Resumo O desgaste por cavitação representa um dos principais problemas encontrados em turbinas hidráulicas, sendo as áreas danificadas recuperadas com a deposição de revestimentos resistentes a cavitação pelo processo MIG/MAG. Este trabalho buscou caracterizar amostras obtidas após deposição de um revestimento inoxidável austenítico a base de cobalto sobre substrato de ASTM A-743 CA6NM, realizada por meio do processo MIG mecanizado, avaliando as microestruturas obtidas com auxílio das técnicas de microscopia ótica, MEV/EDS, EBSD, DRX e Microdureza. Pode-se identificar a presença de microestrutura austenítica na superfície depositada, com tamanho de grão médio de 11,27 μm e traços de ferrita delta próximos a linha de fusão, com substrato majoritariamente martensítico. Acima da ZF a morfologia da microestrutura se deu em forma colunar na direção da extração de calor. O aporte térmico não afetou a superfície do revestimento, mantendo suas características químicas e de dureza, sem que houvesse uma diluição elevada do metal base no revestimento, se apresentando como uma excelente alternativa para utilização na recuperação de componentes cavitados, devido a sua baixa EFE e microestrutura que favorecem a absorção da energia proveniente do processo de cavitação.

Abstract Cavitation wear represents one of the main problems encountered in turbines, being one of the areas of protection of hydraulic solutions recovered with a cavitation resistant protection by the GMAW process. This work aimed to characterize samples obtained after deposition of a cobalt-based austenitic stainless coating on ASTM A-743 CA6NM substrate, performed through the mechanized MIG process, evaluating the microstructures obtained with the aid of optical microscopy, MEV/EDS, EBSD, DRX and Microhardness techniques. It can be identified the presence of austenitic microstructure on the surface, with an average grain size of 11.27 μm and traces of ferrite from the next surface line with mostly martensitic substrate. Above the ZF, the morphology of the microstructure was in a dendritic form with a direction towards heat. The size provided did not adjust the thermal components, maintaining their characteristics and durability, without having superior protection of the thermal coating, without adequate protection of the supervised components, its use can maintain an excellent alternative for its use and durability. microstructure that favors the absorption of energy from the cavitation process.

ABSTRACT An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of as-cast heterogeneities on the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties of an austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). A commercial hypereutectic ductile iron alloy with 3.59% C, 2.68% Si, 0.24% Mn and 0.46% Cu (in wt. %) was produced in a coreless induction furnace. The specimens were obtained by casting the alloy into Y-block molds. The austempering heat treatments consisted of pre-heating at 500°C, followed by austenitizing step at 900°C and 930°C during 60 minutes. Austempering was carried out in molten metal baths at temperatures of 300°C and 370°C for 30 minutes. Microstructural characterization was carried out by light optical microscopy (LOM) with image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG) and X-ray diffraction with Rietveld refinement. The mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile and Vickers hardness tests. The results of this investigation indicate that as-cast heterogeneities have a detrimental effect on the transformed microstructure and mechanical properties of ADI. During austempering, non uniform distribution of graphite nodules and segregation of alloying elements at cell boundaries resulted in transformation gradients throughout the metallic matrix. Intercellular regions displayed inhomogeneous microstructures containing eutectic carbides and martensite. Yield strength, tensile strength and hardness decrease for increasing austempering temperature. Fracture surfaces showed a rapid transition from ductile to cleavage mode at intercellular regions, containing solidification carbides.

Aluminum, copper and silver samples, all of them face-centered cubic (FCC) metals, were rolled at room and cryogenic temperatures until equivalent strains (ε) were between 3.23 and 4.13. The cryogenic temperature (CT) and room temperature (RT) rolled samples were evaluated by hardness tests and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which indicate influence of stacking fault energy (SFE) on process. Lower SFE metals tend to exhibit dislocation densities significantly increased and as consequence, hardness too. It was also noted that after sometime exposed to RT, the materials rolled at CT present hardness decrease.

O defeito de olho de peixe é geralmente observado em ferros fundidos nodulares. O mecanismo de formação desses defeitos não é totalmente compreendido e muito pouco tem sido publicado a esse respeito. Esse trabalho investiga o efeito de diferentes luvas na formação do defeito olho de peixe. Luvas exotérmicas e isolantes, com diferentes concentrações de flúor, foram trituradas e misturadas com areia a verde. A mistura foi usada como areia de faceamento dos moldes de fundição. A caracterização morfológica e química do defeito foi realizada por microscopia óptica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com microanálise química por dispersão de raios X (MEV/EDS). Os resultados de EDS mostraram elevadas concentrações de alumínio e flúor na região do defeito.

Fish-eye defects are usually observed in the surface of ductile iron casting. Their formation mechanism is not fully understood and very little has been published concerning the subject. This paper investigates the sleeve material effect on fish-eye defect formation in ductile cast irons. Unburnt exothermic and insulating sleeves with different fluorine concentrations have been crushed and mixed in with green sand. These mixtures have been used as facing sands for the casting molds. The morphological and chemical characterization of the fish-eye defects have been performed by light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Experimental results suggest that surface fish-eye defects on ductile cast irons are caused by the buildup of fluorine-containing sleeve materials in the molding sand.

Nesse trabalho, foram estudados aspectos cinéticos da transformação bainítica incompleta em ligas de ferro nodular, contendo 2,36 e 2,68% Si. As amostras foram austenitizadas a 900°C, durante 90 minutos, e austemperadas a 320 e 370ºC, em tempos entre 1,5 e 60 minutos. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada pelas técnicas de microscopia óptica (MO), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de Raios X (DRX) e microdureza Vickers. Foi desenvolvido um método de quantificação das frações transformadas por microscopia óptica. Devido ao elevado teor de silício, as ligas apresentaram o fenômeno de estase da transformação bainítica. As amostras tratadas a 320°C apresentaram microestrutura mais refinada e maiores frações transformadas para o início da estase da reação. As frações transformadas obtidas por DRX foram menores que as encontradas por MO. Esse fenômeno foi mais intenso para a menor temperatura de austêmpera. Curvas de transformação isotérmica foram obtidas para todas as condições estudadas. A cinética de transformação bainítica incompleta foi analisada segundo o modelo de Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK). Os valores do expoente n da equação JMAK variaram entre 0,15 e 0,67.

This work aimed at studying the kinetic aspects of the incomplete bainite transformation of ductile cast iron containing 2.36 and 2.68% silicon (in wt %). Samples were initially austenitized at 900°C during 90 minutes and then austempered at 320 and 370°C in times ranging from 1.5 to 60 minutes. Microstructural characterization was performed by light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Vickers microhardness tests. A LOM-based method for transformed fractions quantification has been developed. Due to its high silicon content, both alloys presented the bainite transformation stasis phenomenon. Samples austempered at 320°C displayed more refined microstructures and higher transformed volume fractions at the reaction stasis beginning. Low resolution is the main drawback for using light optical microscopy in the phase quantification. Transformed volume fractions determined by XRD showed smaller values than those obtained by LOM, mainly for the lower austempering temperature. Kinetic transformation curves have been determined for all studied conditions. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) model was used to study the incomplete bainite transformation kinetics. Avrami exponents varied from 0.15 to 0.67.