Abstract Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are developed to align standards of health care around the world, aiming to reduce the incidence of misconducts and enabling more effective use of health resources. Considering the complexity, cost, and time involved in formulating CPG, strategies should be used to facilitate and guide authors through each step of this process. The main objective of this document is to present a methodological guide prepared by the Epidemiology Committee of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the elaboration of CPG in rheumatology. Through an extensive review of the literature, this study compiles the main practical recommendations regarding the following steps of CPG drafting: distribution of working groups, development of the research question, search, identification and selection of relevant studies, evidence synthesis and quality assessment of the body of evidence, the Delphi methodology for consensus achievement, presentation and dissemination ofthe recommendations, CPG quality assessment and updating. This methodological guide serves as an important tool for rheumatologists to develop reliable and high-quality CPG, standardizing clinical practices worldwide. (CPG world resources complexity cost process rheumatology literature drafting groups question search studies achievement updating highquality high worldwide

Abstract Background: In Brazil, we are facing an alarming epidemic scenario of Yellow fever (YF), which is reaching the most populous areas of the country in unvaccinated people. Vaccination is the only effective tool to prevent YF. In special situations, such as patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (CIMID), undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, as a higher risk of severe adverse events may occur, assessment of the risk-benefit ratio of the yellow fever vaccine (YFV) should be performed on an individual level. Main body of the abstract: Faced with the scarcity of specific orientation on YFV for this special group of patients, the Brazilian Rheumatology Society (BRS) endorsed a project aiming the development of individualized YFV recommendations for patients with CIMID, guided by questions addressed by both medical professionals and patients, followed an internationally validated methodology (GIN-McMaster Guideline Development). Firstly, a systematic review was carried out and an expert panel formed to take part of the decision process, comprising BRS clinical practitioners, as well as individuals from the Brazilian Dermatology Society (BDS), Brazilian Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Study Group (GEDIIB), and specialists on infectious diseases and vaccination (from Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunizations National Societies); in addition, two representatives of patient groups were included as members of the panel. When the quality of the evidence was low or there was a lack of evidence to determine the recommendations, the decisions were based on the expert opinion panel and a Delphi approach was performed. A recommendation was accepted upon achieving ≥80% agreement among the panel, including the patient representatives. As a result, eight recommendations were developed regarding the safety of YFV in patients with CIMID, considering the immunosuppression degree conferred by the treatment used. It was not possible to establish recommendations on the effectiveness of YFV in these patients as there is no consistent evidence to support these recommendations. Conclusion: This paper approaches a real need, assessed by clinicians and patient care groups, to address specific questions on the management of YFV in patients with CIMID living or traveling to YF endemic areas, involving specialists from many areas together with patients, and might have global applicability, contributing to and supporting vaccination practices. We recommended a shared decision-making approach on taking or not the YFV.

OBJETIVO: Conduzir uma adaptação cultural cruzada do Índice Funcional de Espondilite Anquilosante de Bath (BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index) para o português do Brasil e avaliar suas propriedades de medição. MéTODOS: O BASFI foi traduzido por quatro reumatologistas e três professores de língua inglesa. O questionário traduzido foi aplicado a pacientes com espondilite anquilosante por observadores treinados e autoaplicado em três momentos, dias 1, 2 e 14. A validade foi estimada analisando-se a associação do BASFI e as medidas de capacidade funcional (rotação cervical, distância intermaleolar, teste de Schober e distância occipito-parede). A consistência interna foi testada pelo coeficiente α de Cronbach, e a confiabilidade pelo teste-reteste (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse [CCI]). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 60 pacientes com espondilite anquilosante: 85% do gênero masculino, com idade média de 47 ± 12 anos e duração média da doença de 20 ± 11 anos. A confiabilidade intraobservador no teste-reteste (intervalo de duas semanas) revelou alto ICC (0,999; 95% IC: 0,997-0,999), além de alta consistência interna (coeficiente α de Cronbach: 0,86; 95% IC: 0,80-0,90). Considerando-se a validade, os índices do BASFI foram correlacionados com a rotação cervical (0,53; P < 0,001) e a distância intermaleolar (0,50; P < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A versão do BASFI para o português do Brasil é confiável e válida para avaliação de pacientes com espondilite anquilosante.