de guerra, sometidos a pruebas de esfuerzo. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, entre los años 2010 - 2016, en el Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por 27 pacientes con antecedente de trauma torácico derivado de la guerra, quienes fueron sometidos a pruebas de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar. Se exploran las variables edad, sexo, síntomas, consumo de oxígeno, variables cardiopulmonares medidas por espirometría, tipo de cirugía, trauma y arma. Resultados: El consumo de oxígeno pico medio ml/min fue 2 891,8 (DE: 621,86), consumo de oxígeno pico mL/kg/min 43,25 (DS: 9,72), capacidad vital forzada prebroncodilatador (L) 4,5 (DS: 1, 3) y posbroncodilatador (L) 4,3 (DS: 1,01). El análisis exploratorio encontró diferencias significativas entre quienes tenían heridas por arma de fuego de alta velocidad, y heridas por otros tipos de armas. Conclusión: En pacientes con antecedentes de trauma de guerra, el consumo de oxígeno pico ml/min, oxígeno pico mL/kg/min y capacidad vital forzada, es menor que en población sana; aparentemente, el tipo de herida por arma de fuego de alta velocidad afecta en mayor medida a estas variables evaluadas por las pruebas de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Apendicite aguda (AA) é causa mais comum de abdome agudo cirúrgico. Complicações pós-operatórias na emergência são reflexos do ato cirúrgico e fatores pré e pós-operatórios. OBJETIVO: Definir fatores prognósticos para paciente pós apendicectomia, comparando com a literatura. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional descritivo e analítico com formação de base transversal de dados dos prontuários de apendicectomias de emergência/urgência entre setembro de 2018 e abril de 2019. Variáveis de interesse foram consideradas a partir dos dados intrínsecos ao paciente, quadro clínico e manejo perioperatório. Desfechos primários combinados considerados foram complicações pós-operatórias da internação até alta hospitalar e prolongamento da internação > dois dias. Desfecho secundário foi óbito. Resultados avaliados pelo teste exato de Fisher (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Identificaram-se 48 pacientes submetidos à apendicectomia. Adultos jovens corresponderam a 68,7%. Do total, sexo masculino (58,3%), seis (12,5%) tiveram internação > dois dias, quatro (8,3%) cursaram com complicação e nenhum óbito. Dentre as variáveis consideradas, fase de apresentação da AA tempo de queixa até procura do atendimento e idade avançada correlacionaram com pior prognóstico durante internação (p<0,05). Surgimento de complicações pós-operatórias imediatas correlacionou-se com maior tempo de internação (p<0,05). DISCUSSÃO: Dados descritivos da amostra convergem com perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com AA na literatura, corroborando aplicabilidade das diretrizes convencionais. Resultados fortalecem a hipótese de que o fluxo do paciente com manifestações abdominais é complicado desde o primo-contato com o SUS até a resolução do quadro. CONCLUSÃO: Conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico e dos preditores perioperatórios que mais se relacionam com complicações favorecem manejo adequado dos pacientes.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common cause of surgical acute abdomen. Postoperative complications in emergency care are reflections of the surgical procedure and pre- and postoperative factors. OBJECTIVE: Define prognostic factors for patients who underwent appendectomy, comparing them with the literature. METHODS: Descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design based on data from the emergency/urgency appendectomy records between September 2018 and April 2019. Variables of interest were considered based on intrinsic patient data, clinical status, and perioperative management factors. Primary outcomes considered: postoperative complications from hospital admission discharge and prolonged hospital stay for > 2 days. Secondary outcome: death. The results were evaluated by Fisher's exact test (p <0.05). RESULTS: We identified 48 patients undergoing an appendectomy. Young adults accounted for 68.7%. From the total, 58.3% were males, 6 (12.5%) had hospitalization> 2 days, 4 (8.3%) had complications and no deaths. Among the variables, the stage of AA, the time of complaint up until seeking care, and advanced age were correlated with worse prognosis during hospitalization (p <0.05). The emergence of immediate postoperative complications was correlated with longer hospital stay (p <0.05). DISCUSSION: The descriptive data of the sample converge with the epidemiological profile of patients with AA in the literature, corroborating the applicability of conventional guidelines. The results strengthen the hypothesis that the patient's flow with abdominal manifestations is complicated from the first contact with SUS to the resolution of the condition. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the epidemiological profile and perioperative predictors that are most related to complications favor the appropriate management of patients.

