Abstract Aim: Assess the effect of the performance order in the Concurrent Training (CT), Aerobic-Strength (AS), and Strength-Aerobic (SA), in the static balance, dynamic balance, and muscle strength in elderly people. Methods: The study involved 38 elderly people (men and women) aged 60 to 75 years old, divided into SA (n = 19) and AS (n = 19). Within 12 weeks, the aerobic training consisted of walking with intensity prescribed by the Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion (6-20) and the strength training consisted of six exercises, with intensity controlled by Repetition Maximum training zones. Static balance (plantar pressure center area and displacement in bipedal support with eyes closed and open), dynamic balance (Timed Up and Go and Tandem Gait), and maximum dynamic strength of knee extension and bench press have been evaluated. For data analysis, Generalized Estimating Equations with Bonferroni's complimentary test have been used (α = 0.05). Results: For static and dynamic balance there hasn't been an effect on the 12 weeks of combined training, regardless of the performance order. Both groups maintained the balance variables within the intervention period. When it comes to strength, there has been a noticeable improvement in lower limbs (SA: 16%; AS: 11%; p < 0,001) and upper (SA: 22.0%; AS: 8.7%; p < 0.001), without any differences between the groups. Conclusion: So there is no difference between the order of performance of the CT in the variables of static and dynamic balance and strength of upper and lower limbs. Furthermore, after training, there have been significant improvements in the variables of strength and maintenance of static and dynamic balance.

Abstract Aim: To compare blood pressure (BP) responses among the different orders of execution of concurrent exercise (CE) sessions in controlled hypertensive older men. Methods: Fifteen older men (64 ± 5 years) participated in three randomized crossover sessions: control session (C), CE in aerobic-resistance order (AR), and resistance-aerobic order (RA). The CE was performed for 1 h, in which 30 min were for the resistance exercise with 5 exercises at 70% of 1RM and 30 min for the aerobic exercise on a treadmill with intensity corresponding to the first ventilatory threshold. Clinical systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean blood pressure (MBP) were measured at rest and over 2 h and 24 h after the session. For analysis, the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) test was used with Bonferroni's complimentary test (α = 0.05). Results: The SBP decreased by 30 min after AR, while after RA we obtained reductions during 1 h after a session concerning rest. Between sessions, we found lower values in both CE compared to the C at 30 min, 45 min, and 90 min. In the RA there was a lower pressure in relation to the C at minute 60. The DBP reduced 30 min after the AR regarding the pre-session, however with no difference between sessions. The MBP was lower in relation to 30 min rest after AR. Among sessions, a pressure drop was observed in the AR compared to the C at 30 min and 45 min. Conclusion: We can conclude that the CE was effective in generating post-exercise hypotension regardless of the order in controlled hypertensive older men.

Abstract AIM This study examined the effectiveness of two different behavioral change interventions to improve Physical Activity (PA) and to reduce Sedentary Behavior (SB) in a primary health care setting. METHODS This quasi-experimental study recruited and enrolled 31 users of a primary health care unit of the Brazilian Unified Health System aged 18 or more. Participants were allocated into two groups: Physical Exercise Group combined with Health Education (EHE) and Health Education Group (HE). The EHE group participated in 60 minutes of exercise, twice a week, and 20 minutes of counseling. The HE group participated in 40 minutes of counseling, once a week. Both programs were conducted for over 18 weeks. PA levels were self-reported (IPAQ) and PA and SB were objectively (accelerometer) assessed before and after the intervention period. Data were analyzed using intention-to-treat analysis with generalized estimating equations adopting p<0.05 for significance. Also, the individual PA and SB deltas were computed. Improvements in PA and SB were observed for both interventions (p<0.05). RESULTS Both groups increased the minutes of weekly leisure PA (p=0.006), time spent in light (p=0.003), and moderated-to-vigorous (p=0.042) PA and decreased the amount of SB, with a significant decrease in the HE group (p=0.010). Delta analyses further demonstrated the effectiveness of the interventions to increase PA in other domains (i.e., transportation, household) and maintenance of occupational PA. CONCLUSION Behavioral change interventions in the primary health care context involving exercise and counseling seem to be effective in improving PA and SB in adults.