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) into Brazilian-Portuguese language and to assess its measurement properties. METHODS: The BASFI was translated by four rheumatologists and three English teachers. The translated questionnaire was applied to ankylosing spondylitis patients by trained observers, and self-administered in three moments: days 1, 2, and 14. The validity was assessed analyzing the association of BASFI and functional capacity measures (cervical rotation, intermalleolar distance, Schober's test and occiput-to-wall distance). The internal consistence was tested by Cronbach's αcoefficient and the reliability by testretest (intraclass correlation coefficient - ICC). RESULTS: A total of 60 patients with ankylosing spondylitis was included: 85% male, mean age 47 ± 12 years, and mean disease duration 20 ± 11 years. The intra-observer test-retest (two-week interval) reliability showed a high ICC (0.999, 95% CI: 0.997-0.999) and a high internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient: 0.86, CI 95%: 0.80-0.90). Considering the validity, the BASFI indices were correlated with cervical rotation (0.53, P < 0.001) and with intermalleolar distance (0.50, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The BASFI Brazilian-Portuguese version is reliable and valid for assessment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJETIVO: estimar o custo direto dos recursos médico-hospitalares utilizados no tratamento cirúrgico da fratura de fêmur decorrente de quedas durante a hospitalização e pós-operatório até dois meses após a lesão. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, descritivo e retrospectivo em pacientes de ambos os sexos, com 60 anos ou mais de idade, no período de janeiro de 2008 a junho de 2009. Os dados foram extraídos das contas hospitalares de um convênio credenciado à rede hospitalar privada da cidade de Brasília. RESULTADOS: a frequência de fratura por quedas para o sexo feminino foi 76,2% (n=16), e no masculino, 23,8%(n=5), sendo que 66,7% (n=14) das lesões resultaram em fratura de fêmur proximal. A média de permanência hospitalar das cirurgias foi de 7,1 dias e 2,7 dias em UTI. Houve 16 pacientes com fratura de fêmur e a média do tratamento cirúrgico foi R$ 39.160,75, totalizando R$ 626.572,06. O custo direto dos recursos médico-hospitalares durante a internação ficou entre R$ 8.293,55 e R$ 139.837,50; já no pós-operatório, corresponderam a 5,7% do custo total da internação. CONCLUSÃO: o custo cirúrgico da fratura de fêmur é considerável para os convênios do sistema de saúde suplementar e confirmou a vulnerabilidade do sexo feminino para as fraturas de quadril. As maiores despesas foram com a prótese, material e medicamentos, e variaram em função do tipo de cirurgia, período de hospitalização e faixa etária.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the direct cost of surgical treatment of femoral fracture resulting from falls during the hospitalization and surgery up to two months after injury. METHODS: cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study conducted in patients of both sexes, aged 60 years or older, from January 2008 to June 2009. Data were extracted from hospital bills of an agreement accredited to private hospital network in the city of Brasilia. RESULTS: the frequency of femoral fracture for females was 76.2%(n=16) and 23.8%(n=5) for males. The average hospital stay for surgery was 7.1 days and 2.7 days in ICU. There were 16 patients with femoral fractures. The average expenditures for surgery was R$ 39.160,74 resulting from the all R$ 626,572.06. The direct cost of hospitalization was between R$ 8.293.55 and R$ 139,837.50, but the hospital medical resources used in the postoperative period accounted for 5.7% of the direct cost of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: the cost per femoral fracture surgery is significant to the Brazilian private health system and females are more vulnerable than males. The highest costs were with the prosthesis, material and medicines, and they varied according to the type of surgery, hospital stay and age.

A necessidade da incorporação das preferências dos pacientes nas tomadas de decisão é uma realidade da assistência médica contemporânea, que caracteriza a medicina baseada em preferências. Os apoios de decisão são instrumentos que surgem como mecanismos de auxílio ao médico a expor riscos e benefícios de uma determinada tomada de decisão, sendo um mecanismo facilitador para a decisão compartilhada. Na literatura médica, particularmente em reumatologia, nota-se um emergente interesse pelo estudo das preferências dos pacientes nos ensaios clínicos. Este artigo de revisão tem por objetivo conceituar e caracterizar os apoios de decisão e suas implicações na pesquisa e prática clínicas, bem como ressaltar os princípios metodológicos necessários para a sua utilização e desenvolvimento.

Patient preferences in decision making is one reality of the medical assistance, which characterizes the value based medicine. The decision aids are instruments that appear as support mechanisms for the doctor to exercise this model of decision making. In medical literature, particularly in rheumatology, an emergent interest on patient's preference study is noticed in clinical trials. The aim of this article is to appraise and to characterize the decision aids and its implications in the practical research and clinics, as well as standing out the necessary methodology principles for its use and development.

