Resumo Helmintos são endoparasitas que infectam uma variedade de espécies de aves. As infecções por endoparasitas podem causar doenças graves, podendo matar aves em cativeiro e representam um problema de manutenção e conservação. Os ovos e as formas larvais desses parasitas são geralmente eliminados nas fezes do hospedeiro. O principal objetivo deste estudo é relatar a ocorrência de ovos e oocistos em fezes de aves silvestres em cativeiro no Zoológico de Goiânia e em aves de vida livre em seu entorno. As amostras fecais foram submetidas a exame parasitológico para identificação da presença de helmintos e classificação dos ovos com base nas características morfológicas. Ovos de nematóides (Positivo/N) foram identificados como Ascaridia spp. em Brotogeris chiriri (2/2), Dromaius novaehollandiae (1/1) e Rhea americana (2/2); Ascarididae em Pavo cristatus nigripensis (1/1); Capillaria spp. em Ara chloropterus (1/1) e Penelope jacucaca (1/1); Capillaria plagiaticia em Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (1/2) e Ara spp. (2/2); Capillaria venusta em Rhamphastus tucanus (1/2); e ovos de nematóide não identificado de Amazona amazonica (2/2). Oocistos de Eimeria spp. foram encontrados nas fezes de A. hyacinthinus (1/2). Considerando pássaros de vida livre, ovos de Diphyllobothrium spp. foram encontrados em Ardea alba (2/2) e Nycticorax nycticorax (2/3). Coinfecção de Eustrongylides spp. foi encontradada em A. alba (1/2). Esta é a primeira ocorrência de: Ascaridia spp. parasitando B. chiriri; e C. venusta parasitando R. tucanus. Em conclusão, os ovos de helmintos encontrados nas espécies de aves hospedeiras acima mencionadas são consistentes com os relatados na literatura, e os protocolos de tratamento e controle foram baseados em sua identificação.

Abstract Helminths are endoparasites that infect a variety of bird species. Endoparasite infections can cause severe diseases, including kill captive avian hosts and represents a problem to maintenance and conservation. The eggs and larval forms of these parasites are usually eliminated in the host feces. The main interest of this study is to report the occurrence of eggs and oocysts in feces from captive wild birds in Goiânia Zoo and free-living birds in its surroundings. The fecal samples were subjected to parasitological examination to identify the presence of helminths and to classify their eggs based on morphological characteristics. Eggs of nematode parasites (Positive/N) were identified as Ascaridia spp. in Brotogeris chiriri (2/2), Dromaius novaehollandiae (1/1) and Rhea americana (2/2); Ascarididae in Pavo cristatus nigripensis (1/1); Capillaria spp. in Ara chloropterus (1/1) and Penelope jacucaca (1/1); Capillaria plagiaticia in Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (1/2) and Ara spp. (2/2); Capillaria venusta in Rhamphastus tucanus (1/2); and unidentified nematode eggs from Amazona amazonica (2/2). Eimeria spp. oocyst was founded in feces from A. hyacinthinus (1/2). Considering free-living birds, Diphyllobothrium spp. eggs were founded in Ardea alba (2/2) and Nycticorax nycticorax (2/3). Co-infection of Eustrongylides spp. was founded in A. alba (1/2). This is the first occurrence of: Ascaridia spp. parasitizing B. chiriri; and C. venusta parasitizing R. tucanus. In conclusion, the helminth eggs found in the abovementioned host bird species are consistent with those reported in the literature, and treatment and control protocols were based on their identification.

Biodiesel, known as a mixture of fatty acid ethyl/methyl esters, is seen as an alternative, ecofriendly, biodegradable and renewable non-fossil fuel. The use of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel synthesis can solve several problems associated with the homogeneous alkaline catalyzed-transesterification. Therefore, this work reports the evaluation of the commercial resin Amberlyst A26OH, a strong anion exchange resin, as a heterogeneous catalyst for the batch transesterification of refined palm olein with ethanol. It was studied the effects of the main operational parameters, considering the molar ratio of the reaction mixture (MRRM), namely the molar ratio of ethanol to olein taking into account only the ethanol added to the reaction system, and the total molar ratio (TMR), in this case considering also the amount of ethanol carried by the resin after its pretreatment. It was determined an optimal range of operational conditions by response surface methodology, guaranteeing conversion to ethyl esters higher than 96% with a catalyst amount corresponding to a range from 10.4 to 11.4% of the oil quantity, a temperature within the range of 55 to 60 ºC and a MRRM within the range from 3.5:1 to 6.0:1.

