Resumo Introdução O carcinoma epidermoide de laringe é o segundo mais prevalente entre os tumores de cabeça e pescoço e o tratamento dos pacientes com doença em estádio I ou II pode ser feito com cirurgia ou radioterapia. Estudos populacionais nacionais que descrevem os resultados terapêuticos e compararam essas modalidades são poucos frequentes, mas podem ser muito importantes para orientar diretrizes de tratamento. Objetivo Avaliar os resultados de sobrevida dos pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide de laringe em estádios clínicos I ou II de acordo com as principais modalidades terapêuticas usadas. Método Estudo transversal de base populacional com a base de dados da Fundação Oncocentro de São Paulo de janeiro de 2000 a março de 2019. Os critérios de inclusão foram pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide de laringe em estádios clínicos cT1-2N0. Para compensar pela alocação não randômica dos pacientes e pelo desequilíbrio entre variáveis confundidoras entre os grupos, usamos a metodologia do escore de propensão. Resultados Preencheram os critérios de inclusão 3.786 pacientes. Em relação ao estádio cT, houve 2.171 pacientes (57,3%) com tumores cT1. Os pacientes do sistema único de saúde (SUS) apresentaram um maior tempo entre o diagnóstico e o tratamento (p < 0,001). A análise por escore de propensão mostrou que os pacientes submetidos a cirurgia apresentaram uma tendência de melhor sobrevida doença específica (p = 0,012). Comparando-se radioterapia isolada versus combinação com radioquimioterapia, o tratamento isolado demonstrou tendência a melhor taxa de sobrevida (p< 0,001). Conclusão A análise por escore de propensão identificou melhores resultados de sobrevida doença específica em pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide de laringe estádios clínicos I e II tratados por cirurgia quando comparados a radioterapia.

Abstract Introduction Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is the second most prevalent malignancy among head and neck tumors, and the treatment of patients with stage I or II disease can be performed with surgery or radiation therapy. National population studies describing therapeutic results comparing these modalities are unusual, but they can be very important to direct treatment guidelines. Objective To evaluate the survival results of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma at clinical stages I or II, according to the main therapeutic modalities used. Methods Cross-sectional, population-based study using the database of Fundação Oncocentro de São Paulo from January 2000 to March 2019. Inclusion criteria were patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in clinical stages cT1-2N0. To compensate for the non-random allocation of patients and the imbalance between confounding variables between groups, we used the propensity score methodology. Results A total of 3786 patients met the inclusion criteria. Regarding the cT stage, there were 2171 patients (57.3%) with cT1 tumors. Patients in the public health system had a longer time between diagnosis and treatment (p< 0.001). The analysis by propensity score showed that patients treated with surgery had a tendency towards better disease-specific survival (p = 0.012). Comparing radiotherapy alone versus its combination with radiochemotherapy, radiotherapy alone showed a tendency towards a better survival rate (p< 0.001). Conclusion Analysis by propensity score identified better results for disease-specific survival in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma at clinical stages I and II treated by surgery when compared to radiotherapy.

Abstract Introduction The incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has increased, and its treatment remains controversial. Objective To identify the clinical and pathological factors predictive of tumor recurrence. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 2,538 consecutive patients treated for PTMC, most submitted to total thyroidectomy (98%) followed by radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation (51.7%) at a cancer center from 1996 to 2015. The patients were stratified according to the AmericanThyroid Association (ATA) risk categories (low, intermediate, or high), and the clinicopathological features were evaluated by multivariate Cox regression analysis to identify independent prognostic factors for recurrence. Results After a mean follow-up of 58 months (range: 3 to 236.5 months), tumor recurrence was diagnosed in 63 (2.5%) patients, mostly in the lymph nodes. Distant metastasis occurred in 2 (0.1%) patients. There were no cancer-related deaths. The multivariate analysis showed that age < 55 years (p = 0.049; hazard ratio [HR]: 2.54; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.95 to 0.99), multifocality (p = 0.032; HR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.96), and the presence of lymph-node metastasis (p < 0.001; HR: 3.69; 95% CI: 2.07–6.57) were independent risk factors for recurrence. Recurrence was observed in 29 (1.5%) out of 1,940 low-risk patients, 32 (5.4%) out of 590 intermediate-risk patients, and in 2 (25%) out of 8 high-risk patients. Conclusions The prognosis of PTMC is excellent, favoring a conservative treatment for most patients. Age <55 years, multifocality, and node metastasis at diagnosis, as well the ATA staging system effectively predict the risk of recurrence. The presence of these risk factors can help identify patients who should be considered for more aggressive management and more frequent follow-up.

