Resumen Algunas especies del género Trichoderma poseen la capacidad de parasitar hongos patógenos de plantas. Esta característica propicia un alto potencial de uso en el control de las enfermedades (antracnosis) causadas por hongos en el fruto de aguacate postcosecha. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue el aislamiento e identificación de cepas nativas de Trichoderma de cultivos de aguacate con potencial antagonista in vivo e in vitro contra patógenos de este fruto. Las cepas fueron aisladas de raíz y suelo del huerto de aguacate en la localidad de Tanaxuri, Michoacán. Se obtuvieron seis cepas y se caracterizaron como TSONM1 (Trichoderma spp.), TRONM2 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM3 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM4 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM5 (Trichoderma spp.) y TSONM6 (Trichoderma harzianum). Posteriormente, las cepas aisladas fueron confrontadas con Neofusicoccum parvum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Diaporthe sp. y Phomopsis perseae observándose inhibiciones in vitro mayores al 80 %. Mientras que en la evaluación in vivo, la cepa TSONM6 (Trichoderma harzianum) presentó mayor actividad antagónica contra C. gloeosporioides, Diaporthe sp. y P. persea. Adicionalmente, los frutos de aguacate tratados con TSONM6, presentaron mínimos porcentajes (< 2 %) de pudrición de la pulpa y pedúnculo. Por lo tanto, Thichoderma harzianun podría ser una buena alternativa para el control biológico del aguacate en postcosecha.

Abstract Some species of the genus Trichoderma have the ability to parasitize fungal plant pathogens. This characteristic provides a high potential for use in the control of diseases (anthracnose) caused by fungi in post-harvest avocado fruit. Therefore, the objective of this research was the isolation and identification of native Trichoderma strains from avocado cultures with antagonistic potential in vivo and in vitro against pathogens of this fruit. The strains were isolated from the root and soil of the avocado in the town of Tanaxuri, Michoacán. Six strains were obtained and characterized as TSONM1 (Trichoderma spp.), TRONM2 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM3 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM4 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM5 (Trichoderma spp.) and TSONM6 (Trichoderma harzianum). Subsequently, the isolated strains were confronted with Neofusicoccum parvum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Diaporthe sp. and Phomopsis perseae, observing in vitro inhibitions greater than 80 %. In the in vivo evaluation, the TSONM6 strain (Trichoderma harzianum) showed greater antagonistic activity against C. gloeosporioides, Diaporthe sp. and P. persea. Additionally, the avocado fruits treated with TSONM6, presented minimum percentages (< 2 %) of pulp and peduncle rotting. Therefore, Thichoderma harzianun could be a good alternative for postharvest biological control of avocado.

Abstract Foam has been used worldwide as a vehicle for the professional application of fluoride and hypothetically should have the same anticaries potential as conventional fluoride gel (F-gel) in terms of the formation of reaction products with enamel. Thus, the ability of Flúor Care® foam (FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil, 12,300 ppm F, acidulated) to react with enamel was evaluated in comparison with Flúor gel® (DFL, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 12,300 ppm F, acidulated). Slabs (n=10/group) of sound enamel and with caries lesion were used, in which the concentrations of total fluoride (TF), and loosely (CaF2-like) and firmly (FAp) bound types were determined. The importance of agitation during application was previously tested. The determinations were made with fluoride ion-specific electrode and the results were expressed in μg F/cm² of the treated enamel area. ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to analyze the difference among treatments, independently for sound and carious enamel. The agitation of the products during application significantly increased the reactivity of the foam (p<0.05), but not that of the gel (p>0.05). The foam did not differ from F-gel (p>0.05) concerning the formation of TF and CaF2-like in sound or carious enamel. Regarding FAp, the foam did not differ from F-gel (p>0.05) in the carious enamel, but the concentration in the sound was lower (p<0.05). The results show that this commercial fluoride foam tested needs to be agitated during application to improve its reactivity with enamel, which raises a question about other brands.