RESUMO A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é uma endocrinopatia com fisiopatologia desconhecida em mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Vários estudos foram realizados para determinar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica (SM) em pacientes com SOP. Estudos recentes relataram prevalência variada de síndrome metabólica (SM) em mulheres com SOP. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar se as mulheres com SOP apresentam maior risco de SM ou algum grau de comprometimento metabólico. MÉTODOS: Estudo de desenho observacional. Foram incluídas 96 mulheres diagnosticadas com SOP (de acordo com os critérios de consenso de Roterdã). Variáveis de critérios de diagnóstico para SM de acordo com o ATP III foram analisadas na primeira consulta. A análise dos dados foi realizada usando o Epi Info™ 7.2.2.16. RESULTADOS: Avaliamos prevalência de obesidade, pressão arterial, intolerância à glicose e dislipidemia em 96 mulheres com SOP, com idade de 28 (17-39) anos. Quarenta por cento das mulheres tinham IMC <25 kg/m2; 85,4% tinham pressão arterial <130/85 mm Hg; 22,9% tinham colesterol HDL >50 mg/dl, 57,3% tinham triglicerídeos <150 mg/dl, 63,5% tinham glicemia de jejum <100 mg/dl. Segundo os critérios do ATP III para SM, 8,33% não possuíam critérios, 19,79% possuíam um critério, 15,63% possuíam dois critérios, 41,67% possuíam três critérios, 13,54% possuíam quatro critérios, 1,05% possuía os cinco critérios. CONCLUSÃO: Considerando a alta prevalência de SM ou algum componente metabólico alterado em pacientes com SOP no momento do diagnóstico, sua triagem regular é necessária para reduzir as taxas de mortalidade e morbidade nessas mulheres.

SUMMARY Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy with unknown pathophysiology among women of reproductive age. Several studies have been conducted to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among PCOS patients. Recent studies have reported varied prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in women with PCOS. The aim of this study is to determine if women with PCOS are at a higher risk of MetS or some degree of metabolic compromise. METHODS: This is an observational study. A total of 96 women diagnosed with PCOS (according to the Rotterdam consensus criteria) were included. Variables of diagnostic criteria for MetS according to the ATP III were analyzed at the first consultation. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info™ 7.2.2.16. RESULTS: We assessed the prevalence of obesity, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia in 96 women with PCOS and an average age of 28 (17-39) years. Forty percent of the women had BMI <25 kg/m2; 85.4% had blood pressure <130/85 mm Hg; 22.9% had HDL cholesterol >50 mg/dl, 57.3% had triglycerides <150 mg/dl, 63.5% had fasting glucose <100 mg/dl. According to the ATP III criteria for MetS, 8.33% met none of the criteria, 19.79% met one criterion, 15.63% two criteria, 41.67% 3 criteria, 13.54% 4 criteria, and 1.04% met the 5 criteria. CONCLUSION: Considering the high prevalence of MetS or altered metabolic components in PCOS patients at the moment of the diagnosis, its regular screening is necessary to reduce the mortality and morbidity rates in these women.

ABSTRACT In general, Covid 19 infection in children is mild or asymptomatic. A small percentage of patients require admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. We report the case of a pediatric patient hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of a pediatric hospital, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, who required admission to the ICU due to toxic shock, with elevation of inflammatory markers and acute phase reactants, along with clinical manifestations that corresponded to the recently described Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome related to COVID-19 infection.

RESUMEN En general la afectación del Covid 19 en niños es leve o asintomática. Un porcentaje pequeño de pacientes requirieron ingreso a la Unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Se reporta el caso de un paciente pediátrico hospitalizado en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital pediátrico, en el contexto de la pandemia SARS-CoV-2, que requirió ingreso a la UCI por presentar un shock tóxico, con marcadores inflamatorios, reactantes de fase aguda elevados y manifestaciones clínicas que corresponden al Síndrome Inflamatorio Multisistémico descripto recientemente y relacionado a la infección por COVID-19.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to investigate differences in diet composition between Achirus mazatlanus and Syacium ovale, two flatfishes inhabiting in a tropical coastal lagoon and to investigate the relationship of their feeding habits to size, body morphometry and mouths characteristics. Fish were collected during sampling trips conducted regularly from 2011 to 2016 using several types of fishing gear. Total number of analyzed stomachs with some food content was 328 for Achirus mazatlanus from 1.4 to 21.3 cm total length (TL) and 203 for Syacium ovale with 1.3 to 24.0 cm TL. Results indicate that both species share a general diet based on benthic invertebrates and fishes but S. ovale has a more piscivorous habit, which can be explained by a more slender body shape and larger teeth, characteristics which increase prey fish catching performance. Important changes in composition of food categories related to size were not found for any species, but larger fish of both species eat larger ranges of prey sizes, and this ontogenetic change is consistent with recent developments on optimal foraging theory.