Abstract Introduction Postoperative neck hematoma (PNH) is an uncommon but potentially-lethal complication of thyroid surgery. Objective To identify the risk factors for postthyroidectomy hematoma requiring reoperation, the timing, the source of the bleeding, the related respiratory distress requiring tracheotomy, and the late outcomes. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the records of 5,900 consecutive patients submitted to surgery for thyroid diseases at a single institution. Results In total, PNH occurred in 62 (1.1%) patients. Most cases of bleeding occurred within the first 6 hours after thyroidectomy, but 12.5% of the hematomas were observed after 24 hours. Obvious bleeding points were detected in 58.1% of the patients during the reoperation, with inferior thyroid artery branches and superior thyroid vessels being the most frequent bleeding sources. Only two patients required urgent tracheostomy. There were no hematoma-related deaths. Permanent hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury are more frequent following reoperation for PNH. The factors significantly associated with PNH were: older age, concurrent lymph node dissection, and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Gender, previous neck irradiation, presentation at diagnosis (symptomatic or incidental), substernal goiter, thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism, prior thyroid surgery, malignant histology, the extent of the surgery (total versus non-total thyroidectomy), the use of energy-based vessel sealing devices, the use of the hemostatic agent Surgicel, and the placement of a surgical drain were not significantly associated with PNH. Conclusion Hematoma after thyroid surgery is an uncommon complication, but it is related to significant postoperative morbidity. A better understanding of the risk factors and of the time until hematoma formation can help target high-risk patients for preventive measures and closer postoperative observation.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The relationship between preoperative vitamin D deficiency and postoperative hypocalcemia in cases of total thyroidectomy (TT) is a matter of controversy and may vary according to geographical scenarios and populations. OBJECTIVE: The objective here was to evaluate whether preoperative vitamin D deficiency was associated with postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia in a population in South America. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort study on data from all patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, with or without central compartment lymph node dissection, from January 2014 to December 2017, at the A. C. Camargo Cancer Center. METHODS: Patients with benign thyroid disease (Graves’ disease, multinodular goiter or hyperthyroidism) or thyroid cancer who underwent primary total thyroidectomy with or without central compartment lymph node dissection were included. The exclusion criteria were simultaneous parathyroidectomy and conditions that could affect serum calcium levels. The data collected included patient demographics, thyroid pathology, extent of the surgical procedure and complications. Information on preoperative and postoperative calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D levels were retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS: 1,347 patients were assessed and postoperative hypocalcemia was diagnosed in 284 patients (21%). The vitamin D levels were considered deficient in 243 patients (18%). Postoperative hypocalcemia was diagnosed in 357 patients (31.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that central compartment dissection and preoperative total calcium and deficient vitamin D levels were significant risk factors for postoperative hypocalcemia. CONCLUSION: Deficient preoperative vitamin D levels were a significant risk factor for postoperative hypocalcemia. Preoperative oral supplementation should be considered, to minimize this risk.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O manejo do pescoço clinicamente negativo é controverso, havendo um debate corrente sobre os critérios de indicação bem como o impacto prognóstico das diferentes modalidades terapêuticas. O objetivo foi comparar os resultados do esvaziamento cervical com a observação em pacientes com câncer de boca e clinicamente sem evidência de metástases cervicais. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Análise retrospectiva em hospital terciário, especializado em oncologia. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma epidermoide de boca foram analisados. Os critérios de inclusão foram: tumor primário restrito à cavidade oral/orofaringe, ausência de tratamento prévio, tratamento cirúrgico como primeira opção, estádio clínico e radiológico N0 e ausência de metástases a distância. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e sessenta e dois pacientes foram analisados. O tempo de acompanhamento variou de 4 a 369.6 meses e, ao final, havia 118 pacientes vivos, 53 óbitos pela neoplasia, 84 óbitos por outras causas e 7 óbitos pós-operatórios. Nos pacientes submetidos a esvaziamento cervical, a embolização vascular linfática (P = 0,009) e a espessura tumoral (P = 0,002) foram associados significativamente com a recidiva regional, enquanto que nos pacientes somente observados, apenas a espessura tumoral se associou significativamente (P = 0,018). Por meio do particionamento recursivo, aqueles pacientes sem fatores adversos prognósticos e espessura tumoral menor que 2 mm apresentaram resultados compatíveis em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O esvaziamento cervical eletivo parece ser a melhor opção de tratamento. Pacientes candidatos a observação constituem um pequeno grupo e a sua categorização ideal depende de achados patológicos pós-operatórios