Resumo A espuma tem sido utilizada mundialmente como veículo para aplicação profissional de fluoreto e hipoteticamente deveria ter o mesmo potencial anticárie que o gel fluoretado convencional (F-gel) em termos de formação de produtos de reação com o esmalte. Assim, a capacidade da espuma Flúor Care® (FGM, Joinville, SC, Brasil, 12.300 ppm F, acidulada) de reagir com o esmalte foi avaliada em comparação com o Flúor gel® (DFL, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 12.300 ppm F, acidulado). Foram utilizados blocos (n=10/grupo) de esmalte hígido e com lesão de cárie, nos quais foram determinadas as concentrações de flúor total (FT), e os tipos de flúor fracamente (tipo-CaF2) e firmemente (FAp) ligados ao esmalte. A importância da agitação durante a aplicação foi previamente testada. As determinações foram feitas com eletrodo íon específico para fluoreto e os resultados foram expressos em μg F/cm² da área tratada do esmalte. A diferença entre os tratamentos foi analisada por ANOVA e Tukey (α=5%), independentemente para esmalte hígido e cariado. A agitação dos produtos durante a aplicação aumentou significativamente a reatividade da espuma (p<0,05), mas não a do gel (p>0,05). A espuma não diferiu do F-gel (p>0,05) quanto à formação de FT e tipo-CaF2 no esmalte hígido ou cariado. Em relação à FAp, a espuma não diferiu do F-gel (p>0,05) no esmalte cariado, mas a concentração no hígido foi menor (p<0,05). Os resultados mostram que esta espuma fluoretada comercial testada precisa ser agitada durante a aplicação para melhorar sua reatividade com o esmalte, o que levanta questão sobre outras marcas.

Abstract: The relation between the institutional frameworks and the promotion of gender equality, considering the corporate social responsibility (CSR) movement, has been scarcely analyzed from the experiences of developing economies. We aimed to contribute to fill that gap, bringing to the debate the concepts of emancipation in organizations and support groups. We asked: in which ways, gender equality fostered by initiatives implemented in developing economies by transnational corporations in the form of support groups allow for organizational transformations that strengthen the process of women's emancipation in the corporate world? So, an ethnography was undertaken within a transnational company of the financial sector that operates in Brazil. The results show that these initiatives can only lead to organizational transformations that strengthen women's empowerment if they are inscribed in an institutional framework that guarantees the participation of multiple actors.

Resumen: La relación entre los arreglos institucionales y la promoción de la equidad de género, considerando el movimiento de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE), apenas fue analizada en el contexto de las economías en desarrollo. Pretendemos contribuir a esta brecha, a partir del lente conceptual de emancipación y grupos de soporte. Preguntamos cómo la equidad de género impulsada en las economías en desarrollo por iniciativas de empresas transnacionales, a través de grupos de soporte, permite transformaciones organizacionales que fortalecen la emancipación de las mujeres en las organizaciones. Respondiendo a esta pregunta, presentamos los resultados de una etnografía realizada en una empresa transnacional en Brasil. Los hallazgos evidencian que esta iniciativa puede conducir a un proceso de emancipación siempre cuando exista un marco institucional que garantiza la participación de múltiples actores.

Resumo: A relação dos arranjos institucionais e do movimento da Responsabilidade Social Empresarial (RSE) com a igualdade de gênero tem sido escassamente analisada no contexto de economias em desenvolvimento. Pretendemos contribuir com o preenchimento desta lacuna, trazendo para o debate os conceitos de emancipação nas organizações e grupos de suporte. Indagamos de que maneira a igualdade de gênero fomentada em economias em desenvolvimento por iniciativas de corporações transnacionais, por meio de grupos de suporte, permite transformações organizacionais que fortalecem a emancipação das mulheres nas organizações? Para responder a essa pergunta, apresentamos os resultados de uma etnografia feita em uma empresa transnacional que atua no Brasil. Os achados evidenciam que esta iniciativa pode levar a transformações organizacionais que fortaleçam o empoderamento das mulheres se elas se inscreverem em um quadro institucional que garanta a participação de múltiplos atores.