RESUMEN Se investigaron las diferencias en la composición de la dieta entre Achirus mazatlanus y Syacium ovale, dos especies de lenguados que habitan en una laguna costera tropical, y la relación de los hábitos alimentarios con el largo total, la morfometría corporal y las características de las bocas. Los peces fueron colectados regularmente entre 2011 y 2016, mediante varios tipos de artes de pesca diferentes. El número total de estómagos analizados con contenido estomacal fue de 328 para Achirus mazatlanus de 1.4 a 21.3 cm de longitud total (TL) y 203 para Syacium ovale de 1.3 a 24.0 cm TL. Los resultados indican que ambas especies tienen una dieta general basada en invertebrados bentónicos y peces, pero S. ovale tiene un hábito más piscívoro, lo cual puede ser explicado por un cuerpo más alargado y dientes más grandes, características ambas que incrementan el rendimiento de la captura de peces presas. No se encontraron cambios importantes en la composición de las categorías alimentarias relacionados con la talla en ninguna de las especies de lenguados, pero los peces mayores de ambas especies consumen rangos más amplios de tamaños de presas y este cambio ontogénico es consistente con la teoría de forrajeo óptimo.

Resumen Se identificaron los componentes aromáticos activos provenientes de muestras comerciales del aceite de sacha inchi, obtenidos de cultivos de Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colombia), mediante la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida acoplada a cromatografía de gases, espectrometría de masas y olfatometría (HS-SPME-GC-MS-O). En la optimización de la técnica de extracción se definieron las siguientes condiciones: fibra de SPME de divinilbenceno/ carboxen/polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperatura de extracción de 50 °C y tiempo de exposición de 40 min. Bajo estas condiciones, se encontraron un total de 20 compuestos aromáticos activos, donde se destacan el E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-ona, ácido hexanóico y (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal como los componentes con mayor aporte a la formación del aroma del aceite de sacha inchi.

Abstract The active aromatic components from commercial samples of sacha inchi oil obtained from Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colombia) crops were identified by solid phase microextraction technique coupled to gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and olfactometry (HS -SPME-GC-MS-O). In the optimization of the extraction technique, the following conditions were defined: SPME fiber of divinylbenzene/carboxen/ polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS), extraction temperature 50 °C, and exposure time 40 min. Under these conditions, a total of 20 active aromatic compounds were found, which include E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, hexanoic acid and (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal as the components with the greatest contribution to the aroma formation of sacha inchi oil.

Resumo Os componentes de aroma ativos de amostras comerciais de óleo de sacha inchi obtidos de Santa Rosa de Osos (Antioquia, Colômbia) foram separados pela técnica de microextração em fase sólida acoplada a cromatografia gasosa, espectrometria de massas e olfatometria para a identificação (HS-SPME-GC-MS-O). Na otimização da técnica de extração, foram definidas as seguintes condições: fibra de SPME de divinilbenzeno/carboxeno/polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperatura de extração 50 °C e tempo de exposição de 40 min. Nestas condições, foi encontrado um total de 20 compostos de aroma ativos no óleo, que incluem E-2-octenal, E-heptanal, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-ona, ácido hexanoico e (E,E)-2,4 heptadienal como os componentes com maior contribuição para a formação do aroma.

ABSTRACT Introduction Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). It is believed that diet fats can influence the development of this disease. Objective: To analyze how the content of omega-3 and omega-6 naturally present in the diet is related to the IBD process, both in its appearance and in its remission period. Material and Methods Data sources: The databases Scopus and PubMed were searched. Eligibility criteria: Studies published between 2007 and 2017, in Spanish and English, quantitative and qualitative design on the topic of study were included. Studies on drugs or supplements, animals and diet in other pathologies were excluded. Evaluation of studies: The studies were evaluated through the CASPe Guide and the objectives of the Scoping Review design. Results A total of 14 articles were included. Conclusions There is evidence that consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 may influence the development of IBD. Although there are no defined dietary recommendations for people with IBD, it would be essential to create a dietary guide for the control of this pathology.