Resumo Introdução: A Escoliose Idiopática (IS) é uma curvatura idiopática da coluna vertebral nos três planos de tratamento conservador (não invasivo) ou cirúrgico (invasivo). Ainda assim, a efetividade da terapêutica não invasiva permanece carente de um embasamento científico que suporte sua aplicabilidade baseada em evidências. Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos de intervenções não invasivas sobre inclinação lateral da coluna IS por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca de estudos nas bases de dados MEDLINE, SCOPUS e COCHRANE, em 24 de março de 2014. Os termos utilizados foram: scoliosis, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, physical therapy. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos com indivíduos escolióticos submetidos a algum tipo de intervenção não invasiva. O desfecho incluído foi inclinação lateral da coluna. Resultados: A busca inicial resultou em 941 estudos, com 07 estudos incluídos após triagem de dois revisores independentes. Seis estudos (85,7%) adotaram algum tipo de técnica cinesioterapêutica, e três estudos (42,8%) valeram-se do uso de órtese corretiva. O tempo de intervenção médio nos estudos com técnica cinesioterapêutica foi de 37,6 semanas, e de 91,6 semanas nos estudos com órtese corretiva. A melhora na progressão da inclinação lateral da coluna foi relatada em 83,3% (5 de 6) dos estudos com técnica cinesioterapêutica, e em 66,6% (2 de 3) dos estudos com órtese corretiva. Conclusão: Foi encontrada uma melhora, de maneira geral, na progressão da inclinação lateral da coluna na IS em sujeitos de ambos os sexos de 11 a 25 anos de idade submetidos a intervenções não invasivas.

Abstract Introduction: Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS) is an idiopathic curvature of the spine in all three plans, been treated conservatively (non-invasive) or surgicaly (invasive). The effectiveness of noninvasive therapy still remains lacking in a scientific basis to support their evidence-based applicability. Objective: Evaluate the effects of non-invasive interventions in spine lateral inclination in IS through a systematic literature review. Methods: The search of studies in MEDLINE, SCOPUS and COCHRANE databases was performed on 24th March, 2014. The terms used were: Scoliosis, therapeutic exercise, physical therapy. Clinical trials with scoliotic patients undergoing some type of non-invasive intervention were included. The outcome was spine lateral inclination. Results: The research found 941 studies, seven of these were included after a screening performed by two independent reviewers. Six studies (85.7%) have adopted some sort of kinesiotherapeutic technic, and three studies (42.8%) used corrective orthosis. The average intervention time in kinesiotherapeutic technique studies was of 37.6 weeks and 91.6 weeks in the studies of corrective brace. The progression improvement of the spine lateral inclination was reported by 83.3% (5 of 6) of the kinesiotherapeutic technique studies and in 66.6% (2 of 3) of studies with corrective brace. Conclusion: An improvement was found, in general, in the progression of spine lateral inclination in IS subjects of both sexes from 11 to 25 years of age undergoing non-invasive interventions.

Os exercícios aquáticos proporcionam inúmeros benefícios à saúde de seus praticantes. Para assegurar esses benefícios, é indispensável uma prescrição adequada às necessidades de cada indivíduo e, para isso, faz-se importante estudar as diferentes respostas cardiorrespiratórias das atividades desenvolvidas nesse meio. Deste modo, o objetivo do estudo foi comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias no limiar anaeróbio (LAn) entre o teste máximo de corrida em piscina funda (CPF) e da corrida em esteira terrestre (CET). Além disso, comparar dois métodos de determinação do LAn (ponto de deflexão da frequência cardíaca [PDFC] e método ventilatório [MV]) entre os protocolos máximos. Doze mulheres jovens participaram do estudo. Foi utilizada ANOVA de dois fatores para medidas repetidas com post-hoc de Bonferroni (α<0,05). Foram encontrados valores significativamente maiores de frequência cardíaca máxima (CET: 190±5; CPF: 174±9 bpm) e de consumo de oxigênio máximo (CET: 33,7±3,9; CPF: 22.5±4.1 ml.kg-1.min-1) na CET em comparação à CPF. Além disso, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os métodos de determinação do LAn (CET: MT: 28.1±5.3; PDFC: 26.6±5.5 ml.kg-1.min-1; CPF: MV: 18.7±4.8, PDFC: 17.8±4.8 ml.kg-1.min-1). Os resultados indicam a importância da realização de um teste máximo especifico da modalidade treinada e o PDFC parece ser uma alternativa simples e prática para a determinação do LAn

Aquatic exercises provide numerous benefits to the health of their practitioners. To secure these benefits, it is essential to have proper prescriptions to the needs of each individual and, therefore, it is important to study the cardiorespiratory responses of different activities in this environment. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory responses at the anaerobic threshold (AT) between maximal deep-water running (DWR) and maximal treadmill running (TMR). In addition, two methods of determining the AT (the heart rate deflection point [HRDP] and ventilatory method [VM]) are compared in the two evaluated protocols. Twelve young women performed the two maximal protocols. Two-factor ANOVA for repeated measures with a post-hoc Bonferroni test was used (α < 0.05). Significantly higher values of maximal heart rate (TMR: 33.7 ± 3.9; DWR: 22.5 ± 4.1 ml.kg−1.min−1) and maximal oxygen uptake (TMR: 33.7 ± 3.9; DWR: 22.5 ± 4.1 ml.kg−1.min−1) in TMR compared to the DWR were found. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the methods for determining the AT (TMR: VM: 28.1 ± 5.3, HRDP: 26.6 ± 5.5 ml.kg−1.min−1; DWR: VM: 18.7 ± 4.8, HRDP: 17.8 ± 4.8 ml.kg−1.min−1). The results indicate that a specific maximal test for the trained modality should be conducted and the HRDP can be used as a simple and practical method of determining the AT, based on which the training intensity can be determined