ABSTRACT Drimys brasiliensis Miers, popularly known as cataia, is a tree species native to the Atlantic Forest that has phytochemical, phytotherapeutic, aromatic and economic importance, with wide use in folk medicine. It is considered a species of difficult multiplication via seeds, presenting dormancy due to embryonic immaturity. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the vegetative rescue, in vitro establishment and propagation by way of cuttings of Drimys brasiliensis. For the rescue, the girdling techniques were applied at 30 and 90 cm from the ground, semi-girdling at 30 cm from the ground and pruned branches conditioned vertically and horizontally, being evaluated the shoot emission capacity. With the shoots obtained by vegetative rescue, the explants used for in vitro establishment were made, evaluating different immersion times in sodium hypochlorite 1.0 % (v/v) (0, 10, 15 and 20 minutes). The percentages of total, bacterial, fungal contamination and phenolic oxidation were evaluated. On the cuttings, shoots from vegetative rescue, from the aerial part of an adult individual and from detached branches were tested and placed in a mini-tunnel. The percentage of cuttings survival, percentage of cuttings with callus and percentage of rooting were evaluated. Regarding the vegetative rescue, the technique of pruned branches resulted in the induction of shoots, highlighting the branches conditioned vertically (100%). In the in vitro establishment, the immersion in sodium hypochlorite (1%) for 20 minutes proved to be efficient in the control of fungal contamination, however, no significant differences were observed in relation to the control of bacterial contamination. In cuttings, the use of cuttings from pruned branches or girdling/semi-girdling showed potential for these techniques in the cloning of the species, obtaining results close to 10% rooting. In general, the species has the potential for vegetative propagation, however, adjustments are necessary in the in vitro establishment and cutting protocols.

RESUMO Drimys brasiliensis Miers, conhecida popularmente por cataia, é uma espécie arbórea nativa da Mata Atlântica que apresenta importância fitoquímica, fitoterapêutica, aromática e econômica, com amplo uso na medicina popular. É considerada uma espécie de difícil multiplicação via sementes, apresentando dormência por imaturidade embrionária. Assim, objetivou-se com este estudo analisar o resgate vegetativo, estabelecimento in vitro e a propagação via estaquia de Drimys brasiliensis. Para o resgate, realizou-se a aplicação das técnicas de anelamento a 30 e 90 cm do solo, semianelamento a 30 cm do solo e galhos podados acondicionados vertical e horizontalmente, sendo avaliada a capacidade de emissão de brotações. Com as brotações obtidas pelo resgate vegetativo, foram confeccionados os explantes utilizados para o estabelecimento in vitro, avaliando diferentes tempos de imersão em hipoclorito de sódio 1,0 % (v/v) (0, 10, 15 e 20 minutos). Foram avaliadas as percentagens de contaminação total, bacteriana, fúngica e oxidação fenólica. Na estaquia foram testadas brotações oriundas do resgate vegetativo, da parte aérea de indivíduo adulto e de galhos destacados e acondicionados em mini-túnel. Avaliaram-se a porcentagem de sobrevivência das estacas, porcentagem de estacas com calos e porcentagem de enraizamento. Em relação ao resgate vegetativo, a técnica de galhos podados resultou na indução de brotações, destacando os galhos acondicionados verticalmente (100%). No estabelecimento in vitro, a imersão em hipoclorito de sódio (1%) por 20 minutos se mostrou eficiente no controle da contaminação por fungos, entretanto, não foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação ao controle de contaminação bacteriana. Na estaquia, o uso de estacas provenientes de galhos podados ou anelamento/semianelamento mostrou potencial para estas técnicas na clonagem da espécie, obtendo resultados próximos a 10% de enraizamento. No geral, a espécie apresenta potencial de propagação vegetativa, contudo, são necessários ajustes nos protocolos de estabelecimento in vitro e estaquia.

ABSTRACT Intercropping is especially relevant for low-income farmers when crop production is developed in soils under the new scenario produced by climatic change, mainly water shortage and low availability of nutrients especially P. An example of this would happen in volcanic soils of Southern Chile with high P fixing capacity and where most cereals are cropped. The aim of this study was to compare the benefits obtained on soil biochemical properties and on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth when sowed under monoculture or intercropped with non-mycorrhizal plants such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), canola (Brassica napus L.) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Wheat plants parameters such as shoot growth and morphological root traits together with some soil biological and chemical characteristics were measured after 30 and 44 d of plant growing in pots under controlled conditions. Results showed nonsignificant differences on growth parameters (i.e., height and shoot/root biomass) and P acquisition between monocrop and intercropped wheat. Conversely, wheat root morphological traits namely total length, root area, and forks were greatly reduced (around 50%) regardless of plant species. Intercropping tended to increase P availability and significantly reduced rhizosphere soil pH, with the lowest levels observed for wheat-canola combination (from 7.5 to 5.6). Intercropping produced a slight reduction in mycorrhizal colonization but increased over 100% viable spores’ number and exerted a variable effect on the microbial C-biomass, with greater values observed in wheat-canola combination (1.49 mg g-1). These results encourage us to deepen the use of some new plant combinations in family farming carried out in volcanic soils.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The supply of nutrients is a decisive component of agroecosystems, but in Cuba only 25 % of cultivated areas are fertilized, negatively influencing their productivity. Based on the benefits of mycorrhizal inoculants and green manures, their integration was evaluated with the objectives of establishing more efficient nutrient supply schemes, which guarantee high yields with lower amounts of fertilizers and a way for the effective mycorrhization of crops. Methods: The response of Canavalia to the inoculation of three AMF strains in eight edaphic conditions was evaluated, as well as eleven integration experiments of the green manures inoculated as precedents and or intercropped in the nutrient supply schemes of cassava, banana, tobacco, corn, tomato, coffee and king-grass. Furthermore, AMF and rhizobia co-inoculation was studied. Results: The Canavalia responded positively to mycorrhizal inoculation, with average increases in biomass, NPK contents and mycorrhizal propagules between 50 % and 300 %. The effectiveness of the strains depended on the pH of the soil. The Canavalia inoculated and used as a precedent or intercropped was successfully integrated into the fertilization schemes of the crops, guaranteeing high yields, effective mycorrhizal functioning and reducing fertilizer requirements between 25 and 75 %. Co-inoculation increased the potentiality of the Canavalia. Conclusions. The inoculated Canavalia was a satisfactory way for the effective management of the mycorrhizal symbiosis, forming more efficient agricultural production technologies and with lower amounts of inputs.