RESUMEN Introducción La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) incluye a la colitis ulcerosa (CU) y la enfermedad de Crohn (EC). Se cree que las grasas dietéticas pueden influir en su desarrollo. Objetivo: Analizar cómo se relaciona el contenido de omega-3 y omega-6 presentes en la dieta de forma natural con el proceso de la EII, tanto en su aparición como en su periodo de remisión. Material y Métodos Fuentes de datos: Se realizaron la búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus y PubMed. Criterios de elegibilidad: Se incluyeron los estudios publicados entre 2007 y 2017, en español e inglés, diseño cuantitativo y cualitativo sobre el tema de estudio. Se excluyeron los estudios sobre fármacos o suplementos, animales y dieta en otras patologías. Evaluación de los estudios: Los estudios fueron evaluados a través de la Guía CASPe y los objetivos propios del diseño de Scoping Review. Resultados Un total de 14 artículos fueron incluidos. Conclusiones Hay evidencia de que el consumo de omega-3 y omega-6 puede influir en el desarrollo de la EII. Aunque no existen recomendaciones dietéticas definidas para las personas con EII, sería fundamental crear una guía de alimentación para el control de esta patología.

ABSTRACT The research was conducted in order to determine the impact of education program on the knowledge and practices of solid waste management of the cleaning staff of reference Hospitals of the Puno-Peru. The study was pre experimental with pre and post test design. The sample was 44 workers determined by inclusion and exclusion criteria. The instrument used to evaluate their knowledge base was a questionnaire. As to the practices, a compliance checklist about handling solid waste by the Ministry of Health was used. The post test was applied 30 days after the application of the educational program. Data analysis was performed on a percentage basis and the testing of the hypothesis test with the Wilcoxon. The results of the training program were the following: the level of knowledge increased in conditioning from deficient (97.73%) to good (63.64%); segregation / primary storage and intermediate storage of deficient (93.18%) to good 81.82% and 77.27% respectively; Internal transport, from deficient (95.45%) to good (70.45%); final storage, from deficient (100%) to good (50%); treatment, from deficient (68.18%) to good (95.45%); collection and external transportation from deficient (75%) to good (65.91%); final disposition, from deficient (97.73%) to good (77.27%. Regarding the practices, it improved in the conditioning stages from very poor (83.72%) to acceptable (69.76%); intermediate storage from very poor (95.35%) to acceptable (60.47%); Internal transportation / collection from very poor (100%) to acceptable (60.47%). Therefore, the education program with Andragogic model is effective to improve knowledge and practices, confirmed, with a significance level of p = 0.000

RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar el impacto del programa educativo en los conocimientos y prácticas del manejo de residuos sólidos del personal de limpieza de Hospitales de referencia Puno- Perú. El estudio fue de tipo cuasi-experimental con diseño pre y post test. La muestra fue de 44 trabajadores determinada por criterios de inclusión y exclusión. El instrumento para evaluar conocimientos fue un cuestionario y para las prácticas la lista de verificación de cumplimiento del manejo de residuos sólidos del Ministerio de Salud, el post test se aplicó 30 dias despues de la aplicación del programa educativo. El análisis de datos se realizó en forma porcentual y la contrastación de la hipótesis con la prueba Wilcoxon. Los resultados muestran que el programa educativo mejoró los conocimientos en las diferentes etapas: en acondicionamiento de deficiente (97.73%) a bueno (63.64%); segregación/ almacenamiento primario y almacenamiento intermedio de deficiente (93.18%) a bueno 81.82% y 77.27% respectivamente; transporte interno de deficiente (95.45%) a bueno (70.45%); almacenamiento final de deficiente (100%) a bueno (50%); tratamiento de deficiente (68.18%) a bueno (95.45%); recolección y transporte externo de deficiente (75%) a bueno (65.91%); disposición final de deficiente (97.73%) a bueno (77.27%). Las prácticas mejoraron en las etapas de acondicionamiento de muy deficiente (83,72%) a aceptable (69.76%); almacenamiento intermedio de muy deficiente (95.35%) a aceptable (60,47%); recolección /transporte Interno de muy deficiente (100%) a aceptable (60.47%). Por tanto, el Programa educativo con el modelo andragógico es efectiva para mejorar los conocimientos y prácticas; demostrado con un nivel de significancia de p= 0.000