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o índice de esforço percebido (IEP) e o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) durante o exercício aquático e terrestre, na intensidade do primeiro limiar ventilatório entre gestantes e não-gestantes. Sete gestantes (idade gestacional entre 27ª e 30ª semanas) e sete não-gestantes realizaram dois testes contínuos em cicloergômetro (água e terra) na intensidade do primeiro limiar ventilatório. Durante os testes, os gases respiratórios foram coletados com um analisador de gases portátil KB1-C da marca Aerosport. A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi obtida através de um Polar modelo F1. Os dados foram coletados a cada 20s. O IEP era indicado ao término do exercício através da escala RPE de Borg (6-20). Utilizou-se ANOVA para medidas repetidas de 1 FATOR, com post hoc de Bonferroni (p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para o VO2 e para o IEP comparando os exercícios aquático e terrestre. Além disso, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre gestantes e não-gestantes. Concluímos que o IEP pode ser usado para prescrição do exercício aquático e terrestre e para gestantes e não-gestantes, quando este for realizado na intensidade do primeiro limiar ventilatório e em cicloergômetro.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the differences in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and oxygen uptake (VO2) behavior during water and land-based exercise, performed in the exercise intensity of the first ventilatory threshold between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Seven pregnant (gestational ages between the 27th and 30th week) and seven non-pregnant women performed two continuous cycle ergometer tests (water and land-based) at the first ventilatory threshold intensity. During all sessions, respiratory gases were collected with a portable AEROSPORT KB1-C mixing box gas analyzer. A pneumotach was used with a neoprene mask. Heart rate (HR) measurements were obtained with a POLAR F1. Data were collected every 20s. RPE on Borg scale from 6 to 20 was derived at the end of the exercise. One-way ANOVA was applied for repeated measures using the post-hoc Bonferroni test (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in VO2 or RPE when comparing water with land-based exercise. In the same way, no significant difference was found between pregnant and non-pregnant subjects. We suggest that RPE can be used for water and land-based exercise prescription on cycle ergometer at the intensity of first ventilatory threshold, for both pregnant and non-pregnant women.

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias de um exercício de hidroginástica (corrida estacionária) realizado com e sem deslocamento horizontal no meio terrestre (MT), em piscina funda (PF) e em piscina rasa (PR). Seis mulheres jovens realizaram os exercícios durante 4 min numa cadência de 80 bpm. O exercício consistia em flexão e extensão de quadril com os braços simulando um movimento de corrida. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e o consumo de oxigênio (VO2 ) foram coletados no último minuto de exercício e a percepção de esforço (PE) foi coletada ao término do exercício. Para a comparação das variáveis utilizou-se ANOVA two-way para medidas repetidas com fatores meio e forma de execução (p < 0,05). Para todas as variáveis analisadas foram encontrados valores menores no exercício em PR comparado ao exercício no MT. Porém, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre o exercício no MT e em PF, exceto para a FC, que foi menor no exercício em PF. Em relação à forma de execução, para a FC, foram encontrados valores maiores no exercício com deslocamento quando comparado ao exercício sem deslocamento somente na PF. Estes achados sugerem a possibilidade de executar o exercício analisado em PF com gasto energético (GE) similar e FC menor quando comparado ao mesmo exercício no MT. Fato de grande relevância para populações que querem obter um GE semelhante ao exercício no MT, mas que necessitam de uma menor sobrecarga cardiovascular.

The aim of the study was to compare the cardiorespiratory responses during an hydrogymnastics exercise performed with and without horizontal movement on land environment (LE) and in a deep (DS) and in a shallow swimming pool (SS). Six YOUNG women performed the exercise during four minutes in each environment (LE, DS and SS) and situation (with and without horizontal movement) in a cadence of 80 bpm. The exercise consisted in a hip flexion/extension while the arms simulating a running movement. The heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (VO2 ) were veriefied during the last minute in each exercise and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected in the ending of the exercise. To variables comparisons was used ANOVA two-way for repeated measures with factors environment and situation (p < 0,05). For all cardiorespiratory variables analyzed, SS exercise were lower than that found on LE. Although, no difference was observed in the exercise performed on LE or in DS, except for the HR, that was lower during DS. Acording to the different situations, higher HR value was found during the exercise with horizontal movement when compared with the exercise without horizontal movement in the DS. These findings suggest the possibility to perform the exercise analyzed with similar energy expenditure and lower FC in DS when compared with exercise in LE. It is very important for people that need similar energy expenditure and lower cardiovascular overload during aquatic exercise.