RESUMEN Introducción: El suministro de nutrientes es un componente decisivo de los agroecosistemas, pero, en Cuba solo el 25 % de las áreas cultivadas son fertilizadas, influyendo negativamente en su productividad. A partir de los beneficios de los inoculantes micorrízicos y los abonos verdes se evaluó su integración con los objetivos de establecer esquemas de suministro de nutrientes más eficientes, que garanticen rendimientos altos con menores cantidades de fertilizantes y ser una vía para la micorrización efectiva de los cultivos. Métodos: Se evaluó la respuesta de canavalia a la inoculación de 3 cepas de HMA en 8 condiciones edáficas, así como se ejecutaron 11 experimentos de integración de los abonos verdes inoculados como precedentes o intercalados en los esquemas de suministro de nutrientes de yuca, banano, tabaco, maíz, tomate, cafeto y king-grass. Además, se estudió la coinoculación HMA y rizobios. Resultados: La canavalia respondió positivamente a la inoculación micorrízica, con incrementos promedios en biomasa, contenidos de NPK y propágulos micorrízicos entre 50 % y 300 %. La efectividad de las cepas dependió del pH del suelo. La canavalia inoculada y utilizada como precedente o intercalada se integró exitosamente en los esquemas de suministro de nutrientes de los cultivos, garantizando rendimientos altos, funcionamiento micorrízico efectivo y disminuyendo entre 25 % y 75 % los requerimientos de fertilizantes. La coinoculación incrementó la potencialidad de la canavalia. Llegamos a la consclusión de que la canavalia inoculada resultó una vía satisfactoria para el manejo efectivo de la simbiosis micorrízica, permitiendo tecnologías de producción agropecuaria más eficientes y con menores cantidades de insumos.

Resumo Os dentifrícios fluoretados comercializados para crianças devem conter concentração mínima de 1000 ppm de fluoreto (F), que deve ser quimicamente solúvel para ter efeito anticárie. Portanto, determinamos as concentrações de fluoreto total (FT) e fluoreto solúvel total (FST) em dentifrícios comercializados para crianças no Brasil e no México e analisamos as regulamentações vigentes em ambos os países. Vinte e quatro marcas foram encontradas e adquiridas no Brasil (19 formuladas com NaF/SiO2, três com Na2FPO3/CaCO3 e duas com Na2FPO3/SiO2) e seis no México (todas com NaF/SiO2). As concentrações de FT e FST foram determinadas após a compra (amostras frescas), e a estabilidade do fluoreto nas formulações de Na2FPO3/CaCO3 foi verificada após 18 meses. As análises foram realizadas com eletrodo íon-específico e os resultados expressos em ppm F (mg F/kg). As concentrações de FT encontradas variaram de 476,0 a 1.385,3 ppm F e foram próximas às declaradas pelos fabricantes (500 a 1.450 ppm F). As concentrações de FT encontradas não ultrapassaram 1.500 ppm F, de acordo com as regulamentações vigentes de ambos os países. No entanto, dentifrícios com concentrações de FST inferiores a 1.000 ppm F foram encontrados tanto em dentifrício com baixa concentração (500 ppm F) formulado com NaF/SiO2 como em dentifrícios com Na2FPO3/CaCO3 frescos e envelhecidos, originalmente fabricados com 1.000-1.100 ppm de FT. Em conclusão, embora a maioria dos dentifrícios analisados apresentasse concentração de FST superior a 1.000 ppm F, as regulamentações vigentes em ambos os países permitem que produtos que não estejam de acordo com a melhor evidência disponível estejam presentes no mercado.