OBJETIVO: avaliar condutas tomadas pelos reumatologistas de todo Brasil frente a situações clínicas comuns na prática do dia-a-dia. MÉTODO: cenários clínicos fictícios sobre várias doenças reumáticas foram montados, com perguntas objetivas acerca do tratamento. Os questionários foram enviados aos 831 sócios com títulos de especialistas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia (SBR), com envelope selado para envio das respostas. RESULTADOS: a taxa média de devolução dos questionários foi de apenas 21,4%. A média de idade (DP) dos reumatologistas respondedores foi de 42,7 anos (DP=11,7), com tempo médio de formados de 19,8 anos (DP=10,1). No cenário clínico sobre artrite reumatóide (AR) de início recente em atividade, a maioria dos colegas (84,7%) tratava inicialmente o paciente com prednisona ou prednisolona. As drogas modificadoras da doença mais escolhidas foram metotrexato (84,2%) e cloroquina (63,8%). Quatro médicos (2,8%) escolheram os agentes biológicos (infliximabe e etanercepte) como droga de primeira escolha no tratamento inicial da doença. A profilaxia para osteoporose induzida pelo corticóide com suplementação de cálcio e vitamina D só foi orientada por 61,2% e 46,5% dos reumatologistas, respectivamente. No cenário clínico de um paciente com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES), a grande maioria dos colegas optou pelo tratamento com corticóide oral (93,7%), cloroquina (92,5%) e fotoproteção (93,7%). Na presença de nefrite lúpica caracterizada com preservação da função renal e níveis pressóricos normais, a conduta mais escolhida foi pulsoterapia de corticóide (47,7%) ou prednisona oral em altas doses. Pulsoterapia de ciclofosfamida foi escolhida por 34,6% dos reumatologistas. No cenário sobre lombalgia aguda mecânico-postural, sem sinais de alarme, 55,4% dos colegas não solicitavam nenhum exame na abordagem inicial e as drogas mais escolhidas para o tratamento foram: antiinflamatórios não-hormonais (AINHs) (89,3%), relaxante muscular (72,9%), fisioterapia (33,3%). O repouso no leito foi orientado por 31,6% dos especialistas. Num caso de lombalgia crônica com raio X recente mostrando espondilolistese grau 1 e discoartrose, 39,6% dos reumatologistas não solicitavam nenhum exame adicional, enquanto 26,2% e 24,4% solicitavam tomografia computadorizada (TC) e ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM), respectivamente. As condutas mais indicadas nesse caso foram: fisioterapia (75,1%), relaxante muscular (48,5%), RPG (45,6%), exercícios físicos (41%), AINH seletivo da Cox-2 (40,5%), amitriptilina (35,3%), analgésicos opióides (34,7%). Outros cenários de artrose de joelho e ombro doloroso foram apresentados. CONCLUSÕES: a baixa taxa de devolução dos questionários pode refletir uma prática ainda não-incorporada na nossa cultura. O perfil dos reumatologistas respondedores é muito semelhante entre as regiões. A maioria das condutas escolhidas está de acordo com as melhores evidências disponíveis, refletindo uma homogeneidade de abordagem terapêutica entre os reumatologistas. Embora este estudo traga importantes dados sobre a prática reumatológica, pode não ser representativo da população de reumatologistas brasileiros, tendo em vista o baixo percentual de respondedores.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate routine clinical practices of Brazilian rheumatologists. METHOD: Virtual clinical scenarios representing a range of rheumatological practical situations were sent by mail to 831 specialists certified by the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology (SBR) with postage-paid envelopes for reply. RESULTS: Only 21.4% of the questionnaires were returned. The average age of responding rheumatologists was 42.7 years (SD=11.7), with an average time since graduation from medical school of 19.8 years (SD=10.1). In a clinical scenario describing early active rheumatoid arthritis most respondents (84.7%) chose to initiate treatment with prednisone or prednisolone. The most chosen disease modifying antirheumatic drugs were methotrexate (84,2%) and chloroquine (63.8%). Four rheumatologists (2.8%) indicated biological agents (infliximab and etanercept) as their initial choice of treatment. Prophylaxis for corticoid-induced osteoporosis and calcium and vitamin D supplementation were recommended by only 61.2% and 46.5% of the respondents, respectively. In a clinical scenario describing systemic lupus erythematosus, almost all doctors prescribed oral corticoids (93.7%), chloroquine (92.5%) and photoprotection (93.7%). In the presence of lupus nephritis with unimpaired renal function and normal blood pressure levels, the most frequently adopted management was pulse therapy with corticoids (47.7%) or high doses of oral prednisone. Pulsetherapy with cyclophosphamide was indicated by 34.6% of the respondents. In a clinical scenario describing acute mechanical back pain without alarming signs, 55.4% stated