ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The clinical course of gastric lymphoma is heterogeneous and clinical symptoms and some factors have been related to prognosis. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to identify prognostic factors in gastric diffuse B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed and treated in different countries. METHODS: A consecutive series of gastric diffuse B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients diagnosed and treated in Brazil, Portugal and Italy, between February 2008 and December 2014 was evaluated. RESULTS: Of 104 patients, 57 were female and the median age was 69 years (range: 28-88). The distribution of the age-adjusted international prognostic index was 12/95 (13%) high risk, 20/95 (21%) high-intermediate risk and 63/95 (66%) low/low-intermediate risk. Symptoms included abdominal pain (63/74), weight loss (57/73), dysphagia (37/72) and nausea/vomiting (37/72). Bulky disease was found in 24% of the cases, anemia in 33 of 76 patients and bleeding in 22 of 72 patients. The median follow-up time was 25 months (range: 1-77 months), with 1- and 5-year survival rates of 79% and 76%, respectively. The multivariate Cox Regression identified the age-adjusted international prognostic index as a predictor of death (hazard risk: 3.62; 95% confidence interval: 2.21-5.93; p-value <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This series identified the age-adjusted international prognostic index as predictive of mortality in patients treated with conventional immunochemotherapy.

Follicular lymphoma is the second most frequent non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounting for about 10-20% of all lymphomas in western countries. The median age at diagnosis is 60 years old. The clinical presentation is usually characterized by asymptomatic peripheral adenopathy in cervical, axillary, inguinal and femoral regions. Treatment options for patients with naïve or recurrent follicular lymphoma are still controversial, ranging from a "watch and wait" policy to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. More recently, the availability of rituximab has substantially changed follicular lymphoma therapeutic approaches to such an extent that R-Chemo is now the standard induction first-line treatment. This review provides a general overview of the state of the art in the management of follicular lymphoma and also, a brief description regarding the current prognostic tools available for treatment decisions.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are a group of rare neoplasms originating from clonal proliferation of mature post-thymic lymphocytes with different entities having specific biological characteristics and clinical features. As natural killer cells are closely related to T-cells, natural killer-cell lymphomas are also part of the group. The current World Health Organization classification recognizes four categories of T/natural killer-cell lymphomas with respect to their presentation: disseminated (leukemic), nodal, extranodal and cutaneous. Geographic variations in the distribution of these diseases are well documented: nodal subtypes are more frequent in Europe and North America, while extranodal forms, including natural killer-cell lymphomas, occur almost exclusively in Asia and South America. On the whole, T-cell lymphomas are more common in Asia than in western countries, usually affect adults, with a higher tendency in men, and, excluding a few subtypes, usually have an aggressive course and poor prognosis. Apart from anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma, that have a good outcome, other nodal and extranodal forms have a 5-year overall survival of about 30%. According to the principal prognostic indexes, the majority of patients are allocated to the unfavorable subset. In the past, the rarity of these diseases prevented progress in the understanding of their biology and improvements in the efficaciousness of therapy. Recently, international projects devoted to these diseases created networks promoting investigations on T-cell lymphomas. These projects are the basis of forthcoming cooperative, large scale trials to detail biologic characteristics of each sub-entity and to possibly individuate targets for new therapies.

Currently, Hodgkin's lymphoma is one of the most curable types of cancer. Patients are often young and so the long-term morbidities of treatment have become of increasing concern. Among these, infertility is one of the most challenging consequences for patients in reproductive age. Premature ovarian failure in premenopausal women is a serious long-term sequel of the toxicity of chemotherapy. The main consequence of this syndrome is infertility, but women also present other symptoms related to estrogen deprivation. Different rates of impaired gonadal function are reported, depending on the patient's age, stage of disease, dose and intensity of chemotherapy and the use of radiation therapy. The most established strategy in female infertility is cryopreservation of embryos after in vitro fertilization. Additionally, the use of oral contraceptives or gonadotropinreleasing hormone analogs (GnRH-a) during treatment is under study. This review will provide a general overview of the main studies conducted to evaluate the infertility rate among female Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors and risk factors associated to treatment, different end-point definitions for evaluating fertility and also a brief description of the available strategies for fertility preservation.