The modification of four extra virgin olive oils from different origins with refined soybean oil (SO), in the proportions of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30% m/m, was studied using two approaches. First, the induction period (IP) was determined by Rancimat. In the second strategy, ion chromatography was used to quantify the formic and acetic acids, in their carboxylate forms (formate and acetate), present in the water contained in the measurement vessel of the Rancimat device, 21 h after the beginning of the induced oxidation of the samples. The content of the adulterant (SO) was linearly correlated with the IP (mean correlation coefficient (R) = 0.9858) and the concentration of the formate (mean R = 0.9979) and acetate (mean R = 0.9951). Also, it was observed that as the IP decreased and the formic acid and acetic acid concentrations increased, the monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio decreased.

ABSTRACT Microalgae oil of the species Chlorella protothecoides was obtained via a donation of the Soley Biotechnology Institute (SOLEYBIO) and characterized according to the fatty acid profile. Ethylic biodiesel was prepared using methods adapted by the research group. Analysis of acidity, water content, and density and viscosity temperature dependence (293.15 K to 368.15 K) were performed for the oil and ethylic biodiesel. The biofuel was characterized in terms of its flash and cloud points, heat capacity and cetane number. The properties studied were compared with conventional vegetable oils and biodiesel, presenting little differences and demonstrating the high viability of biodiesel from microalgae oil.

Abstract Steady increase in prices of petroleum-based fuels and growing environmental concerns are boosting attention to alternative fuels. In this context, biodiesel has drawn attention as an alternative fuel, especially as a substitute to traditional diesel. Biodiesel is commonly produced from triacylglycerols and alcohol through transesterification reaction. Knowledge of equilibrium phase distribution of key components in transesterification systems is essential for a better understanding of the reaction pathway and for guiding the design and optimization of reactors and the products separation. This study reports experimental results and thermodynamic modeling of the liquid-liquid equilibrium of systems composed of soybean oil + monoacylglycerols + diacylglycerols + ethyl oleate + oleic acid + ethanol at 303.15 and 318.15 K. Experimental data were well correlated using NRTL, with a maximum deviation of 0.688%. As for UNIFAC, the deviations between predicted and experimental data ranged from 3.13 to 9.21%.

Abstract In this study, the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of systems containing ethyl linoleate/oleate/palmitate/laurate, ethanol and glycerol at temperatures ranging from 323.15 to 353.15 K were used to evaluate the performance of the NRTL, UNIFAC, Cubic-Plus-Association Equation of State (CPA EoS), and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The systems evaluated correspond to the most important components formed at the end of the ethanolysis reaction of soybean, palm and coconut oils. The temperature range selected is very important for heterogeneous catalysts, especially for high-pressure systems. The accuracy of the models was evaluated by average global deviation. UNIFAC, UNIFAC-LLE and CPA EoS models showed lower accuracy with deviations of 10.1, 8.01 and 5.95%, respectively. In spite of this predictive limitation, these models show high extrapolation capability for the description of LLE behavior when few experimental data are available in the literature. The ANN model shows the best agreement between experimental and predicted data with an average deviation of 1.12%. In this regard, ANN is offered in this work as an alternative to equations of state and activity coefficient models to be used in a more reliable and less cumbersome way for process simulators of biodiesel production and separation equipment design.