that they would request no laboratory examinations on the first encounter and the main treatments of choice were non-hormonal antiinflammatory drugs (89.3%), muscle relaxant drugs (72.9%) and physical therapy (33.3%). Bed rest was recommended by 31.6% of the respondents. In a clinical scenario describing chronic back pain with recent X-ray showing first degree spondylolisthesis and disc arthrosis, 39.6% of the rheumatologists stated that they would not request additional examinations, while 26.2% and 24.4% would request computer tomography scans and magnetic resonance scans, respectively. The most frequently prescribed treatments were physical therapy (75.1%), muscle relaxant drugs (48.5%), RPG (45.6%), physical exercise (41%), Cox-2-selective non-hormonal antiinflammatory drugs (40.5%), amitriptyline (35.3%) and opioid analgesics (34.7%). The questionnaire also included scenarios describing knee arthrosis and shoulder pain. CONCLUSION: The low rate of response from rheumatologists may be associated with aspects of Brazilian culture. In fact, respondents displayed a very similar profile throughout the country. Most of the prescribed treatments agree with available evidence and reflect a homogeneous approach to rheumatological disease among professionals. However, although the present study has provided interesting information regarding clinical practices, the small number of respondents may not be particularly representative of the population of Brazilian rheumatologists.

OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil sociodemográfico, clínico-laboratorial e terapêutico dos pacientes com artrite reumatóide (AR) do ambulatório de reumatologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM-UNIFESP) que participaram de teses de pós-graduação no período de 25 anos, compreendido entre 1979 e 2004. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: teses que avaliaram pacientes com AR da EPM. Exclusão: teses que incluíram pacientes de outras instituições ou com outras doencas. Classificação dos estudos: conforme o período de conclusão - I (1979-1984); II (1985-1989); III (1990-1994); IV (1995-1999); V (2000-2004) - e tipo de estudo (pesquisa básica; reabilitação; radiologia; qualidade de vida; epidemiologia e economia de saúde). RESULTADOS: Foram selecionadas 26 de 65 teses. Houve um predomínio de pesquisa básica (7 teses) nos três primeiros períodos, seguidos por reabilitação (6 teses) e de qualidade de vida (5 teses). Demografia: média de idade de 52 anos, predomínio do sexo feminino e raça branca. A escolaridade, avaliada em 5 estudos (qualidade de vida e economia de saúde), apresentou nível médio e superior de ensino nos últimos períodos. A classificação funcional (CF) foi pesquisada em 11 estudos, com maior prevalência da CF II. Tratamento: predomínio do uso de antiinflamatórios não-esteroidais (AINEs) e corticóides nos períodos I a III e, nos períodos III e V, de drogas modificadoras de atividade de doença (DMARDs), especialmente de metotrexato (MTX). CONCLUSÕES: observou-se alteração no nível de escolaridade e predomínio dos estudos de pesquisa básica, reabilitação e qualidade de vida. Houve preferência inicial pelos AINEs e, atualmente, pelos DMARDs.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the clinical, laboratory, treatment and social progress of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who attend at Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM-UNIFESP), Brazil, submitted to researching theses from 1979 to September, 2004. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 65 researches theses were reviewed and 26 were selected according inclusion/exclusion criterias. Inclusion: researches which analysed outpatients with RA belonging to EPM ambulatory. Exclusion: researches which included outpatients from other institutions or diseases. Classifications of the studies: a) period of conclusion: I (1979-1984); II (1985-1989); III (1990-1994); IV (1995-1999); V (2000-2004); b) type of the study: laboratory; rehabilitation; radiology; epidemiology; quality of life; health economics. RESULTS: Twenty six thesis out of 65 were suitable for analysis there was a predominance of basic research (7 thesis) on the first three periods, followed by reabilitation research (6 thesis) and measurement of quality of life (5 thesis). Concerning demographic data, patients were in average, 52 years old with prevalence of white females. High levels of schooling were noted for the last periods analysed. Patients functinal class were evaluated in 11 studies, with a predominance of functinal class II. Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of RA have changed significantly, showing DMARDs in the therapeutic options. CONCLUSIONS: The demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic characteristics changed along time and type of this study developed. Initially there was a preference for NSAIDs, and nowadays for DMARDs.