Abstract Fluoride toothpastes market to children should contain a minimum concentration of 1000 ppm of fluoride (F), which must be chemically soluble to provide anti-caries effect. Therefore, we determined the concentrations of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in toothpastes marketed to children in Brazil and Mexico and analyzed the current regulations in force in both countries. Twenty-four brands were found and purchased in Brazil (19 formulated with NaF/SiO2, three with Na2FPO3/CaCO3 and two with Na2FPO3/SiO2) and six in Mexico (all with NaF/SiO2). TF and TSF concentrations were determined after the purchase (fresh samples) but fluoride stability in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-formulations was checked after 18 months. The analyses were performed with an ion-specific electrode and the results expressed in ppm F (mg F/kg). The TF concentrations found ranged from 476.0 to 1385.3 ppm F and they were close the declared by the manufactures (500 to 1450 ppm F). The TF concentrations found were not greater than 1500 ppm F, in accordance with the current regulations of both countries. However, toothpastes presenting TSF concentrations lower than 1000 ppm F were found either in low fluoride toothpaste (500 ppm F) formulated with NaF/SiO2 as in fresh and aged Na2FPO3/CaCO3-toothpastes, originally fabricated with 1000-1100 ppm of TF. In conclusion, although most toothpastes analyzed showed TSF concentration higher than 1000 ppm F, the regulations in force in both countries allow that products not in agreement with the best available evidence are available in the market.

Abstract Background: The state of San Luis Potosi nowadays lacks a precise analysis of the richness and distribution of the family Orchidaceae, as well as its potential areas for exploration. Question: What are the genera and species of Orchidaceae in the state of San Luis Potosi, its geographical and ecological distribution, and requirements for exploration and recollect? Study site and research period: San Luis Potosi, Mexico, August 2004 to June 2020 Methods: We consult data bases and herbaria vouchers. We conducted botanical recollections. The potential richness of Orchidaceae was estimated with Jack 1. We analyzed the altitudinal distribution and by type of vegetation. We quantified the similarity between different biomes throughout the Jaccard index and the Ward’s method. The endemism in Mexico and its biogeographic extensions, and risk status of the species was characterized. Throughout the records in municipalities the requirement of exploration was evaluated. Results: We documented 70 genera and 152 species. The records of the Orchidaceae in San Luis Potosi represent 84 % of the 182 species estimated. Most of the richness correspond to the cloud forest. Similarity between different biomes is low. We found 84 endemic species to Mexico and biogeographic extensions. Eight species are in some risk status. We suggest continuing the exploration adjacent to Guanajuato, Queretaro, Hidalgo, and Tamaulipas. Conclusions: The richness we report here exceeds in 90 % the previously registered and put the family in the fifth place in the state of San Luis Potosi.

Resumen Antecedentes: El estado de San Luis Potosí carece a la fecha de un registro preciso de la riqueza y distribución de la familia Orchidaceae. Pregunta: ¿Cuáles son los géneros y especies de Orchidaceae en el estado, su distribución geográfica y ecológica, y las necesidades de exploración y recolecta? Sitio de estudio y fechas: San Luis Potosí, México, agosto 2004 a junio 2020. Métodos: Se revisaron bases de datos, especímenes de herbarios y se efectuaron recolectas botánicas. Se calculó la riqueza potencial de Orchidaceae con el estimador Jack 1, se analizó su distribución altitudinal y por tipo de vegetación. Se cuantificó la similitud entre diferentes biomas con el método de Ward y el índice de Jaccard. Se caracterizó el endemismo para México, sus extensiones biogeográficas y el estatus de riesgo de cada especie. Con base en los registros municipales se evaluaron las necesidades de exploración. Resultados: Se documentaron 70 géneros y 152 especies de orquídeas en San Luis Potosí, lo que representa el 84 % de 182 especies estimadas para el estado. La mayor riqueza corresponde al bosque húmedo de montaña. La similitud entre los biomas fue baja. Se encontraron 84 especies endémicas a México y sus extensiones biogeográficas. Diez especies están en estatus de riesgo. Se sugiere continuar explorando las áreas colindantes con Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo y Tamaulipas. Conclusiones: Se supera en un 90 % la riqueza de especies anteriormente registrada para San Luis Potosí, y Orchidaceae se coloca en el quinto lugar en riqueza específica a nivel estatal.