Abstract The goals of this work were to present original liquid-liquid equilibrium data of the system containing glycerol + ethanol + ethyl biodiesel from fodder radish oil, including the individual distribution of each ethyl ester; to adjust binary parameters of the NRTL; to compare NRTL and UNIFAC-Dortmund in the LLE representation of the system containing glycerol; to simulate different mixer/settler flowsheets for biodiesel purification, evaluating the ratio water/biodiesel used. In thermodynamic modeling, the deviations between experimental data and calculated values were 0.97% and 3.6%, respectively, using NRTL and UNIFAC-Dortmund. After transesterification, with 3 moles of excess ethanol, removal of this component until a content equal to 0.08 before an ideal settling step allows a glycerol content lower than 0.02% in the ester-rich phase. Removal of ethanol, glycerol and water from biodiesel can be performed with countercurrent mixer/settler, using 0.27% of water in relation to the ester amount in the feed stream.

Resumo Se como escreve Weber, todo o conhecimento é objetivo na medida em que envolve interesses de pesquisadores e agências nos questionamos nesse texto sobre, quando falamos nos arroios Pampa e Luiz Rau, aquilo que têm sido pesquisado sobre esses dois arroios. Desta feita, além de colocar em evidência o que têm despertado o interesse, seu mérito reside em apontar algumas lacunas e campos profícuos de estudo que vão para além das ciências duras. Esse estudo se caracteriza, portanto, por um estudo bibliográfico e ensaístico que busca através da antropologia ciência pensar os limites e avanços que se obteve nos últimos anos nesse estudos e seu impacto social.

If, like Weber writes, every knowledge is objective in terms of evolving the interests of researchers and the agencies, in this article, we investigate that, which has been researched about two streams: Pampa and Luiz Rau. In doing so, in addition to highlighting what has caught the researchers' attention, this paper manages to point out a few gaps and fruitful fields of study which extend beyond the hard sciences. This study is, therefore, characterized as an essay review paper that sets out to use anthropology of science to think about the limitations and advances the studies about the two streams have achieved, as well as their social impact.

Abstract Phase equilibria of the reaction components are essential data for the design and process operations of biodiesel production. Despite their importance for the production of ethylic biodiesel, the reaction mixture, reactant (oil and ethanol) and the product (fatty acid ethyl esters) up to now have received less attention than the corresponding systems formed during the separation and purification phases of biodiesel production using ethanol. In this work, new experimental measurements were performed for the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) of the system containing vegetable oil (sunflower oil and canola oil) + ethylic biodiesel of refined vegetable oil + anhydrous ethanol at 303.15 and at 323.15 K and the system containing refined palm oil + ethylic biodiesel of refined palm oil + ethanol at 318.15 K. The experimental data were successfully correlated by the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model; the average deviations between calculated and experimental data were smaller than 1.00%.

Triacylglycerols and fatty alcohols are used in the formulation of cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food products. Although information about the phase transitions of these compounds and their mixtures is frequently required for design and optimization of processes and product formulation involving these substances, these data are still scarce in the literature. In the present study, the solid-liquid phase diagrams of two binary systems composed of triolein + 1-hexadecanol and triolein + 1-octadecanol were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy. The experimental data were compared with predicted data by solving the phase equilibrium equations using an algorithm implemented in MATLAB. The liquid-phase activity coefficients were calculated using the Margules equation (two- and three-suffix) and the UNIFAC model (original and modified Dortmund model). The approaches used for calculating system equilibrium allowed an accurate prediction of the liquidus line with low deviations from the experimental data.

This work reports experimental tests using commercial spirits that were diluted and had their initial composition modified in order to better measure the distillation behavior of selected minor compounds of importance for the quality of alcoholic beverages. Such compounds were added to the commercial cachaça and the corresponding model wine, obtained after the spirits' dilution, was distilled. In this way a more precise distillation profile could be determined for those minor compounds. The alembic heating was performed by electrical resistance and the corresponding heat transfer coefficient was determined by analyzing the thermal behavior of the still during the distillations. A simulation algorithm was developed, including the mass and enthalpy balances as well as the heat transfer flux to the boiling wine. Good agreement between experimental and simulated results was obtained for the distillate rate, alcoholic graduation, temperature and most minor component profiles.

