Resumo: O vigor das sementes pode ser determinante para o seu desempenho em campo, especialmente sob condições de restrição hídrica. O girassol é uma cultura sujeita as essas condições no campo, e assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as alterações fisiológicas e antioxidativas em sementes de girassol submetidas à restrição hídrica. Foram utilizados dois lotes da cv. Hélio 253 diferindo quanto ao vigor. Após a caracterização inicial, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar sob os potenciais de 0,0; -0,2; -0,4; -0,6 e -0,8 MPa e avaliadas quanto a germinação, primeira contagem e comprimento de parte aérea e raiz primária. Foram avaliadas também as atividades das enzimas antioxidativas SOD, CAT, POX e APX aos 0, 2, 4 e 6 dias após a semeadura. A restrição hídrica provocou decréscimo na germinação e menor crescimento das plântulas independentemente do nível de vigor das sementes. A atividade da SOD foi semelhante para os dois lotes, com redução aos quatro dias após a semeadura. A atividade da CAT foi afetada de modo diferente ao longo da germinação dos dois lotes sendo, em geral, mais alta no lote de maior vigor. Nas sementes de maior vigor, houve menor atividade da POX nos tratamentos de restrição hídrica em relação ao controle. Em geral, sementes de menor vigor possuem menor capacidade de ativação de enzimas antioxidativas, principalmente as peroxidases.

Abstract: Seed vigor may be determinant for field performance, especially under water restriction conditions. Sunflower is a crop subject to these conditions in the field and, therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and antioxidant changes in sunflower seeds under water restriction. Two lots of sunflower seeds (cv. Hélio 253) with different vigor levels were used. After initial characterization, seeds were placed to germinate under water potentials of 0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa and evaluated by tests of germination, first germination count, shoot length and primary root length. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, POX and APX were also evaluated at 0, 2, 4 and 6 days after sowing. Water restriction led to a decrease in germination and slower seedling growth, regardless of seed vigor level. SOD activity was similar in the two lots, with reduction in activity four days after sowing. CAT activity was affected differently during germination in the two lots, and it was generally higher in the most vigorous lot. In higher vigor seeds, there was lower POX activity in water restriction treatments compared to the control. In general, seeds of lower vigor have lower capacity for activation of antioxidant enzymes, especially peroxidases.

Devido à escassez de informações sobre o período ideal de permanência das sementes de feijão em soluções tóxicas, objetivou-se identificar qual o melhor tempo de imersão das sementes de Phaseolus vulgaris em cloreto de amônio para identificação do vigor de diferentes lotes. Utilizaram-se cinco lotes de sementes da cultivar ‘Carnaval MG’, as quais foram imersas em solução de cloreto de amônio (1%) por 15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 minutos, e mantidas em BOD a 40 ºC. Em seguida, foram lavadas e colocadas para germinar. Foram realizados testes de germinação, primeira contagem, IVE, emergência de plântulas, massa da matéria fresca e seca de plântulas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 5 x 5 (lotes de feijão x tempos de imersão), com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e de regressão, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey (α = 5%). Foi realizada a correlação de Pearson entre os tratamentos referentes à solução tóxica e os demais testes. Verificou-se que é possível estimar o vigor de diferentes lotes de sementes de feijão quando se realiza a imersão das sementes em solução tóxica de cloreto de amônio a 1% durante 30 minutos.

Considering the lack of information about the optimal permanence time of bean seeds in toxic solutions, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of different immersion times to differ of the seeds vigor. It was used five seed lots of cultivar ‘Carnaval MG’. The seeds were immersed in a solution of ammonium chloride (1%) during 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes, in BOD at 40 ºC. Then, the seeds were washed and placed to germinate. Additionally, germination tests, first count, emergence speed index (SEI), seedling emergence, fresh and dry weight of seedlings were carried out. A completely randomized design and a factorial scheme 5 x 5 (seed lots and immersion times) with four replications were employed. Analysis of variance and regression were performed and the means were compared by Tukey’s test (α = 5%). Pearson correlation was performed among treatments in toxic solution and the other tests. It was verified that it is possible to estimate the seed vigor, from different lots of beans using the immersion of seeds in a toxic solution of ammonium chloride (1%) during 30 minutes.

Oil palm is one of the most important oil crops in the world. Because of its high productivity and perennial nature, it has been expanding quickly. Commercial plantations consist mostly of the African palm E. guineensis Jacq. However, producers in Latin America are increasingly planting the O × G interspecific hybrid, a cross between African palm (E. guineensis) and the American palm (E. oleifera (Kunth) Cortés). This interspecific hybrid has emerged as a promising solution to diseases such as the bud rot of oil palm because of the apparent partial resistance of this genotype to the disease. This work studied and described the phenology of the O × G interspecific hybrid. The phenology stages were coded using the BBCH scale. The scale for the phenophases was defined using a three-digit code. Due to the nature of the palm, no descriptions were used for stage two (formation of side shoots/tillering) and stage four (development of harvestable vegetative plant parts or vegetative reproductive organs) because these stages do not apply to oil palm. The scale was constructed using germinating seeds, pre-nursery and nursery plants and five year-old palms. For the description of the stem elongation, different age palms of the same O × G hybrid were used. Observations were performed during an 18-month period. Additionally, the interval for the change from one phenology stage to another was determined both in days and degree-days (DD). The interspecific O × G hybrid required 6408 DD from when the spear leaf unfolds until the bunch was ripened and harvested, and 4427.6 DD from leaf unfolding to anthesis.