Abstract Introduction: it is needing to design, implement and evaluate the acceptance, relevance, and usability of an online course aimed at promoting the detection and referral of suspected cases of COVID-19 from pharmacies-drugstores. Method: the design of the course was based on a proposed route for the care of users suspected of COVID-19 attending pharmacies, complemented by information obtained through a search in PubMed/Medline and on Websites of leading organizations in the field. The information was structured in an online course, a formulary was developed and applied to assess the coverage, acceptability, and relevance of the course. Results: an online course (How do we act against COVID-19 from the drugstores?) was designed and organized in 7 units and with key concepts to identify and refer suspected cases of COVID-19 from pharmacies-drugstores, available in https://udearroba.udea.edu.co/externos/my/. From April/2020 to April/2021, 863 persons were registered, 382 (44.3%) finished and were sent the formulary for evaluation the course, which was returned by 240 (62.8%). In this group, the satisfaction with the course and education materials was 95.8% and 97.1%, respectively. Also, 97.9% people assert that the course contribute to identify and to refer suspected cases of COVID-19; and 93.3% that, the navigation through the course provides easy access of the contents. Conclusions: a virtual, open, and usable course is designed, implemented, and evaluated, and although the participants state that the course promoting the detection and referral of suspected cases of COVID-19, from pharmacies-drugstores, it is needing to conduct a study to assess this question.

Resumen Introducción: es necesario diseñar, implementar y evaluar la aceptación, pertinencia y usabilidad de un curso virtual orientado a favorecer la identificación y referenciación de casos sospechosos de COVID-19 desde farmacias-droguerías en Colombia. Método: el diseño del curso se fundamentó en una ruta propuesta para la atención de usuarios sospechosos de COVID-19 que acuden a farmacias, complementada con información obtenida de una búsqueda en PubMed/Medline y en sitios Web de organizaciones referentes en el tema. La información se estructuró en un curso virtual, se elaboró y aplicó un instrumento para evaluar la cobertura, aceptabilidad y pertinencia del curso. Resultados: se diseñó el curso virtual ¿Cómo actuamos frente al COVID-19 desde las droguerías? organizado en 7 unidades con conceptos claves para identificar y referenciar casos sospechosos de COVID-19, desde farmacias-droguerías, disponible en https://udearroba.udea.edu.co/externos/my/. Entre abril/2020 y abril/2021 se registraron 863 personas, 382 (44,3%) finalizaron el curso y se les envió el instrumento de evaluación, y fue regresado por 240 (62,8%). En este grupo, la satisfacción con el curso y material didáctico fue del 95,8% y 97,1%, respectivamente. Además, el 97,9% manifestó que el curso contribuye a identificar y referenciar casos sospechosos de COVID-19; y el 93,3% que, el acceso y navegación por el curso, resultó sencillo. Conclusiones: se diseña, implementa y evalúa un curso virtual, abierto y usable, orientado a favorecer la identificación y referenciación de casos sospechosos de COVID-19, desde las farmacias-droguerías y, aunque los participantes declaran que contribuye con dicha finalidad, se requiere de un estudio diseñado para valorar esta aportación.

ABSTRACT Background: This research addresses two questions: (1) how El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects climate variability and how it influences dengue transmission in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (MRR), and (2) whether the epidemic in MRR municipalities has any connection and synchronicity. Methods: Wavelet analysis and cross-correlation were applied to characterize seasonality, multiyear cycles, and relative delays between the series. This study was developed into two distinct periods. Initially, we performed periodic dengue incidence and intercity epidemic synchronism analyses from 2001 to 2017. We then defined the period from 2001 to 2016 to analyze the periodicity of climatic variables and their coherence with dengue incidence. Results: Our results showed systematic cycles of 3-4 years with a recent shortening trend of 2-3 years. Climatic variability, such as positive anomalous temperatures and reduced rainfall due to changes in sea surface temperature (SST), is partially linked to the changing epidemiology of the disease, as this condition provides suitable environments for the Aedes aegypti lifecycle. Conclusion: ENSO may have influenced the dengue temporal patterns in the MRR, transiently reducing its main way of multiyear variability (3-4 years) to 2-3 years. Furthermore, when the epidemic coincided with El Niño years, it spread regionally and was highly synchronized.