The water activity of aqueous solutions of EO-PO block copolymers of six different molar masses and EO/PO ratios and of maltodextrins of three different molar masses was determined at 298.15 K. The results showed that these aqueous solutions present a negative deviation from Raoult's law. The Flory-Huggins and UNIFAC excess Gibbs energy models were employed to model the experimental data. While a good agreement was obtained with the Flory-Huggins equation, discrepancies were observed when predicting the experimental behavior with the UNIFAC model. The water activities of ternary systems formed by a synthetic polymer, maltodextrin and water were also measured and used to test the predictive capability of both models.

O modelo proposto formaliza uma preocupação que se encontra cada vez com mais freqüência na literatura, a saber, a de que trabalhadores que não têm acesso a condições adequadas de capacitação, saúde e motivação tendem a aprender menos, reduzindo a velocidade de inovação em produtos e processos na firma. Na medida em que a competitividade internacional repousa crescentemente na inovação e/ou na imitação rápida de tecnologia, um nível baixo de desenvolvimento humano implicará oportunidades de crescimento perdidas. Assim, o modelo assume que, até certo valor crítico do salário real, aumentos de salário real produzem aumentos de competitividade e da taxa de crescimento com equilíbrio externo, tornando compatíveis o crescimento econômico e a distribuição da renda, inclusive num contexto de abertura e de intensa concorrência internacional.

The model formalizes a topic that the economic literature addresses with increasing frequency, namely that workers who have no access to adequate levels of education, health and motivation tend to learn more slowly and this in turn reduces the rate of innovation in products and processes in the firm. To the extent that international competitiveness increasingly relies on innovation and imitation of technology, a low level of human development will render lost opportunities for growth. Thus, the model assumes that - up to a certain critical level of the real wage - increases in real wages lead to a higher rate of growth consistent with balance-of-payments equilibrium, which makes compatible growth and income distribution even in contexts of external openness and intense international competition.

Peginterferon alfa plus ribavirin is currently the treatment of choice for chronic hepatitis C. Peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin has given an overall sustained virological response of 18% in F3/F4 previous nonresponder US patients. We evaluated the effectiveness of peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) plus ribavirin in Brazilian patients who were relapsers or nonresponders to previous interferon-based therapy. One-hundred-thirty-four patients with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C, HCV RNA positive, elevated ALT and who were either relapsers (n=37) or nonresponders (n=97) to at least 24 weeks of conventional interferon/ribavirin therapy were retreated with peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) 180mg/qw and ribavirin 800mg bid for 48 weeks. Efficacy was assessed as virological response (defined as undetectable HCV RNA) at the end of treatment (EoT) and at the end of follow-up (SVR - Sustained Virological Response). Safety assessments consisted of clinical and laboratory evaluations. In the patient sample, 72% were genotype 1 and 34% were cirrhotic. In an intention-to-treat analysis, relapser patients showed 78% EoT response and 51% SVR. Nonresponders showed 57% EoT response and 26% SVR. Positive predictive factors of SVR were non-1 genotype and relapser state. Six percent of the patients interrupted treatment because of adverse events and 45% had dose reduction (mainly associated with leucopenia and anemia). Brazilian patient relapsers and nonresponders to conventional interferon and ribavirin treatment can achieve a sustained virological response when retreated with peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) and ribavirin. The safety profile is similar to that of naive patients.

Elabora-se um modelo macroeconômico de curto prazo na tradição pós-keynesiana, no qual a oferta de crédito é endógena e o grau de endividamento das firmas é explicitamente modelado. Relacionam-se as condições de vigência dos regimes minskyanos de financiamento - hedge, especulativo ou Ponzi - não somente ao grau de endividamento e à taxa de juros, mas, inclusive, aos parâmetros da função investimento desejado da firmas e à propensão a poupar dos capitalistas produtivos e financeiros.

It is developed a short-run macromodel in the post-keynesian tradition, in which credit supply is endogenous and firms' debt position is explicitly modeled. The conditions under which each one of the minskyan financing regimes will prevail are related not only to the degree of indebtedness and the level of interest rate, but also to the parameters of firms' desired investment function and the saving propensity of productive and financial capitalists.