Abstract Objective: To determine the epidemiological characteristics, treatment, reperfusion strategies and in-hospital adverse events of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction in Peru. Methods: Observational, prospective multicentre study in patients over 18 years admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction. Results: A total of 396 patients were enrolled in the registry during February 2016 to February 2017. The mean age was 64.9 ± 12 years, and 21% were women. In the first 12 h of onset 38% of patients were fibrinolysed, 29% underwent primary PCI, and 33% did not receive any reperfusion. Pharmaco-invasive strategy was used in 12.9% of cases. The fibrinolysis was successful in 65% of patients, and primary PCI success was 82%. The hospital stay was 6 days (IQR 5-10). In-hospital mortality was 10.1%, with the first cause of death being due to cardiogenic shock. The rate of in-hospital re-infarction was 2.2%, and the rate of acute heart failure was 25%. Age > 75 years, large infarct size, left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%, and absence of negative T waves on post-reperfusion electrocardiogram were independently related to higher in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: In Peru, ST elevation myocardial infarction most frequently affects men between 60-70 years. The most frequent initial reperfusion treatment is fibrinolysis, followed by primary angioplasty, and pharmaco-invasive strategy. The main reason for the lack of administration of reperfusion treatment was the delay from symptoms onset to first medical contact. The most common cause of in-hospital death was cardiogenic shock.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas, el tratamiento, las estrategias de reperfusión y los eventos adversos intrahospitalarios de pacientes con infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Perú. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, multicéntrico a nivel nacional, en pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados con diagnóstico de infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. Resultados: Desde febrero de 2016 a febrero de 2017, 396 pacientes fueron enrolados; la edad promedio fue de 64.9 ± 12 años y el 21% eran mujeres. En las primeras 12 h de evolución un 38% fueron fibrinolisados, en un 29% se realizó PCI primaria y un 33% no recibieron reperfusión. En el 12.9% se usó estrategia farmacoinvasiva. La tasa de éxito de la fibrinólisis fue de un 65% y la de la PCI primaria fue de un 82%. La estancia hospitalaria fue de 6 días (RIQ 5-10). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria llegó a un 10.1%, siendo la principal causa de muerte el choque cardiogénico. La tasa de reinfarto intrahospitalario fue de 2.2% y de falla cardiaca postinfarto, de 25%. La edad > 75 años, grandes tamaños de infarto, la fracción de eyección de ventrículo izquierdo < 40% y la ausencia de ondas T negativas en el electrocardiograma posreperfusión fueron variables relacionadas de manera independiente con una mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Conclusiones: El infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Perú afecta con más frecuencia a varones de entre 60 y 70 años. El tratamiento de reperfusión inicial más frecuente es la fibrinólisis, seguida por la angioplastia primaria y la estrategia farmacoinvasiva. El motivo principal de la falta de administración de tratamiento de reperfusión fue la demora desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el primer contacto médico. La causa más frecuente de muerte intrahospitalaria es el choque cardiogénico.

La leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) es la neoplasia maligna hematológica más común en niños. Se ha podido demostrar un perfil específico de metilación de islas CpG en las regiones promotoras de genes supresores de tumor, que desempeña un papel crítico en el silenciamiento transcripcional y puede ofrecer nuevas opciones de tratamiento. Con el objetivo de determinar este perfil, se analizó el estado de metilación de las islas CpG de la región promotora de cuatros genes supresores de tumor asociados a diferentes etapas del proceso de carcinogénesis, dos p15 y p73 asociados a la regulación del ciclo celular y a la apoptosis y dos E-cadherin y RARβ2, involucrados en la migración y metástasis tumoral. Se analizaron 30 muestras de sangre periférica mediante modificación del ADN con bisulfito sódico y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa específica para metilación y se obtuvo en todos los pacientes, al menos la metilación de un gen (100%) y frecuencias específicas de metilación de 76,67% para el gen p73 (23 pacientes); 56,67% para el p15 (7 pacientes); 16,67% para el E-cadherin (5 pacientes) y 20,0% para el RARβ2 (6 pacientes). La frecuencia de metilación observada en los genes p15 y p73, sugiere el papel importante de esos genes en la patogenia de la LLA y su probable utilidad en el asesoramiento de riesgo y en la selección del tratamiento más adecuado.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common hematologic malignancy in children. A specific methylation profile of CpG islands in the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes has been demonstrated, which plays a critical role in transcriptional silencing and may offer new treatment options. In order to determine this profile, the methylation status of CpG islands was analyzed in the promoter region of four tumor suppressor genes associated with different stages of carcinogenesis: two associated with the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis: p15 and p73; and two involved in migration and tumor metastasis: E-cadherin and RARβ2. Thirty peripheral blood samples were analyzed by modification of DNA with sodium bisulfite and chain reaction polymerase specific for methylation. In all patients, the methylation of at least one gene was observed (100%) and additionally, there were specific methylation frequencies of 76.67% for the p73 gene (23 patients); 56.67% for p15 (seven patients); 16.67% for E-cadherin (five patients) and 20.0% for the RARβ2 (six patients). The frequency of methylation observed in p15 and p73 genes suggests the important role of these genes in the pathogenesis of ALL and its usefulness in risk assessment and the selection of the most appropriate treatment.