Resumen Introducción: En las últimas décadas se está produciendo un envejecimiento progresivo de nuestra población, lo cual conlleva que el deterioro cognitivo sea uno de los principales problemas a abordar. La enfermera comunitaria juega un rol crucial en el cribado del deterioro cognitivo, y para ello cuenta con numerosos cuestionarios para tal valoración, como el Eurotest, el Pfeiffer, o el Fototest, entre otros. El más usado en Atención Primaria es el Mini-Examen Cognoscitivo (MEC-35). Objetivo: Valorar la fiabilidad del cuestionario MEC-35 aplicado por enfermeras a pacientes en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria. Material y Métodos: Estudio de fiabilidad inter-intra enfermeras del MEC-35 en su empleo en el contexto de la Atención Primaria. Resultados: La concordancia bruta global entre enfermeras fue del 77(69-83) % y la libre de azar según la kappa de Cohen del 49(30-68) % (p<0,001). La concordancia global bruta intra enfermeras fue del 72(68-83) % y la libre de azar del 55(27-83) % (p=0,002). En la valoración de la fiabilidad entre-enfermeras 5 ítems (14%) obtuvieron una concordancia nula según el criterio de Landis-Koch y en la intra-enfermeras 8 (23%). Discusión: A pesar de unificar criterios entre las enfermeras que aplicaron esta herramienta, y teniendo en cuenta los resultados del estudio, se propone la eliminación de algunos ítems con muy baja concordancia y la modificación del enunciado de otros para mejorar esa fiabilidad en su empleo por enfermeras comunitarias. Tal transformación requiere de la prueba de validez y fiabilidad de esta versión del MEC-35. Conclusión: El MEC-35, a pesar de ser una herramienta de cribado ampliamente empleada entre las enfermeras, presenta unos valores de fiabilidad insuficientes.

Abstract Introduction: In recent decades, a progressive aging of our population has been taking place, which means that cognitive deterioration is one of the main problems to be addressed. The community nurse plays a crucial role in screening for cognitive impairment, and for this it has numerous questionnaires for such assessment, such as the Eurotest, the Pfeiffer, or the Fototest, among others. The most used in our environment is the Mini-Examen Cognoscitivo (MEC-35). Aim: To assess the reliability of the MEC-35 questionnaire applied by nurses to patients in the Primary Care setting. Material and methods: Inter-intra nurse reliability study of the MEC-35 in its use in the context of Primary Care. Results: The overall gross concordance between nurses was 77 (69-83) % and the random agreement according to Cohen's kappa was 49 (30-68) % (p <0.001). The gross global concordance within nurses was 72 (68-83) % and the free of chance 55 (27-83) % (p = 0.002). In the inter-nurse reliability assessment, 5 items (14%) obtained null concordance according to the Landis-Koch criterion, and 8 (23%) in intra-nurses reliability. Conclusions: The MEC-35, despite being a widely used screening tool among nurses, has insufficient confidence values. Discussion: Despite unifying criteria among the nurses who applied this tool, and taking into account the results of the study, it is proposed to eliminate some items with very low concordance and modify the wording of others to improve reliability in their use by community nurses. Such transformation requires the validity and reliability test of this version of the MEC-35.

Resumo Objectivos: Avaliar o efeito da produção CAD-CAM de esqueletos metálicos de próteses parciais removíveis na adaptação clínica aos dentes de suporte. Métodos: Quinze pacientes foram selecionados para participar no estudo, tendo sido planeada a reabilitação de vinte arcadas dentárias parcialmente desdentadas. Para cada arcada dentária (n=20) foram produzidos dois esqueletos metálicos em cobalto-crómio segundo dois protocolos: por CAD-CAM (grupo experimental) e pela técnica convencional de fundição da cera perdida (grupo controlo). A adaptação clínica foi avaliada através da moldagem do espaço existente entre o apoio oclusal do esqueleto metálico e a sede dentária correspondente com silicone, cujo resultado foi digitalizado e posteriormente analisado com recurso a tecnologia de microtomografia computadorizada. Os dois moldes de silicone obtidos em cada apoio oclusal foram sobrepostos e avaliados na sua espessura e volume. Os dados recolhidos para a espessura de silicone foram analisados segundo um teste t de Student emparelhado, enquanto os dados obtidos para o volume de silicone foram analisados recorrendo a um teste de Wilcoxon (α=0,05). Resultados: Considerando as duas variáveis dependentes estudadas, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p=0,441 para a espessura de silicone e p=0,204 para o volume de silicone) entre os dois grupos. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o protocolo CAD-CAM aplicado é um método viável para a produção de esqueletos metálicos de próteses parciais removíveis.