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The management of clinically negative neck is controversial, with an ongoing debate on the indication criteria and prognostic impact of different types of therapy. The aim here was to compare the results from neck dissection and watch-and-wait, among oral cancer patients who, clinically, did not show any evidence of neck metastasis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis in a tertiary cancer center hospital. METHODS: Patients with epidermoid oral carcinoma were assessed. The inclusion criteria were: primary tumor restricted to the oral/oropharyngeal cavity, no previous treatment, surgical treatment as the first option, clinical/radiological stage N0 and no distant metastasis. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-two patients were analyzed. The length of follow-up ranged from four to 369.6 months and, at the end, 118 patients were alive, 53 had died due to cancer, 84 had died from other causes and 7 had died after the operation. Among the patients who underwent neck dissection, lymphatic vascular embolization (P = 0.009) and tumor thickness (P = 0.002) were significant for regional recurrence, while for the watch-and-wait group, only tumor thickness was significant (P = 0.018). Through recursive partitioning, the patients without adverse prognostic factors and tumor thickness < 2 mm presented compatible results in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Elective neck dissection seems to be the best treatment option. Patients who are eligible for watch-and-wait constitute a small group that, ideally, is categorized according to the postoperative pathological findings

O esvaziamento cervical é parte integral dos tumores de cabeça e pescoço. Ao longo de sua história, passou por mudanças procurando a melhora do resultado funcional sem perda da eficiência oncológica. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar que os esvaziamentos radicais modificados apresentam um resultado oncológico comparável ao esvaziamento radical clássico. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos os pacientes com carcinomas epidermoides do andar inferior de boca e orofaringe, submetidos a esvaziamento cervical radical clássico ou modificado. Foram excluídos desta análise pacientes submetidos a tratamento prévio ou a esvaziamentos cervicais ampliados. DESENHO DO ESTUDO: Retrospectivo, envolvendo uma instituição. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se 481 pacientes que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão, correspondendo a 521 esvaziamentos. O número médio de linfonodos dissecados foi de 44,92 (SD 16.45) linfonodos para o ECR; 44,16 (SD 15,76) para o ECRM +XI e 56,02 (SD 22,91) para o ECRM VJI+XI. A ANOVA indicou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p<0,001). O tipo de esvaziamento cervical não foi significativo para recidiva regional ou para sobrevida doença-específica. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de esvaziamentos cervicais modificados não apresenta impacto significativo para o estadiamento patológico, sobrevida livre de doença ou sobrevida doença-específica.

Neck dissection is an integral part of head and neck tumors. Throughout its history, it has undergone changes looking for an improvement in functional outcome without loss of oncologic efficiency. AIM: Demonstrate that the modified radical neck dissection have an oncologic results comparable to classical radical dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lower floor of the mouth and oropharynx, who underwent radical classic or modified neck dissection. We excluded from this analysis those patients who had undergone previous treatment or extended neck dissection. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study, involving an institution. RESULTS: We identified 481 patients who met the inclusion criteria, corresponding to 521 dissections. The average number of lymph nodes dissected was 44.92 (SD 16:45) lymph nodes to the RCT, 44.16 (SD 15.76) for the MRND + XI and 56.02 (SD 22.91) for the ECRM IJV + XI. The ANOVA indicated a statistically significant difference between groups (p<0.001). The type of neck dissection was not significant for regional recurrence or disease-specific survival. CONCLUSION: The use of modified neck dissection has no significant impact on the pathological staging, disease-free survival or disease-specific survival.