Abstract Objectives: To assess the effect of a CAD-CAM protocol fabrication on the clinical fit accuracy of removable partial denture metal frameworks to abutment teeth. Methods: Fifteen patients with partial edentulism were selected to participate in this clinical study, and twenty dental arch rehabilitations were planned. For each dental arch (n=20), two cobalt-chromium frameworks were produced through two protocols: CAD-CAM production (experimental group); and conventional lost-wax casting technique (control group). Clinical fit accuracy was assessed using an indirect quantitative method to evaluate the gap between the framework occlusal rest and the corresponding rest seat. A silicone mold of that gap was obtained, digitized, and analyzed by micro-computed tomography. The two silicone molds obtained for each occlusal rest were overlapped and evaluated for thickness and volume. Data were analyzed with the paired t test for silicone thickness results and the Wilcoxon test for silicone volume results (α= 0.05). Results: Considering the two dependent variables under study, no statistically significant (p=0.441 for silicone thickness and p=0.204 for silicone volume) differences were found between groups. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the CAD-CAM protocol applied is a viable method for the production of removable partial denture metal frameworks.

Abstract Background and objective: Assess changes in disease management and the treatment of renal cancer after the implementation of improvement initiatives, particularly from the Renal Tumor Board at the Oncology hospital at Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI. Material and methods: Observational and retrospective study over a sample of kidney cancer patients at CMN Siglo XXI. KPI (Key Performance Indicators) were selected to measure time, efficiency, and compliance level in patient journey key processes. Results: A database was created with information of 741 patients with variables obtained from different therapeutic areas. After 5 months of the Renal Tumor board implementation, results showed an average compliance level of 37% in the KPIs assessed. After 2 years of the Renal Tumor Board implementation, results showed a compliance level of 47% in KPIs assessed. Conclusions: Implementation of initiatives resulted in better kidney patient management and care at the Oncology Hospital at CMN Siglo XXI. Particularly, improvements in waiting time from reference to treatment initiation was observed.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Medir el impacto en la gestión del tratamiento del cácer renal a partir de la implementación de acciones, incluyendo el comité de tumores renales, en el Hospital de Oncología del Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo sobre una muestra de pacientes con cáncer renal en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Oncología del CMN Siglo XXI. Se seleccionaron indicadores de gestión para medir tiempo, eficiencia y nivel de cumplimiento de procesos clave en el flujo de un paciente con cáncer renal. Resultados: Se creó una base de datos con información de 741 pacientes con variables de distintas áreas terapéuticas. Tras 5 meses, se estimó un cumplimiento promedio de 37% en los indicadores evaluados. Tras 2 a ños, un cumplimiento del 47%. Conclusiones: La implementación de las acciones resultó en mejoras en la gestión y atención de pacientes con cáncer renal en la UMAE, Hospital de Oncología del CMN Siglo XXI, particularmente en el tiempo promedio entre referencia e inicio del tratamiento.

Abstract This paper examines differences in life satisfaction and its various domains among employees in the Mexican labor market. We found that formal long-term subordinates have higher levels of satisfaction than other types of employment. The self-employed and employers are more satisfied with their free time but not with other domains of satisfaction, while informal subordinates have disadvantages in almost all satisfaction domains vis-à-vis formal long-term subordinates. The formal/informal dichotomy seems to be insufficient to describe levels of satisfaction of subordinate employees, since formal short-term subordinates have major disadvantages with respect to long-term formal ones.

Resumen Este trabajo examina las diferencias en satisfacción con la vida y sus distintos dominios entre los empleados en el mercado laboral mexicano. Encontramos que los subordinados formales de largo plazo tienen mayores niveles de satisfacción que otros tipos de empleo. Los autoempleados y empleadores están más satisfechos con el tiempo libre, pero no con otros dominios de satisfacción; mientras que los subordinados informales tienen desventajas en casi todos los dominios de satisfacción con respecto a los subordinados formales de largo plazo. La dicotomía formal/informal parece ser insuficiente para describir los niveles de satisfacción de los empleados subordinados ya que los subordinados formales de corto plazo tienen importantes desventajas con respecto a los formales de largo plazo.